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- What are we made of?
- We are not talking about humans in the behavior sense. But, humans and everything else in the physical sense. Past behavior, past biology, in to chemistry and all the molecules. The molecules are comprised of atoms and there are 92 different natural atoms, called the elements. The Periodic Table lists them all stacked according to the number of protons in the nucleus.
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- The Universe started with only 2 or 3 or possibly 4 elements. Hydrogen was the most predominate element with only one proton and one electron. Helium was next with two protons and two electrons. The elements have mass. Mass warps space and time and creates gravity. Gravity is an attractive force that coalesces and compresses the elements into a spherical core. When the core becomes dense enough and hot enough nuclear fusion starts and a star is born. The first stars were only these two elements.
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- As long as fusion continues the radiation pressure opposes the compression pressure of gravity and the star lives. When fusion runs out of fuel and stops gravity compression smashes the elements into the core. The rebound is a massive explosion of out flowing elements called a supernova.
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- It is in the supernova explosion that the temperatures and pressures are great enough to fuse the lighter elements into heavier elements. All 92 elements are created in the supernova and spread throughout the interstellar medium. All the elements have the basic building blocks of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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- In the 1960’s physicists discovered the protons and neutrons were composed of smaller particles , Quarks. There are 6 varieties of Quarks and they come in pairs and triplets. Protons are triplets composed of 2 Up Quarks and 1 Down Quark. Neutrons are composed of 1 Up Quark and 2 Down Quarks. These combinations of Quarks are held together by the force carrier particle, Gluons.
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- In the 1930’s the math was developed to model the 4 fundamental forces, gravity, electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces. Force Carrier Particles were identified for each force. “Photons” carried the electromagnetic force. Eight different “Gluons” carried the Strong Nuclear Force. Three “Vector Bosons” carried the Weak Nuclear Force. And, “ Gravitons” carried the force of gravity, although this particle is yet to be discovered.
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- In all of these models the math works. The theory is incomplete, but, what we have so far is the “ Standard Model of Particle Physics”.
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- Carrying the math further has allowed the model to combine two of the forces into a single “ElectroWeak Force”. Then, the “ElectroWeak Force” can be mathematically combined with the “Strong Nuclear Force” under what is called the “ Grand Unification Theory”. However, the math has not come far enough to deal with Gravity. A new math is needed.
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- The 4 forces combine at higher energies and higher temperatures, present in the Big Bang.
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-------------------- 3 Kelvin, today’s temperature of space, the Cosmic Microwave Background.
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------------------ 10^15 Kelvin, combines Electromagnetic and Weak Nuclear Forces.
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----------------- 10^27 Kelvin, combines ElectroWeak Force and the Strong Nuclear Force.
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---------------- 10^32 Kelvin, these 3 forces with Gravity, but, not without the math from String Theory.
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- The math stops working at higher temperatures and higher densities. When particles are treated as “point particles” the probabilities in the math go to negative, or, exceed 100%. The energies reach infinity, or division by zero. We need new math.
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- String Theory is the new math used to describe each of the 12 particles and 4 force carriers in the Standard Model. Each of the particles are redefined as 1 dimensional strings and are no longer 3 dimensional points. The math works , sort of.
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- LEPTONS
-------------------- Electron ------------------ 0.511 MeV, million electron volts.
-------------------- Muon --------------------- 105.7
-------------------- Tau ----------------------- 1,778
-------------------- Electron Neutrino -------- 2.2 “ eV”
-------------------- Muon Neutrino ---------- 0.17
-------------------- Tau Neutrino ----------- 15.5
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- QUARKS
-------------------- UP ----------------------- 3.1
-------------------- Down -------------------- 5.7
-------------------- Strange ----------------- 104
-------------------- Charm ----------------- 1,290
-------------------- Bottom ----------------- 4,200
-------------------- Top ------------------- 172,900
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- GUAGE BOSONS
-------------------- Photon ----------------- 0
-------------------- W + ----------------- 80,380
-------------------- W - ----------------- 80,380
-------------------- Z o ------------------ 91,190
-------------------- Gluon ----------------- 0
-------------------- Higgs Boson ----- 126,000
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- To get this math to work String Theory has to add 6 more dimensions in space. We need a Universe with 9 space dimensions and 1 time dimension. The 6 new dimensions are very tiny, 10^-33 centimeters. The extra 6 dimensional objects are called Calabi-Yau manifolds. They are so tiny we never see them in our 3 dimensional space.
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- But, the math works. And, even Gravity can be modeled in these 10 dimensions. Each particle is defined as a vibrating string in open-ended or closed loop configurations. The math is not done yet. It needs symmetry. To get things to continued working mathematically we need “ Super symmetry”. Each of the Standard Model Particles must have a higher energy partner that is a super symmetry particle. Now, the math can even model “ Dark Matter”. None of these particles have been discovered to date.
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- In the 1980’s there were 5 separate String Theories using the super symmetry model. In 1995 a mathematical way was discovered to combine all 5 theories into one theory, M-Theory.
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- The math is beautiful. The challenge for physics is to discover evidence that it represents reality. We need to discover a super symmetry particle. We need to confirm some of these wild assumptions are real.
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- Are we really made of strings? Do we have extra dimensions in our bodies that are this small, 10^-33 centimeters? Are there any super symmetry particles residing inside us? We have space and time, energies and matter, with more mysteries to be solved. What fun would this be if there was not something new to discover:
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---------------------- Higgs Boson, the math says there may be 4 more varieties of Higgs.
---------------------- Neutralino ?
---------------------- Sneutrino ?
---------------------- Selectron ?
---------------------- Squark ?
--------------------- Chargino ?
-------------------- A o Gauge Boson ?
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- An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Tuesday, March 5, 2013
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