-
2155 - Electric Charge. Review 2154 “ Extreme Magnetism”
concluded the all magnetism could be explained by the movement of an
electric charge. Movement is the rate of
change of space with respect to time.
When an electric charge stands still it creates an electric field. When an electric charge moves it also creates
a magnetic field. But, what is an
electric charge?
-
-
-
---------------------------------2155 - Electric Charge
-
- Review 2154
“ Extreme Magnetism” concluded the all
magnetism could be explained by the movement of an electric charge. Movement is the rate of change of space with
respect to time. When an electric charge
stands still it creates an electric field.
When an electric charge moves it also creates a magnetic field. But, what is an electric charge?
-
- An electric
charge has its fundamental root with the electron which is a fundamental atomic
particle. One of 12 fundamental
particles in the entire Universe. The
electron exists in its orbit because of an attractive force with a proton which
also has an electric charge located at the nucleus of the atom.
-
- The magnitude
of this electric charge from the electron was arbitrarily given the value of
"-1"and all other magnitudes were compared
with that number. The proton has the
opposite charge and obtained the electric charge of " +1".
-
- The three
Quarks, that make up the proton, obtained the electric charge magnitude of "-1/3" and " + 2/3".
-
- An electric
charge by itself creates an electrostatic force. If the charges are the same polarity the
forces repel. If the charges are the
opposite polarity the forces attract.
The force operates similar to gravity with the magnitude of the force
being directly proportional to the
magnitude of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
-
- The inverse
square part of the formula is simple the result of a force radiating from a
stationary point in to a 3-dimensional world.
The force falls off as the square of the surface area of the expanding
3-D sphere.
-
- In the entire
Universe the net electric charge is zero.
This makes the Universe as a whole neutral, electrically. This means that the Universe has an equal
number of electrons and protons.
-
- The unit of
measurement for the electric charge is the Coulomb. A Coulomb is the charge transported by one
ampere of current during one second.
-
- One
Coulomb = 6,240,000,000,000,000,000 electron
charges. One Coulomb of electric
charge results when that many electrons move by in one second. Coulomb
= Ampere * second.
-
- Any particle
that has an electric charge has the same charge no matter how fast it is
moving. This is unlike mass that
increases as it approaches the velocity of light. In the case of mass the energy of momentum is
converted into mass according to E = mc^2.
As anything approaches the velocity of light its mass gets infinitely
large. And, it takes infinite energy to
move it faster.
-
- The result is nothing can possible go any
faster. On the other hand, the total "charge" in any isolated
system always remains constant. It is
not dependent on relative velocity. The
fact that a charge is always constant means it cannot be created or destroyed. This is the law of conversation of Charge, or
the law of Conservation of Energy. (See note 1)
-
- A Charge is
something possessed by a particle allowing it to respond to an electric field
or to exert an electrical force. I know,
this is a circular definition. Beyond
that it has something to do with the mathematical “symmetry” of a system. Anything that has mathematical symmetry has
to have a law of conservation of something.
A “charge” is any generator of a continuous symmetry. The “charge” is what conserves the symmetry
of electromagnetism.( See note 1)
-
- We said that
to the electric force is proportional to the electric charges and indirectly
proportional to the square of the distance between them. The math formula is:
-
------------------------------ The electric force = k *
q * Q / r^2
-
----------------------------- k is a proportional constant depending on the
units of measurement *
--------------------------- q and Q are each the magnitude of the
electric charges in Coulombs /
--------------------------- r^2 is the square of the distance
between the charges in meters.
-
--------------------------- The electric force =
kilograms / meter*second^2
-
--------------------------- Constant = k
= 9,000,000,000 kg m^3 / sec^2
-
--------------------------- Constant = k
= 1/ 4*pi*e, where
-
-[-----------------e is the Permittivity of the
medium. e = 8.8*10^-12 Coulombs^2 /
newton*m^2
-
- The carrier
of the force for an electric charge is the Photon. The Photon is also the carrier of the
magnetic force. It turns out that the
photon carries all light and all electromagnetic radiation.
-
- The electron has a very, very small mass,
9.1*10^-31 kilograms. The photon has no
mass at all and it must always move at the speed of light, in a vacuum that
is 186,000 miles per second. The photon can only carry a fixed amount of
energy that depends on its frequency of oscillation , wavelengths per
second.. E = h*f.
-
- Since the
velocity is always constant, meters per second, the energy depends inversely on
the length of the wavelength, wavelengths per cycle. This fixed amount of energy cannot be divided
into smaller bits. It is fixed by
Planck’s Constant of Action = 6.6*10^-34 km*m^2/sec. The definition of Action = energy * time.
-
--------------
A = E * t
-
----------------Energy = 6.6*10^-34 * frequency
-
--------------
E = h * f
-
--------------
Energy of a photon = 0.00000000000000000000000000000000066 * f
-
-------------
Energy of a photon = 6.6*10^-34
* Velocity of Light / Wavelength
-
- If the photon
has the wavelength of yellow light, 600 nanometers than the energy in a single
photon is 6.6 * 10^-34 * 3*10^8 / 600 * 10^-9
= 3.3 * 10^-19 kg*m^2/sec^2.
That amounts to an energy level of 0.00000000000000000033 which is
enough for your eye to detect.
-
- When a photon
hits the retina of the eye it changes the geometry of the molecule
C20H28O. Absorption of a single photon
straightens the molecule out and creates a nerve impulse that is responsible
for vision One or possible a few photons
is enough for you to see the light.
Amazing!
-
- A 100 watt
light bulb during one second has the energy of 100 joules, or, 100
kg*m^2/sec^2.
-
- To see how
many photons are emitted by a 100 watt light bulb in one second
-
= 100 / 3.3*10^-19 = 3
*10^20 photons.
-
= 300,000,000,000,000,000,000 photons in one
second.
-
- Energy = mc^2
but a photon has no mass so this formula does not work. We have to use the Quantum Mechanics formula
Energy = h * f. A photon does have
momentum. It does have energy. The formula for the energy of a photon
becomes:
-
--------------------------- Energy
= momentum / c = h*f/c
= h / wavelength.
-
- In the
macro-world momentum is mass * velocity, and velocity is rate of change of
position with respect to time. In the
quantum world parameters of position and
momentum must be determined with statistics.
Probabilities must be assigned to position and to momentum of a
photon.
-
- A dilemma in
Quantum Mechanics is that there is always a trade-off between the two
probabilities. If you can measure
position very well than the momentum becomes more uncertain. If you measure momentum very well than its position becomes
more uncertain. This is called the
Heisenberg’s law of Uncertainty.
-
- At the
atomic level these parameters vary over a range of probabilities, or a range of
uncertainties. It is also called the
photon’s Wave- Particle Duality. A
photon is a quantum of
h * f. It cannot be divided. Its position and momentum cannot be
accurately determined at the same time.
The photon is massless itself. It
carries no electric charge itself, however, it does carry the force of electric
field between the charges. Do you not
think this is just too mysterious?
-
- When an
electric charge moves it generates a magnetic field. When an electric charge is accelerated it
emits a photon. When a particle and an
anti-particle come together and annihilate each other a photon is emitted.
-
- The photon is
not a short burst of electromagnetic energy, but a quantisized excitation of
electromagnetic modes. Photons have
momentum and are affected by the force of gravity. The electric force is 2*10^39 times greater
than the force of gravity,
-------------------
2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 greater.
-
- Newton’s equations have the masses themselves
creating a force at a distance.
Einstein’s equations have mass changing the curvature of spacetime. And, spacetime curvature causes gravity to
occur geometrically.
-
- Photons have
energy and momentum. And, energy too is
a form of mass,
E =
90,000,000,000,000,000 times mass.
Therefore, photons are affected by gravity.
Gravity bends light.
Astronomers today are using gravitational lensing to see very distant
galaxies that they could not otherwise see.
The gravity lens is in between the telescope and the distant galaxy that
acts as a giant galactic magnifying glass bending the light to focus on the
telescope. Photons always travel slower
through gravity as they do through any transparent matter.
-
- In trying to
explain magnetism we got to the movement of an electric charge. In trying to explain an electric charge we
got to the electromagnetic force moved by the photon. The photon has no electric charge itself but
somehow it carries the force of an electric charge.
-
- When an
electric charge moves it creates a magnetic field. When a
magnetic field moves it moves an electric charge. Why is there not a magnetic charge that moves
creating an electric field. There is no
such thing as a magnetic charge. Well,
there is. It is called a Monopole
magnet. However, a Monopole has never
been found. All magnets come in dipoles.
Cut a dipole in half and you end up with 2 more dipole magnets right down to
the atomic level.
-
- All of our
modern technology relies on our understanding of the behavior of these
fundamentals. We understand the
behaviors very well. But, it is safe to
say that we do not understand the fundamentals themselves very well. That just leaves more to learn.
-
- When I
started in electrical engineering in 1960 I thought the electron was a mystery
we could figure out. I remember as a
kid blowing up the vacuum tubes in every radio in the house trying to figure it
out. Now I have computers and cell
phones ( radios ) and I do not think I have advanced much. It is still a mystery how these things work.
-
(1) See 682 Universal Beauty in Symmetry” Emmy Noether’s laws of conservation.
(2) See 2154 “Extreme Magnetism”
(3) See 726
“Electric and Magnetic forces”
(4) See 731 and
507 “ The Electron”
------------------------------ November 6, 2018. 821
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--------------------- Tuesday, November 06, 2018 -------------------------
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