--------- #1259 - Distant Quasars and the Early Universe?
- Quasars are distant galaxies that are extremely active because they have massive Blackholes at their centers. The spinning Blackholes have rotating accretion disks of high energy material that emits enormous amounts of radiation energy. These active galaxies are so bright they can be seen over astronomical distances. Astronomers are using them to see the early evolution of the Universe.
- How can astronomers tell how far the galaxies are away from us?
- What can they tell us about the birth of the Universe?
- The answers come from the same way we can tell how fast a car is moving with its horn stuck:
- The method used in these calculations is called the Doppler Effect. When an emitting source is approaching you the waves appear compressed to a higher pitch, or a higher frequency. When the emitting source is moving away from you they appear as stretched out, or redhifted, to longer wavelength, and lower frequency. The cops use radar reflections and the Doppler effect to catch the speeding cars. The illustration we will use first is the car with the horn stuck.
- The sound of the car’s horn coming towards us will be higher pitched than when it passes us and is moving away from us. The sound wave is traveling at a constant speed of 330 meters per second. (738 miles per hour ). The frequency of the sound coming towards a stationary listener is 853 cycles per second. The frequency of the sound when the car’s horn is moving away from us is 741 cycles per second.
- The equation is simple to learn the actual frequency of the horn. Simply take the average of the two frequencies.
-------------------------- fo = ½ ( f hi + f lo)
------------------------- fo = ½ ( 853 cps + 741 cps)
------------------------- fo = 797 cycles per second is the frequency of the horn.
- To learn the velocity of the car we take the ratio of velocity, “v”, to the velocity of sound, “c”, equal to the ratio of the difference of the high - low frequencies and the sum of the high - low frequencies:
------------------------ v / c = f hi - f lo / f hi + f lo
------------------------- v / c = ( 853 - 741 ) / ( 853 + 741 )
------------------------- v / c = 112 / 1594
------------------------ v = ( 330 m/sec ) * ( 112 / 1594 )
------------------------ v = 23.2 metes / sec
----------------------- v = 52 miles per hour.
- The Doppler Effect formula for sound is different then the Doppler Effect formula for light. When dealing with the electromagnetic spectrum’s waves and frequencies you must us the Theory of Relativity because speeds are nearing the speed of light, distances contract and time slows. The same Doppler phenomena occurs when astronomers view the spectrum of light coming from the distance galaxies. Because the Universe is expanding the galaxies are ceding at higher velocities the more distant they are. The light wavelengths get stretched, or redshifted, just like the car horn sound moving away from us.
- Light leaves the Quasar galaxy at a wavelength of 121 nanometers, in the ultraviolet spectrum. It passes over billions of light years through space that is expanding. The wavelength gets stretched out, redshifted. When it arrives at the astronomers telescope it is 358 nanometers wavelength. ( The reason the source wavelength of 121 nm is known is because the same element’s spectrum can be measured here on Earth, in the laboratory. We assume the physics is the same in the distant cosmos.)
- The relativistic formula for the Doppler Effect uses the ratio of the measured wavelength to the original wavelength squared :
------------------ ( w / wo ) ^2 = (1 + v/c) / (1 - v/c)
------------------ “w” is the wavelength measured, 358 nanometers
---------------- “wo” is the original wavelength from the source , 121 nanometers
---------------- “v” is the receding velocity of the galaxy
----------------- “c” is the speed of light , 3 *10^8 meters / second
- The wavelength of the spectrum has been redshifted by 237 nanometers to a longer wavelength at a lower frequency because the galaxy velocity is receding away from us.
“ v / c” is the ratio of the velocity of the galaxy to the speed of light. Rearranging the above equation to solve for “ v / c “ :
------------------- ( v / c ) = ( w / wo)^2 - 1 / ( w / wo )^2 + 1
------------------- ( v / c ) = ( 358 / 121)^2 - 1 / ( 358 / 121 )^2 + 1
------------------- ( v / c ) = 8.75 -1 / 8.75 +1
------------------- ( v / c ) = 0.79
- The velocity of the galaxy is receding at 79% the speed of light. That is the reason relativistic formulas needed to be used. The galaxy is not actually moving at that velocity where it resides. It is the amount of space in between us that is expanding. The more expanding space between us the faster we separate.
------------------ v = ( 3 * 10^8 meters / second ) * 0.79
-------------------- v = 238,000,000 meters per second
-------------------- v = 523,000,000 miles per hour.
- The galaxy is receding from us ate 523 million miles per hour. To calculate how far away it is we use Hubble’s Constant for expansion of the Universe. The Hubble Constant, “ H”, is 0.047 miles per hour per lightyear. The further the galaxy is away from us the faster it is receding. A galaxy is has a receding velocity of 0.047 mph for every lightyear distant it is.
---------------------- Distance = v / H
----------------------- Distance = 532,000,000 mph * lightyear / 0.047 mph
---------------------- Distance = 11,319,000,000 lightyears
- The Quasar is 11 billion lightyears away from us. The Universe is only 13.75 billion years old since the Big Bang. This Quasar being viewed is when the Universe was only 2.75 billion years old.
- The summary below is a table of seven distant objects measured in this way. The redshift is measured as the change in wavelength over the reference wavelength. For the galaxy we just measured the redshift was:
--------------------- Redshift = w - wo / wo
-------------------- Redshift = 358 - 121 / 121
------------------- Redshift = 237 / 121
--------------------- Redshift = 2.0
- The Redshifts in the table range from 5.3 to 10, an amazing distance away from us.
---------- Redshift -- Billion years ago --- Million years after Big Bang ---------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------ Infinity ----- 13.75 --------------0 --------- Big Bang occurs
------------ 10 --------- 13.2 --------------500 ------ Galaxy fragments forming
------------ 8.6 --------- 13.1 --------------600 ------- Galaxy fragments forming
------------ 8.2 --------- 13.07 --------------630 ------ Supernova
------------ 7.6 --------- 13.0 --------------700 ------- Star forming galaxy
------------ 6.9 --------- 12.88 --------------820 ------ Galaxy formations complete
------------ 6.4 --------- 12.7 --------------1000------ Super massive Blackhole
------------ 5.3 --------- 12.6 --------------1100 ------ Galaxy Clusters formed
- Astronomers use this distance data to develop theories on the evolution of the Universe. It looks like the first galaxies started about 500 million years after the Big Bang. It took another 320 million years before complete galaxies formed from these galaxy fragments. Complete galaxies were found 820 million years after the Big Bang.
- Quasars are created by super massive Blackholes that are 500,000,000 times the mass of the Sun. Their formations did not occur until 1 billion years after the Big Bang. It took 500 million years after the first galaxy fragments first formed before massive Blackholes came into existence.
- It took 600 million years after the first galaxy fragments first formed before Galaxy Clusters arrived.
- Note that no objects have been discovered before 500 million years after the Big Bang.
- Astronomers are able to study pictures of the birth of the Universe. Like archeologists digging up bones, astronomers keep looking at stuff back in time. Star light travels very fast, but, it has a lot of space to cover before it reaches us. We can not see things as they are now, but, as they were a long time ago.
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(1) H is often shown as 74.2 kilometers per second per mega parsec.
One mega parsec is 3.0857 * 10^19 kilometers.
Therefore H can also be shown as 74.2 / 3.0857 = 24 * 10^-19 sec^-1
(2) The reciprocal of H is the age of the Universe.
Age = 1/ 24 * 10^-19 sec^-1 = 0.0416 * 10^19 seconds
One year is 3.16 * 10^7 seconds
Age of the Universe = 0.0416 / 3.16 * 10^12 years
Age of the Universe = 13 billion years
(3) Distance to the galaxy Quasar can also be calculated in meters using:
------------ Distance = v / H
------------ Distance = 2.38 * 10^8 meters / second / 2.4 * 10^-18 seconds
------------ Distance = 0.99 * 10^26 meters
---------- The radius of the Observable Universe is 1.3 * 10^26 meters. This galaxy is 76% to the edge of the Observable Universe.
(4) These calculations are rough and used to illustrate and learn how distant galaxies are measured. They assume the expansion of the Universe was linear and at a Constant Hubble expansion rate. Today we think that the Universe expansion was slowing down due to the pull of gravity for the first 7 billion years. This expansion deceleration slowed down as masses separated in the expansion and Dark Energy took over reversing deceleration to acceleration pushing the expansion at an ever increasing rate. So, the Hubble Constant has not been “ constant”. The equations work because today’s number is a good average.
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
707-536-3272, Monday, May 30, 2011http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Monday, May 30, 2011
Measuring the warped space-time around planet Earth
--------- #1260 - Measuring the Space-Time Warp of Earth’s Gravity?
- Einstein’s Theory of Relativity predicted that gravity would warp the geometry of space-time just like acceleration would. If a satellite orbits the Earth it would follow the least energy path through this modified space-time. This would in turn cause the plane of the satellite’s orbit to wobble, or precess. The effect of precession is very small, one part in a few trillion. This review tries to learn how the calculations were made and what the measurement results have been to prove Einstein is right.
- The idea of the measurement was to put a precision gyroscope in orbit and measure its spin axis pointing direction over time. The precession wobble angle was expected to drift over time as the satellite orbited through the space-time distortions created by the massive, spinning Earth.
- Think of the Earth’s mass as a bowling ball on a rubber sheet. The dimple in the center of the sheet represents warped space-time around a heavy mass. If the Earth were stationary that would be it. But, the Earth is spinning causing the dimple in the sheet to twist in the direction of rotation.
- In Isaac Newton’s classical physic equations gravity depends on mass of the body alone and does not depend on rotation. Albert Einstein’s relativity physics calculates that a rotating mass drags the framework of space and time around with it. The effect is small around the Earth, but, around a Blackhole that is billions of times more massive than our Sun, the effect is mind blowing.
- To test this theory of frame dragging the Gravity-Probe B satellite was launched April, 2004. It contained 4 precision gyroscopes made using the most perfect rotating spheres ever produced by mankind. The surface of the spheres we so perfect they did not vary more than the width of 40 atom diameters.
- The satellite spin axis was pointed at a distant star as a fixed reference point. As the rotating Earth twists space-time the orbiting gyroscopes axis direction would drift. This angle of precession would be measured over a year’s period and compared to Einstein’s calculations which predicted a drift of:
---------------------------- 0.041 arc seconds per year.
- After measuring the gyroscopes precession angle drift for 50 weeks the results were:
------------------------- 0.038 arc seconds per year
- The Gravity Probe B experiment results proved Einstein’s calculations to within 17% uncertainty. The team at Stanford University were hoping to get results with better than 1% uncertainty. The measurement was very difficult. Measuring to within 0.0005 arc seconds is equivalent to viewing the edge of a sheet of paper 100 miles away.
- For those not so faint of heart let’s try learning how the calculations were made: The gyroscopes would wobble as they orbited the mass of the Earth and their precession angle would change as the space-time around the Earth was changed. The angle of the precession would be directly proportional to the mass and rotational velocity of the Earth. The bigger the mass and the faster the spin the greater the angle. The angle would also be inversely proportional to the radius of orbit. The further away the gyroscope was the smaller the angle of precession. The angle is more sensitive to distance away and it is inversely proportional to the radius cubed.
-------------------------- Precession Angle is proportional to p / r^3
------------------------- “p” = Angular Momentum of the Earth
------------------------- “r” = radius of the satellite orbit.
- Any time a function has proportionality it can be turned into an equivalency by using the proper Constant of Proportionality.
-------------------------- Precession Angle = Constant * p / r^3
- According to Einstein the proper Constant was:
-------------------------- Precession Angle = (G / 2 * c^2) * p / r^3
------------------------- G = the Gravitational Constant
------------------------- G = 6.67 * 10^-11 meters ^3 / ( kilogram * seconds^2)
------------------------- c = the speed of light
------------------------- c = 300,000,000 meters per second
------------------------ c^2 = 9 * 10^16 m^2 / sec^2
------------------------ Constant = 6.67*10^-11 / 18 * 10^16 m / kg
------------------------ Constant = 0.37 * 10^-5 m / kg
- Therefore, ---------- Precession Angle = 0.37 *10^-5 * p / r^3
- The Angular Momentum of the Earth, “p”, is a function of the Inertial Mass, “m”, and the velocity of rotation, “w”. The rotational velocity is one rotation of 2*pi radians in 24 hours or , 86,400 seconds.
-------------------- w = 2 * pi / 8.64*10^4 radians / second
- To calculate Inertia we have to make a major assumption, in my case. The Inertia ,“I”, of a perfect uniform sphere:
-------------------- I = 2/5 * m * r^2
-------------------- m = mass of the Earth = 5.97 * 10^24 kilograms
-------------------- r = radius of the Earth = 6.38 * 10^6 meters
-------------------- r^2 = 40.7 * 10^12 m^2
- Therefore ,---- I = 2/5 * 5.97 * 10^24 * 40.7 * 10^12
------------------- I = 97 *10^36 kg * m^2
- Next, Angular Momentum = Inertial mass * radial velocity
-------------------- p = I * w
-------------------- p = 97 *10^36 * 2 * pi / 8.64*10^4
-------------------- p = 7.069 *10^33 kg * m^2 / sec
- The Earth is not a perfect sphere so after some complex modifications a better estimate for Earth’s Angular Momentum is:
------------------ p = 5.861^10^33 kg * m^2 / sec
- Now, putting all of these calculations back in to the original equation for the angle of precession:
-------------------------- Precession Angle = Constant * p / r^3
------- Angle = (0.37 * 10^-5 m / kg) * (5.861^10^33 kg * m^2 / sec) / (7.02*10^6 m)^3
- In this case the radius of the satellite must be its elevation of 399 miles plus the radius of the Earth:
----------------------- r = 6,378,000 + 624,000 = 7.02*10^6 meters
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 6.28 * 10^-15 radians / second
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 3.6 * 10^-13 degrees / second
- There are 31,000,000 seconds in a year
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 0.04018 arc seconds / year
- Einstein’s calculation was for 0.041 arc seconds / year. The Gravity Probe B’s measurement was 0.039 arc seconds + or - 0.007 arc seconds. So the measurement uncertainty was 17%, from 0.032 to 0.046 arc seconds with the measurement errors.
- You can see how difficult the measurement was. And, I can image how difficult it was for anyone to follow the math involved. Please, anyone, who got this far, did you follow the math and was it worth it? Let me know what you think, Thanks.
- The concept you have just proven is that gravity and acceleration are the same thing and have the same effect on physics, space and time. When you are in a space ship without windows you can not tell the difference if you are standing still in a gravitational field, or, if you are in free space and accelerating. Both pull you to the floor and all the physics works the same in both situations. When you accelerate near the speed of light space contracts and time slows down. The same thing happens when you are in the gravitational field of a large mass, space contracts and time slows, space-time warps.
- Not a significant change occurs when orbiting the space-time around the mass of the Earth. But, it is much more significant around a Neutron Star, or a Blackhole.
------------------------ Earth’s precession angle = 0.041 arc seconds per year
------------------------ Neutron Star precession angle = 3,960 arc seconds / year
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The effect of the precession of the central mass is called the De Sitter Effect.
The effect of the mass’ rotation is called the Lens-Thirring Effect.
The common name is frame - dragging of space-time.
(2) If anyone wants to visualize the effect of warped space-time around a Blackhole I have a DVD by UC Berkeley that is an amazing video.
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
707-536-3272, Monday, May 30, 2011http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
- Einstein’s Theory of Relativity predicted that gravity would warp the geometry of space-time just like acceleration would. If a satellite orbits the Earth it would follow the least energy path through this modified space-time. This would in turn cause the plane of the satellite’s orbit to wobble, or precess. The effect of precession is very small, one part in a few trillion. This review tries to learn how the calculations were made and what the measurement results have been to prove Einstein is right.
- The idea of the measurement was to put a precision gyroscope in orbit and measure its spin axis pointing direction over time. The precession wobble angle was expected to drift over time as the satellite orbited through the space-time distortions created by the massive, spinning Earth.
- Think of the Earth’s mass as a bowling ball on a rubber sheet. The dimple in the center of the sheet represents warped space-time around a heavy mass. If the Earth were stationary that would be it. But, the Earth is spinning causing the dimple in the sheet to twist in the direction of rotation.
- In Isaac Newton’s classical physic equations gravity depends on mass of the body alone and does not depend on rotation. Albert Einstein’s relativity physics calculates that a rotating mass drags the framework of space and time around with it. The effect is small around the Earth, but, around a Blackhole that is billions of times more massive than our Sun, the effect is mind blowing.
- To test this theory of frame dragging the Gravity-Probe B satellite was launched April, 2004. It contained 4 precision gyroscopes made using the most perfect rotating spheres ever produced by mankind. The surface of the spheres we so perfect they did not vary more than the width of 40 atom diameters.
- The satellite spin axis was pointed at a distant star as a fixed reference point. As the rotating Earth twists space-time the orbiting gyroscopes axis direction would drift. This angle of precession would be measured over a year’s period and compared to Einstein’s calculations which predicted a drift of:
---------------------------- 0.041 arc seconds per year.
- After measuring the gyroscopes precession angle drift for 50 weeks the results were:
------------------------- 0.038 arc seconds per year
- The Gravity Probe B experiment results proved Einstein’s calculations to within 17% uncertainty. The team at Stanford University were hoping to get results with better than 1% uncertainty. The measurement was very difficult. Measuring to within 0.0005 arc seconds is equivalent to viewing the edge of a sheet of paper 100 miles away.
- For those not so faint of heart let’s try learning how the calculations were made: The gyroscopes would wobble as they orbited the mass of the Earth and their precession angle would change as the space-time around the Earth was changed. The angle of the precession would be directly proportional to the mass and rotational velocity of the Earth. The bigger the mass and the faster the spin the greater the angle. The angle would also be inversely proportional to the radius of orbit. The further away the gyroscope was the smaller the angle of precession. The angle is more sensitive to distance away and it is inversely proportional to the radius cubed.
-------------------------- Precession Angle is proportional to p / r^3
------------------------- “p” = Angular Momentum of the Earth
------------------------- “r” = radius of the satellite orbit.
- Any time a function has proportionality it can be turned into an equivalency by using the proper Constant of Proportionality.
-------------------------- Precession Angle = Constant * p / r^3
- According to Einstein the proper Constant was:
-------------------------- Precession Angle = (G / 2 * c^2) * p / r^3
------------------------- G = the Gravitational Constant
------------------------- G = 6.67 * 10^-11 meters ^3 / ( kilogram * seconds^2)
------------------------- c = the speed of light
------------------------- c = 300,000,000 meters per second
------------------------ c^2 = 9 * 10^16 m^2 / sec^2
------------------------ Constant = 6.67*10^-11 / 18 * 10^16 m / kg
------------------------ Constant = 0.37 * 10^-5 m / kg
- Therefore, ---------- Precession Angle = 0.37 *10^-5 * p / r^3
- The Angular Momentum of the Earth, “p”, is a function of the Inertial Mass, “m”, and the velocity of rotation, “w”. The rotational velocity is one rotation of 2*pi radians in 24 hours or , 86,400 seconds.
-------------------- w = 2 * pi / 8.64*10^4 radians / second
- To calculate Inertia we have to make a major assumption, in my case. The Inertia ,“I”, of a perfect uniform sphere:
-------------------- I = 2/5 * m * r^2
-------------------- m = mass of the Earth = 5.97 * 10^24 kilograms
-------------------- r = radius of the Earth = 6.38 * 10^6 meters
-------------------- r^2 = 40.7 * 10^12 m^2
- Therefore ,---- I = 2/5 * 5.97 * 10^24 * 40.7 * 10^12
------------------- I = 97 *10^36 kg * m^2
- Next, Angular Momentum = Inertial mass * radial velocity
-------------------- p = I * w
-------------------- p = 97 *10^36 * 2 * pi / 8.64*10^4
-------------------- p = 7.069 *10^33 kg * m^2 / sec
- The Earth is not a perfect sphere so after some complex modifications a better estimate for Earth’s Angular Momentum is:
------------------ p = 5.861^10^33 kg * m^2 / sec
- Now, putting all of these calculations back in to the original equation for the angle of precession:
-------------------------- Precession Angle = Constant * p / r^3
------- Angle = (0.37 * 10^-5 m / kg) * (5.861^10^33 kg * m^2 / sec) / (7.02*10^6 m)^3
- In this case the radius of the satellite must be its elevation of 399 miles plus the radius of the Earth:
----------------------- r = 6,378,000 + 624,000 = 7.02*10^6 meters
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 6.28 * 10^-15 radians / second
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 3.6 * 10^-13 degrees / second
- There are 31,000,000 seconds in a year
-------------------------- Precession Angle = 0.04018 arc seconds / year
- Einstein’s calculation was for 0.041 arc seconds / year. The Gravity Probe B’s measurement was 0.039 arc seconds + or - 0.007 arc seconds. So the measurement uncertainty was 17%, from 0.032 to 0.046 arc seconds with the measurement errors.
- You can see how difficult the measurement was. And, I can image how difficult it was for anyone to follow the math involved. Please, anyone, who got this far, did you follow the math and was it worth it? Let me know what you think, Thanks.
- The concept you have just proven is that gravity and acceleration are the same thing and have the same effect on physics, space and time. When you are in a space ship without windows you can not tell the difference if you are standing still in a gravitational field, or, if you are in free space and accelerating. Both pull you to the floor and all the physics works the same in both situations. When you accelerate near the speed of light space contracts and time slows down. The same thing happens when you are in the gravitational field of a large mass, space contracts and time slows, space-time warps.
- Not a significant change occurs when orbiting the space-time around the mass of the Earth. But, it is much more significant around a Neutron Star, or a Blackhole.
------------------------ Earth’s precession angle = 0.041 arc seconds per year
------------------------ Neutron Star precession angle = 3,960 arc seconds / year
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The effect of the precession of the central mass is called the De Sitter Effect.
The effect of the mass’ rotation is called the Lens-Thirring Effect.
The common name is frame - dragging of space-time.
(2) If anyone wants to visualize the effect of warped space-time around a Blackhole I have a DVD by UC Berkeley that is an amazing video.
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
707-536-3272, Monday, May 30, 2011http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Thursday, May 26, 2011
How Much Space is in the Solar System?
--------- #1258 - How Much Space is in our Solar System?
- The Universe is a very big place with lots of space. We really do not know what space is, or, what’s it made of. To visualize how much space is in the Solar System let’s scale the Sun down to the size of a grapefruit, 4 inches in diameter. With everything at this scale how much space is in our Solar System?
- Attachments - Solar System
- Find a large flat field and bring your tape measure. Bring a grapefruit and some salt.
- Put the grapefruit down on the ground and measure the distance of 14 feet. Put a grain of table salt down on the ground. That grain of salt represents the planet Mercury.
- Now measure 26 feet from the grapefruit and place a grain of sea salt on the ground. Grains of sea salt are slightly larger than grains of table salt. That is Venus 26 feet from the Sun.
- Measure out 36 feet and another grain of sea salt represents the planet Earth. Look back at the Sun 36 feet away. That is only “space” between those 3 grains of salt.
- Measure out to 54 feet and another grain of salt is for Mars
- If you measure all the way out to the wanna-be planet Pluto you have to go out 1,416 feet and drop a ½ grain of table salt.
- There is all that space back to the Sun 1,416 feet away. But, that is just the radius of the Solar System. Sweep the radius and you get a circle with the area, pi*r^2, = 6,299,069 square feet. Now sweep the circle into a sphere of space surrounding the Solar System. The volume is 4/3 * pi * r^3, = 11,892,642,650 cubic feet. That is a lot of space for 5 grains of salt and 4 little marbles to roll around in.
- Here is a summary table of the diameters and distances reduced to the scale of the Sun’s diameter at 4 inches:
--------------------- Sun ------------ 4 inches
---------------------Mercury --------- 0.0139 ------------ 13 feet, 10.5 inches
---------------------Venus ----------- 0.0347 ------------ 25 feet, 10.7 inches
---------------------Earth ----------- 0.0366 ------------- 35 feet, 9.8 inches
---------------------Mars ----------- 0.0194 ------------- 54 feet, 6.75 inches
---------------------Jupiter ----------- 0.4109 ------------ 186 feet, 4.2 inches
---------------------Saturn ----------- 0.3346 ------------ 342 feet
---------------------Uranus ----------- 0.1348 ------------ 687 feet
---------------------Neptune --------- 0.1305 ------------ 1077 feet
---------------------Pluto ------------- 0.006 -------------- 1426 feet
- To get to the nearest star, Alpha Centura, you have to travel out to 1,832 miles.
- To get to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, 11,890,177 miles before looking back at the grapefruit.
- The Sun is a small star at only 4 inches. Look at the star Betelgeuse in the Constellation Orion. This is a Red Giant star and 125 feet in diameter
- On the other side of the scale, Sirius B, is a White Dwarf star that is only 0.04 inches in diameter.
- The smallest a star can become before disappearing in to a Blackhole is a Neutron Star and it would be only 0.000057 inches in diameter.
- If you want to place the Moon in orbit around the Earth go back to the 36 feet distance and find the grain of sea salt. Place the pin point that is 0.0099 inches in diameter and place it 1.1 inches from the salt. That is our Moon in orbit.
- Visualizing the scale of space in this way you can see there is a lot of space. And, we really do not know what space is? What is it made of? We know the Universe is expanding. Space is expanding. Does that mean that what ever it is is being diluted? Will space expand forever? Taking time backwards: how did all that space get squeezed into a singularity starting from the Big Bang?
- Well, we do not know what it is , but , there certainly is a lot of it.
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(1) #781 Much ToDo About Nothing
(2) Plus, another 13 reviews on the topic of spacetime.
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
707-536-3272, Thursday, May 26, 2011http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
- The Universe is a very big place with lots of space. We really do not know what space is, or, what’s it made of. To visualize how much space is in the Solar System let’s scale the Sun down to the size of a grapefruit, 4 inches in diameter. With everything at this scale how much space is in our Solar System?
- Attachments - Solar System
- Find a large flat field and bring your tape measure. Bring a grapefruit and some salt.
- Put the grapefruit down on the ground and measure the distance of 14 feet. Put a grain of table salt down on the ground. That grain of salt represents the planet Mercury.
- Now measure 26 feet from the grapefruit and place a grain of sea salt on the ground. Grains of sea salt are slightly larger than grains of table salt. That is Venus 26 feet from the Sun.
- Measure out 36 feet and another grain of sea salt represents the planet Earth. Look back at the Sun 36 feet away. That is only “space” between those 3 grains of salt.
- Measure out to 54 feet and another grain of salt is for Mars
- If you measure all the way out to the wanna-be planet Pluto you have to go out 1,416 feet and drop a ½ grain of table salt.
- There is all that space back to the Sun 1,416 feet away. But, that is just the radius of the Solar System. Sweep the radius and you get a circle with the area, pi*r^2, = 6,299,069 square feet. Now sweep the circle into a sphere of space surrounding the Solar System. The volume is 4/3 * pi * r^3, = 11,892,642,650 cubic feet. That is a lot of space for 5 grains of salt and 4 little marbles to roll around in.
- Here is a summary table of the diameters and distances reduced to the scale of the Sun’s diameter at 4 inches:
--------------------- Sun ------------ 4 inches
---------------------Mercury --------- 0.0139 ------------ 13 feet, 10.5 inches
---------------------Venus ----------- 0.0347 ------------ 25 feet, 10.7 inches
---------------------Earth ----------- 0.0366 ------------- 35 feet, 9.8 inches
---------------------Mars ----------- 0.0194 ------------- 54 feet, 6.75 inches
---------------------Jupiter ----------- 0.4109 ------------ 186 feet, 4.2 inches
---------------------Saturn ----------- 0.3346 ------------ 342 feet
---------------------Uranus ----------- 0.1348 ------------ 687 feet
---------------------Neptune --------- 0.1305 ------------ 1077 feet
---------------------Pluto ------------- 0.006 -------------- 1426 feet
- To get to the nearest star, Alpha Centura, you have to travel out to 1,832 miles.
- To get to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, 11,890,177 miles before looking back at the grapefruit.
- The Sun is a small star at only 4 inches. Look at the star Betelgeuse in the Constellation Orion. This is a Red Giant star and 125 feet in diameter
- On the other side of the scale, Sirius B, is a White Dwarf star that is only 0.04 inches in diameter.
- The smallest a star can become before disappearing in to a Blackhole is a Neutron Star and it would be only 0.000057 inches in diameter.
- If you want to place the Moon in orbit around the Earth go back to the 36 feet distance and find the grain of sea salt. Place the pin point that is 0.0099 inches in diameter and place it 1.1 inches from the salt. That is our Moon in orbit.
- Visualizing the scale of space in this way you can see there is a lot of space. And, we really do not know what space is? What is it made of? We know the Universe is expanding. Space is expanding. Does that mean that what ever it is is being diluted? Will space expand forever? Taking time backwards: how did all that space get squeezed into a singularity starting from the Big Bang?
- Well, we do not know what it is , but , there certainly is a lot of it.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) #781 Much ToDo About Nothing
(2) Plus, another 13 reviews on the topic of spacetime.
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
707-536-3272, Thursday, May 26, 2011http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Natural Forces Interconnected and Equivalent to One Force
- #1257 - Natural Forces and the Equivalency Principle.
- Index Summary: The forces of nature, we take for granted in our natural world. They may have come from a single universal force. And, they may not be forces at all but a warped geometry in space and time. What we perceive as forces may be movements in space and movements in time. Not only could all the forces be combined into this fabric of distorted space, but, everything in our natural world could be interconnected in this geometric fabric of space - time.
- Nature has several different pushes and pulls we call the natural forces. Gravity is the most familiar, a force we feel every day. There is also the Electric Force between positive and negative charges. There is the Magnetic Force between north and south poles. Inside the nucleus of atoms are the two nuclear forces, the Weak Nuclear Force and the Strong Nuclear Force. These are the forces that hold the positively charged protons and the neutrons together inside the nucleus.
- The first forces to be combined were the electric and magnetic forces into the electromagnetic force. It was discovered as the force that was responsible for light and all electromagnetic radiation from the spectrum of radio, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays. It was responsible for holding electrons in the orbits to create neutral atoms. All electromagnetic radiation is oscillating electric and magnetic forces vibrating sideways but traveling forward at a constant speed of light. The electromagnetic bundles of oscillating energy are massless and can only exist resting inside the atoms or traveling through space at 670,633,500 miles per hour.
- As higher energies were attained in the laboratories science was able to discover that the Electromagnetic Force and the Weak Nuclear Force could be combined into a single Electroweak Force.
- Science theories today believe that at even higher energies all four forces in Nature will combine into a single Universal Force.
- If we compare the relative strengths of the 4 forces the Strong Force was appropriately named. If we assign it a strong force coupling factor of “1“ we can compare it with the strengths of the other three forces:
--------------------------- Strong Force ------------------------- 1
--------------------------- Electromagnetic Force ------------ 1 / 137 = 0.007
--------------------------- Weak Force ----------------------- 0.000001
----------------- Gravity Force -------- 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000001
- The Electromagnetic Force Coupling Factor is also called the “ Fine Structure Constant”. It is a dimensionless number responsible for holding all the atoms together with the same constant force. Mathematically it can be calculated as:
------------------------ Alpha = 2 * h / u * c 8 e^2
------------------------ h = Planck’s Constant of Action
------------------------ u = Permeability of a vacuum of free space.
----------------------- c = speed of light
---------------------- e = electric charge of an electron and a proton.
---------------------- Alpha = 1/137
- The Gravity Force is the force coupling of two masses, “m” and “M”.
-------------------Gravity Force = F = G * m * M / r^2
------------------ G = Gravitational Constant of proportionality
------------------- r = distance between the masses.
- A mass at rest, or moving at a constant velocity, is in a natural state. No force is needed to keep in moving or resting. An external force is required in order to change its natural state. An external force is needed to accelerate a mass or to decelerate a mass. This is called the force needed to overcome inertia.
------------------ F = m * a
------------------ a = acceleration or deceleration
- All masses fall due to a gravitational force and they will accelerate at the same rate regardless of the amount of mass. Feathers and bowling balls fall at the same rate in a vacuum chamber, or on the Moon. On Earth’s surface all masses accelerate at the rate of 9.8 meters per second per second.
- Albert Einstein in 1911 formulated that the gravitational force on a mass and the inertial force on a mass are equivalent ( The Equivalency Principle ).
------------------- F gravity = F inertial
-------------------- G * m * M / r^2 = m * a
- The gravity mass and the inertial mass cancel out of this formula because they are equal.
-------------------- G * M / r^2 = a
- This formula shows us that acceleration ,”a”, due to the Earth’s mass, “M”, and the Gravitational Constant, “G”, the radius of the Earth, “r”, and is independent of the mass of the object on its surface, “m”.
------------- 6.67*10^-11 m^3 / (kg*sec^2) * 6*10^24 kg / (6.378*10^6 m)^2 = a
---------------------- a = 9.8 m / sec^2
- The other equivalency that Einstein formulated was the mass and energy were two forms of the same thing.
----------------------- E = m * c^2
---------------------- E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 * m
- Energy is much, much greater than mass. It is the speed of light squared greater , (3 * 10^8 m/sec)^2 = c, 9*10^16 m^2 / sec^2 = c^2 times greater.
- If the Gravity Force pulls on mass it must also pull on energy too, they are equivalent. If gravity is pulling on light how does light escape from the star? Light can not slow down. It only has one speed in space. But, light can loose energy. When electromagnetic waves loose energy they still travel at the same speed but they oscillate at a lower frequency. When light looses energy it “ redshifts” When light leaves a massive star its loss of energy is called “ Gravitational Redshift”. Light does fall in a gravitational field. Everything that has mass or energy falls downward with the same acceleration in a gravitational field.
------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = - G * M / R * c^2
-------------------------- “M’ and ”R” are the mass and radius of the star.
- The bigger the star’s mass and the smaller the stars radius ( greater the density) the greater the redshift. In the most extreme case the frequency shift can equal the frequency.
------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = 1
- In this case the star is so large the light is shifted to zero. The star becomes a Blackhole.
- In a Blackhole the force of gravity is pulling the light energy, so that it is looping back on itself. Light can not escape the Blackhole. But, light’s velocity is still the same. In order for velocity to remain constant, velocity = space / time , v = d / t, the distance must shrink and time must slow. Around the Blackhole the space and time are warped back on themselves until space shrinks to a singularity and time stops.
- Blackholes are an extreme case, but around every mass, it is surrounded by warped space and time. It is this warped geometry that is creating gravity. So, maybe gravity is not a Force at all. Maybe it is just a change in the geometry of space and time. If all of Nature’s forces are truly one force maybe everything is interconnected in this fabric woven by space geometry and we are all together interconnected in the geometric fabric of time. Something to ponder!!!
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
--------------- 707-536-3272, --------------------------- Tuesday, May 24, 2011 ------------ Attachments - nonehttp://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
- Index Summary: The forces of nature, we take for granted in our natural world. They may have come from a single universal force. And, they may not be forces at all but a warped geometry in space and time. What we perceive as forces may be movements in space and movements in time. Not only could all the forces be combined into this fabric of distorted space, but, everything in our natural world could be interconnected in this geometric fabric of space - time.
- Nature has several different pushes and pulls we call the natural forces. Gravity is the most familiar, a force we feel every day. There is also the Electric Force between positive and negative charges. There is the Magnetic Force between north and south poles. Inside the nucleus of atoms are the two nuclear forces, the Weak Nuclear Force and the Strong Nuclear Force. These are the forces that hold the positively charged protons and the neutrons together inside the nucleus.
- The first forces to be combined were the electric and magnetic forces into the electromagnetic force. It was discovered as the force that was responsible for light and all electromagnetic radiation from the spectrum of radio, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays. It was responsible for holding electrons in the orbits to create neutral atoms. All electromagnetic radiation is oscillating electric and magnetic forces vibrating sideways but traveling forward at a constant speed of light. The electromagnetic bundles of oscillating energy are massless and can only exist resting inside the atoms or traveling through space at 670,633,500 miles per hour.
- As higher energies were attained in the laboratories science was able to discover that the Electromagnetic Force and the Weak Nuclear Force could be combined into a single Electroweak Force.
- Science theories today believe that at even higher energies all four forces in Nature will combine into a single Universal Force.
- If we compare the relative strengths of the 4 forces the Strong Force was appropriately named. If we assign it a strong force coupling factor of “1“ we can compare it with the strengths of the other three forces:
--------------------------- Strong Force ------------------------- 1
--------------------------- Electromagnetic Force ------------ 1 / 137 = 0.007
--------------------------- Weak Force ----------------------- 0.000001
----------------- Gravity Force -------- 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000001
- The Electromagnetic Force Coupling Factor is also called the “ Fine Structure Constant”. It is a dimensionless number responsible for holding all the atoms together with the same constant force. Mathematically it can be calculated as:
------------------------ Alpha = 2 * h / u * c 8 e^2
------------------------ h = Planck’s Constant of Action
------------------------ u = Permeability of a vacuum of free space.
----------------------- c = speed of light
---------------------- e = electric charge of an electron and a proton.
---------------------- Alpha = 1/137
- The Gravity Force is the force coupling of two masses, “m” and “M”.
-------------------Gravity Force = F = G * m * M / r^2
------------------ G = Gravitational Constant of proportionality
------------------- r = distance between the masses.
- A mass at rest, or moving at a constant velocity, is in a natural state. No force is needed to keep in moving or resting. An external force is required in order to change its natural state. An external force is needed to accelerate a mass or to decelerate a mass. This is called the force needed to overcome inertia.
------------------ F = m * a
------------------ a = acceleration or deceleration
- All masses fall due to a gravitational force and they will accelerate at the same rate regardless of the amount of mass. Feathers and bowling balls fall at the same rate in a vacuum chamber, or on the Moon. On Earth’s surface all masses accelerate at the rate of 9.8 meters per second per second.
- Albert Einstein in 1911 formulated that the gravitational force on a mass and the inertial force on a mass are equivalent ( The Equivalency Principle ).
------------------- F gravity = F inertial
-------------------- G * m * M / r^2 = m * a
- The gravity mass and the inertial mass cancel out of this formula because they are equal.
-------------------- G * M / r^2 = a
- This formula shows us that acceleration ,”a”, due to the Earth’s mass, “M”, and the Gravitational Constant, “G”, the radius of the Earth, “r”, and is independent of the mass of the object on its surface, “m”.
------------- 6.67*10^-11 m^3 / (kg*sec^2) * 6*10^24 kg / (6.378*10^6 m)^2 = a
---------------------- a = 9.8 m / sec^2
- The other equivalency that Einstein formulated was the mass and energy were two forms of the same thing.
----------------------- E = m * c^2
---------------------- E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 * m
- Energy is much, much greater than mass. It is the speed of light squared greater , (3 * 10^8 m/sec)^2 = c, 9*10^16 m^2 / sec^2 = c^2 times greater.
- If the Gravity Force pulls on mass it must also pull on energy too, they are equivalent. If gravity is pulling on light how does light escape from the star? Light can not slow down. It only has one speed in space. But, light can loose energy. When electromagnetic waves loose energy they still travel at the same speed but they oscillate at a lower frequency. When light looses energy it “ redshifts” When light leaves a massive star its loss of energy is called “ Gravitational Redshift”. Light does fall in a gravitational field. Everything that has mass or energy falls downward with the same acceleration in a gravitational field.
------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = - G * M / R * c^2
-------------------------- “M’ and ”R” are the mass and radius of the star.
- The bigger the star’s mass and the smaller the stars radius ( greater the density) the greater the redshift. In the most extreme case the frequency shift can equal the frequency.
------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = 1
- In this case the star is so large the light is shifted to zero. The star becomes a Blackhole.
- In a Blackhole the force of gravity is pulling the light energy, so that it is looping back on itself. Light can not escape the Blackhole. But, light’s velocity is still the same. In order for velocity to remain constant, velocity = space / time , v = d / t, the distance must shrink and time must slow. Around the Blackhole the space and time are warped back on themselves until space shrinks to a singularity and time stops.
- Blackholes are an extreme case, but around every mass, it is surrounded by warped space and time. It is this warped geometry that is creating gravity. So, maybe gravity is not a Force at all. Maybe it is just a change in the geometry of space and time. If all of Nature’s forces are truly one force maybe everything is interconnected in this fabric woven by space geometry and we are all together interconnected in the geometric fabric of time. Something to ponder!!!
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at
or, use:
--------------- 707-536-3272, --------------------------- Tuesday, May 24, 2011 ------------ Attachments - nonehttp://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Wednesday, May 18, 2011
Why I have earthquake insurance?
--------- #1256 - Why Do I Have Earthquake Insurance?
- Index Summary: The Pacific Tectonic plate has been moving lately. Chile received an 8.8 Magnitude in February, Christchurch, New Zealand a 6.3 in February, Japan a 9.0 in March. Earthquakes appear to occur in bunches since 1900. Here is a review of record and predictions for the future.
- Attachments - none
- Japan’s quake on the 11 of March was the 4th largest to happen in the last 110 years. Here is a summary of the earthquakes that have occurred since 1900 with a Magnitude
> 8.0. What you see in this record is that quakes tend to occur in groups:
------------------ 1905 - 1935 ------------------ Ecuador M 8.8
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Kamchatka, Russia M 8.5
------------------ 1936 - 1951 ------------------ quiet and below < M 8.0
------------------ 1952 - 1964 ------------------ Tibet M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Kamchatka M 9.0
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 9.5
------------------------------------------------------ Kuril Islands M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 9.2
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 8.7
------------------ 1964 - 2004 ------------------ quiet and below < M 8.0
------------------ 2004 - 2011 ------------------ Sumatra, Indonesia M 9.1
------------------------------------------------------ Indonesia M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Indonesia M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 8.8
------------------------------------------------------ Japan M 9.0
----------------- 2011 - 2021 -------------------- ? > M 8.0
- If quakes happen in groups is the Pacific Northwest the next to feel the Earth move?
- The Cascadian fault zone off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and California is the spot in the United States with the biggest seismic hazard. Below Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland is the” Juan de Fuca Plate”. It used to slip eastward under the North American plate at a rate of 1.5 inches per year. But, it has not moved for the past several centuries. After being locked up for 100’s of years it must be ready to let go any day now.
- Geologists put the chances for the quake between Vancouver Island and Oregon at 15% with Magnitude greater than 8.0 in the next 50 years. Between Oregon and California’s Cape Mendocino it is given a 37% chance greater than 8.0 before 2061. Using these same predictions for the entire Earth, there is a 63% chance for another 9.0 during this same time period.
- Since 1900 the Earth has experienced 1,700 quakes greater than Magnitude 7.0
------------------------------------------------ 70 quakes greater than Magnitude 8.0
------------------------------------------------ 5 quakes greater than Magnitude 9.0
- Geologists are measuring the tectonic plate slippages using GPS. Japan’s plate leaped 8 feet eastward on March 11.
- Geologists also use the magnetic records found in the rocks on the ocean floor to record their movements relative to the Earth’s magnetic field overtime. They use this data to calculate the rate the new ocean crust is formed at the mid-Pacific Ocean Ridge.
- Geologists can also compare rock samples from either side of a tectonic plate to see who far it has moved. The Bodega Gay Head, which is just 20 miles from my house, has been moving north for millions of years. 300 million years ago this big rock was in Baja California. Moving 2 inches per year times 3,000,000 years is 6,000,000 inches. That rock has moved 500,000 feet, or 590 miles. This is just another way Mexico is invading California, seismically.
- Here are some more details about the March 11, 2011 earthquake in Japan:
--------------------------- Magnitude 9.0
--------------------------- 54 aftershocks > 6.0
--------------------------- 3 aftershocks > 7.0
--------------------------- the rupture in the Earth was 190 miles long
--------------------------- the biggest slippage measured was 79 feet
--------------------------- the biggest slippage estimated was 200 feet.
--------------------------- the duration of the quake was 220 seconds.
---------------------------- May 18, 2011 ------------------- what’s next?
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email. Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:
707-536-3272, Wednesday, May 18, 2011jamesdetrick@comcast.net. or, use www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
- Index Summary: The Pacific Tectonic plate has been moving lately. Chile received an 8.8 Magnitude in February, Christchurch, New Zealand a 6.3 in February, Japan a 9.0 in March. Earthquakes appear to occur in bunches since 1900. Here is a review of record and predictions for the future.
- Attachments - none
- Japan’s quake on the 11 of March was the 4th largest to happen in the last 110 years. Here is a summary of the earthquakes that have occurred since 1900 with a Magnitude
> 8.0. What you see in this record is that quakes tend to occur in groups:
------------------ 1905 - 1935 ------------------ Ecuador M 8.8
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Kamchatka, Russia M 8.5
------------------ 1936 - 1951 ------------------ quiet and below < M 8.0
------------------ 1952 - 1964 ------------------ Tibet M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Kamchatka M 9.0
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 9.5
------------------------------------------------------ Kuril Islands M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 9.2
------------------------------------------------------ Alaska M 8.7
------------------ 1964 - 2004 ------------------ quiet and below < M 8.0
------------------ 2004 - 2011 ------------------ Sumatra, Indonesia M 9.1
------------------------------------------------------ Indonesia M 8.6
------------------------------------------------------ Indonesia M 8.5
------------------------------------------------------ Chile M 8.8
------------------------------------------------------ Japan M 9.0
----------------- 2011 - 2021 -------------------- ? > M 8.0
- If quakes happen in groups is the Pacific Northwest the next to feel the Earth move?
- The Cascadian fault zone off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and California is the spot in the United States with the biggest seismic hazard. Below Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland is the” Juan de Fuca Plate”. It used to slip eastward under the North American plate at a rate of 1.5 inches per year. But, it has not moved for the past several centuries. After being locked up for 100’s of years it must be ready to let go any day now.
- Geologists put the chances for the quake between Vancouver Island and Oregon at 15% with Magnitude greater than 8.0 in the next 50 years. Between Oregon and California’s Cape Mendocino it is given a 37% chance greater than 8.0 before 2061. Using these same predictions for the entire Earth, there is a 63% chance for another 9.0 during this same time period.
- Since 1900 the Earth has experienced 1,700 quakes greater than Magnitude 7.0
------------------------------------------------ 70 quakes greater than Magnitude 8.0
------------------------------------------------ 5 quakes greater than Magnitude 9.0
- Geologists are measuring the tectonic plate slippages using GPS. Japan’s plate leaped 8 feet eastward on March 11.
- Geologists also use the magnetic records found in the rocks on the ocean floor to record their movements relative to the Earth’s magnetic field overtime. They use this data to calculate the rate the new ocean crust is formed at the mid-Pacific Ocean Ridge.
- Geologists can also compare rock samples from either side of a tectonic plate to see who far it has moved. The Bodega Gay Head, which is just 20 miles from my house, has been moving north for millions of years. 300 million years ago this big rock was in Baja California. Moving 2 inches per year times 3,000,000 years is 6,000,000 inches. That rock has moved 500,000 feet, or 590 miles. This is just another way Mexico is invading California, seismically.
- Here are some more details about the March 11, 2011 earthquake in Japan:
--------------------------- Magnitude 9.0
--------------------------- 54 aftershocks > 6.0
--------------------------- 3 aftershocks > 7.0
--------------------------- the rupture in the Earth was 190 miles long
--------------------------- the biggest slippage measured was 79 feet
--------------------------- the biggest slippage estimated was 200 feet.
--------------------------- the duration of the quake was 220 seconds.
---------------------------- May 18, 2011 ------------------- what’s next?
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email. Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:
707-536-3272, Wednesday, May 18, 2011jamesdetrick@comcast.net. or, use www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
Electrons keep giving us new mysteries to study.
--------- #1255 - What Have We Learned about the Electron?
- This review covers the many things we have learned about the electron. It is a fundamental particle in our Universe that is responsible for electricity, electronics, chemistry, biology, and the neurological thinking that goes on in your brain. So, in a way, in reading this review your electrons are studying themselves.
- The electron and the proton form the simplest atom, the element hydrogen. It has a single positively charged proton in the nucleus and a single negatively charged electron orbiting the nucleus. The electron is 1,836 times smaller than the proton. Together in the atom they occupy a diameter of about 0.1 nanometers. Both particles are very small which means that the atom is mostly occupied by empty space, ( if space is really empty?). The proton and the electron are opposite electric charges. Opposite charges attract. So, why are the electron and protons not slamming into each other?
- The electron is orbiting the nucleus, so, maybe it is the angular momentum of the circling electron that is keeping it from falling into the nucleus? This would be similar to the angular momentum of Earth’s orbit keeping it from being pulled by gravity into the Sun. Unfortunately it is not that simple. The electron is much more complicated, we need to learn more.
- When an electron is in motion the moving electric field generates a magnetic field. When an electron is moving through a magnetic field it exerts a force (Lorentz Force) in a direction perpendicular to the plane defined by the magnetic field and the electron’s velocity. This centripetal force causes the electron to follow a helical trajectory through the field. The acceleration created by traveling in a circle induces the electron to radiate energy ( Synchrotron Radiation). An electron that is not undergoing acceleration is unable to emit or absorb a photon.
- The electron is loosing energy traveling in a circle with constant acceleration, so, why doesn’t it slow down and fall into the nucleus? The reason is the electron is a wave and the orbitals around the nucleus are standing-waves in resonance as electron waves. Energy comes in packets causing each orbital for the electron to be at a different energy level.
- The electrons in each orbital have angular momentum with a very strange property. The electron’s momentum in orbit can only exist in one of two states. The arbitrary name for the two states is “½ spin up“, and “½ spin down”. We humans have “ spin 1”. With a spin 1 we turn around 360 degrees and we are back where we started. Electrons with “ spin ½” have to turn around twice, 720 degrees, to get back to where they started. Electrons are not the only particle to have this strange ½ spin property. Protons are made up of particles called Quarks that are ½ spin. Together they make up “ordinary matter” and are called “ Fermions” , which are all particles with a spin of ½.
- Protons are made up of three Quarks, two Up-Quarks and one Down- Quark. Neutrons are the neutral charged particle in the nucleus that are made up of one Up-Quark and two Down-Quarks. Quarks are held together in the nucleus by force carrier particles called Gluons. And, electrons are held together in the atom by force carrier particle called Photons. Force Carrier particles are called Bosons and all Boson particles have a spin 1.
- Electrons, like all the Particles have an equivalent Anti-particle of opposite charge. The Anti-electron is exactly like the Electron, with all the same properties, except it has a positive charge. The anti-electron is called the “Positron”. All of the Anti-particles are the “charge reflection” of their Particles.
- One of the biggest mysteries in the Universe is why our Universe is made up of matter and the only anti-matter around is that small amount that is created in the physics laboratories, and possibly at the center of the galaxy. If the Universe started from nothing, the Big Bang would have created an equal amount of matter and anti-matter. The sum of all the particle charges would be neutral and add to zero. What can account for this imbalance of matter over anti-matter in the Universe remains a mystery.
- When electrons and anti-electrons come together they annihilate each other in a burst of Gamma Ray photons. In these collisions the mass converts back to energy according to
E = m*c^2.
- The mass of an electron is the same as the mass of an anti-electron, both are 9.1 * 10^-31 kilograms.
- The speed of light squared is 9 * 10^16 meters squared per seconds squared.
------------------- E = m * c^2
-------------------- E = 9.1 * 10^31 * 9*10^16 kilograms * m^2 / sec^2
-------------------- E = 81.9 *10^-15 joules of energy.
--------------------- 1.6 * 10^-19 joules of energy = 1 electron-volt of energy.
--------------------- E = 511,000 eV
- When the electron and the anti-electron annihilate each other the total energy released in Gamma Ray radiation is exactly 1,022,000 electron-volts. This is exactly the level of energy radiation astronomers have detected coming from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Somehow electrons and anti-electrons are being created and destroyed at the center of the Galaxy. This too remains a mystery.
- Energy is not continuous. At the smallest scales energy exists in tiny bundles, called Quanta. Each Quantum is the same and contains exactly Planck’s Constant of Action. Action is the physic’s term for Energy times time, ( A = E * t ). Planck’s Constant of Action = 6.626 * 10^-34 joule - seconds.
- The wavelength of an electron can be determined as the ratio of Planck’s Constant and the electron’s momentum. ( w = h / p ). Momentum is mass times velocity. The electron’s velocity in the atom is about 10% the speed of light. True calculations would require equations from the Theory of Relativity. But, let’s get the ideas using classical equations. The mass of the electron is 9.1 * 10^-31 kilograms. The velocity is 3 * 10^7 meters per second. ( p = m * v ).
----------------- The momentum of the electron is 27.3 * 10^-24 kilogram * meters / sec
----------------- The wavelength of the electron is 0.0243 nanometers.
- The diameter of the atom is 0.1 nanometers. So, the electron’s standing wave in the orbitals is much smaller then the circumference of the orbit. Classically we think of Angular Momentum and Magnetic Moments as depending on physical dimensions of an object. The electron appears to be a dimensionless object, a wave with only probabilities of position. So, how can we explain how electron’s stay in orbit around the nucleus?
- We already know the electrons can turn into photons and vise versa. Electrons and Anti-electrons turn into Gamma Rays and Gamma Rays can turn into Electron - Anti-electron pairs. So, when an electron’s charge generates an electric field , it creates “virtual photons” that continually go into and out of existence. This happens so fast it is “virtual” and not “real” but “enough real” to cause the electron to jitter. This jitter in turn causes the electron’s net circular rotation to wobble. This wobble results in a rotation of the axis called “precession“. To visualize this think of a top that is spinning and wobbling in circles as it moves across the floor. Quantum jitter in this fashion gives the electron both “ spin” and “ magnetic moment”.
- I told you the simple electron was complicated !!!!
- Each orbital in the atom contains its own quantum numbers of angular momentum, up and down spin, and energy levels. No two electrons can occupy the same quantum numbers in any orbital, ( the Pauli Exclusion Principle). Electrons can transfer between orbitals by emitting or absorbing a photon with an energy level that matches the difference in potential energy between orbitals. It is amazing that this is what creates all the colors you see around you. The photons from red to blue, from 700 nanometers to 400 nanometers wavelength, represent the photons of light at different energy levels in the atoms that you are admiring.
- When atoms form molecules the electrons in the outer orbitals are transferred, or shared with other atoms. The electrons then occupy Molecular Orbitals much the same as the Atomic Orbitals in isolated atoms.
- The even stranger property of electrons is saved for last. The electric charge of the electron generates an electric field. A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. Somehow this electromagnetic field interconnects with everything else, all the time, and everywhere. No matter how far apart they are. Electrons seen in this way are little clouds with a foggy core and misty edges, except there are no edges. The cloudy field has infinite range, or at least to the edges of the Universe, assuming the Universe has edges. This interconnection has been experimentally demonstrated to be action-at-a-distance, faster than the speed of light. It is called “ Entanglement”. An electron with spin up can flip down and cause an entangled electron on the Moon to instantaneously flip up.
- Electrons make our muscles work and power the neurons in our brains. And, are somehow connected with the entire Universe.
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(1) #1226 “Electrons Muons, and Taus”
(2) #730 “Anti-matter”
(3) #731 “ The Electron”
(4) # 507 “ What is an Electron and the Lorentz Factor”
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email. Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:
707-536-3272, Tuesday, May 17, 2011jamesdetrick@comcast.net. or, use www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
- This review covers the many things we have learned about the electron. It is a fundamental particle in our Universe that is responsible for electricity, electronics, chemistry, biology, and the neurological thinking that goes on in your brain. So, in a way, in reading this review your electrons are studying themselves.
- The electron and the proton form the simplest atom, the element hydrogen. It has a single positively charged proton in the nucleus and a single negatively charged electron orbiting the nucleus. The electron is 1,836 times smaller than the proton. Together in the atom they occupy a diameter of about 0.1 nanometers. Both particles are very small which means that the atom is mostly occupied by empty space, ( if space is really empty?). The proton and the electron are opposite electric charges. Opposite charges attract. So, why are the electron and protons not slamming into each other?
- The electron is orbiting the nucleus, so, maybe it is the angular momentum of the circling electron that is keeping it from falling into the nucleus? This would be similar to the angular momentum of Earth’s orbit keeping it from being pulled by gravity into the Sun. Unfortunately it is not that simple. The electron is much more complicated, we need to learn more.
- When an electron is in motion the moving electric field generates a magnetic field. When an electron is moving through a magnetic field it exerts a force (Lorentz Force) in a direction perpendicular to the plane defined by the magnetic field and the electron’s velocity. This centripetal force causes the electron to follow a helical trajectory through the field. The acceleration created by traveling in a circle induces the electron to radiate energy ( Synchrotron Radiation). An electron that is not undergoing acceleration is unable to emit or absorb a photon.
- The electron is loosing energy traveling in a circle with constant acceleration, so, why doesn’t it slow down and fall into the nucleus? The reason is the electron is a wave and the orbitals around the nucleus are standing-waves in resonance as electron waves. Energy comes in packets causing each orbital for the electron to be at a different energy level.
- The electrons in each orbital have angular momentum with a very strange property. The electron’s momentum in orbit can only exist in one of two states. The arbitrary name for the two states is “½ spin up“, and “½ spin down”. We humans have “ spin 1”. With a spin 1 we turn around 360 degrees and we are back where we started. Electrons with “ spin ½” have to turn around twice, 720 degrees, to get back to where they started. Electrons are not the only particle to have this strange ½ spin property. Protons are made up of particles called Quarks that are ½ spin. Together they make up “ordinary matter” and are called “ Fermions” , which are all particles with a spin of ½.
- Protons are made up of three Quarks, two Up-Quarks and one Down- Quark. Neutrons are the neutral charged particle in the nucleus that are made up of one Up-Quark and two Down-Quarks. Quarks are held together in the nucleus by force carrier particles called Gluons. And, electrons are held together in the atom by force carrier particle called Photons. Force Carrier particles are called Bosons and all Boson particles have a spin 1.
- Electrons, like all the Particles have an equivalent Anti-particle of opposite charge. The Anti-electron is exactly like the Electron, with all the same properties, except it has a positive charge. The anti-electron is called the “Positron”. All of the Anti-particles are the “charge reflection” of their Particles.
- One of the biggest mysteries in the Universe is why our Universe is made up of matter and the only anti-matter around is that small amount that is created in the physics laboratories, and possibly at the center of the galaxy. If the Universe started from nothing, the Big Bang would have created an equal amount of matter and anti-matter. The sum of all the particle charges would be neutral and add to zero. What can account for this imbalance of matter over anti-matter in the Universe remains a mystery.
- When electrons and anti-electrons come together they annihilate each other in a burst of Gamma Ray photons. In these collisions the mass converts back to energy according to
E = m*c^2.
- The mass of an electron is the same as the mass of an anti-electron, both are 9.1 * 10^-31 kilograms.
- The speed of light squared is 9 * 10^16 meters squared per seconds squared.
------------------- E = m * c^2
-------------------- E = 9.1 * 10^31 * 9*10^16 kilograms * m^2 / sec^2
-------------------- E = 81.9 *10^-15 joules of energy.
--------------------- 1.6 * 10^-19 joules of energy = 1 electron-volt of energy.
--------------------- E = 511,000 eV
- When the electron and the anti-electron annihilate each other the total energy released in Gamma Ray radiation is exactly 1,022,000 electron-volts. This is exactly the level of energy radiation astronomers have detected coming from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Somehow electrons and anti-electrons are being created and destroyed at the center of the Galaxy. This too remains a mystery.
- Energy is not continuous. At the smallest scales energy exists in tiny bundles, called Quanta. Each Quantum is the same and contains exactly Planck’s Constant of Action. Action is the physic’s term for Energy times time, ( A = E * t ). Planck’s Constant of Action = 6.626 * 10^-34 joule - seconds.
- The wavelength of an electron can be determined as the ratio of Planck’s Constant and the electron’s momentum. ( w = h / p ). Momentum is mass times velocity. The electron’s velocity in the atom is about 10% the speed of light. True calculations would require equations from the Theory of Relativity. But, let’s get the ideas using classical equations. The mass of the electron is 9.1 * 10^-31 kilograms. The velocity is 3 * 10^7 meters per second. ( p = m * v ).
----------------- The momentum of the electron is 27.3 * 10^-24 kilogram * meters / sec
----------------- The wavelength of the electron is 0.0243 nanometers.
- The diameter of the atom is 0.1 nanometers. So, the electron’s standing wave in the orbitals is much smaller then the circumference of the orbit. Classically we think of Angular Momentum and Magnetic Moments as depending on physical dimensions of an object. The electron appears to be a dimensionless object, a wave with only probabilities of position. So, how can we explain how electron’s stay in orbit around the nucleus?
- We already know the electrons can turn into photons and vise versa. Electrons and Anti-electrons turn into Gamma Rays and Gamma Rays can turn into Electron - Anti-electron pairs. So, when an electron’s charge generates an electric field , it creates “virtual photons” that continually go into and out of existence. This happens so fast it is “virtual” and not “real” but “enough real” to cause the electron to jitter. This jitter in turn causes the electron’s net circular rotation to wobble. This wobble results in a rotation of the axis called “precession“. To visualize this think of a top that is spinning and wobbling in circles as it moves across the floor. Quantum jitter in this fashion gives the electron both “ spin” and “ magnetic moment”.
- I told you the simple electron was complicated !!!!
- Each orbital in the atom contains its own quantum numbers of angular momentum, up and down spin, and energy levels. No two electrons can occupy the same quantum numbers in any orbital, ( the Pauli Exclusion Principle). Electrons can transfer between orbitals by emitting or absorbing a photon with an energy level that matches the difference in potential energy between orbitals. It is amazing that this is what creates all the colors you see around you. The photons from red to blue, from 700 nanometers to 400 nanometers wavelength, represent the photons of light at different energy levels in the atoms that you are admiring.
- When atoms form molecules the electrons in the outer orbitals are transferred, or shared with other atoms. The electrons then occupy Molecular Orbitals much the same as the Atomic Orbitals in isolated atoms.
- The even stranger property of electrons is saved for last. The electric charge of the electron generates an electric field. A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. Somehow this electromagnetic field interconnects with everything else, all the time, and everywhere. No matter how far apart they are. Electrons seen in this way are little clouds with a foggy core and misty edges, except there are no edges. The cloudy field has infinite range, or at least to the edges of the Universe, assuming the Universe has edges. This interconnection has been experimentally demonstrated to be action-at-a-distance, faster than the speed of light. It is called “ Entanglement”. An electron with spin up can flip down and cause an entangled electron on the Moon to instantaneously flip up.
- Electrons make our muscles work and power the neurons in our brains. And, are somehow connected with the entire Universe.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) #1226 “Electrons Muons, and Taus”
(2) #730 “Anti-matter”
(3) #731 “ The Electron”
(4) # 507 “ What is an Electron and the Lorentz Factor”
---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email. Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:
707-536-3272, Tuesday, May 17, 2011jamesdetrick@comcast.net. or, use www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
What happens when you freeze an atom?
--------- #1254 - What Happens When You Cool an Atom?
- Getting to the very small enters the Quantum World where physics takes on strange behavior. But, also, getting to the very cold enters the same unusual world of Quantum Mechanics. Today science is exploring more of this world near temperatures of Absolute Zero, (-273 degrees Centigrade).
- From the point of view of physics temperature is a measurement of the average Kinetic Energy of atoms. We call it Thermal Energy. It is the average momentum and velocity of a bunch of atoms. As you heat up any material its atoms vibrate and oscillate faster. The hotter it gets the faster they oscillate. At some point, when certain materials reach a specific temperature the oscillating atoms will break bonds and change states. Ice will turn into water and water will turn into steam. The matter expands as the faster oscillating atoms require more space. Kinetic Energy is the product of momentum and velocity. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Therefore, the Kinetic Energy of the atoms is their mass times their velocity squared, ( KE = m*v^2 ).
- The opposite is happening when a material cools down. The vibrations slow and the average Kinetic Energy goes down as the temperature declines. The colder it gets the slower the atoms vibrate. There is a point where atoms slow down to where they come to a complete stop. This point is called Absolute Zero, zero degrees Kelvin, - 273 degrees Centigrade. Near Absolute Zero is where we enter the Quantum world and we learn that atoms and their fundamental particles never really stop. There is Zero Point Energy and the classical Kinetic Energy calculations say zero. However, we must use the new math of Quantum Mechanics to understand the behavior of sub-atomic particles as they approach Absolute Zero temperature.
- Particles have on positions at the sub-atomic scales. They are oscillating waves. And, Energy is not continuous. It comes is small bundles, or quanta of energy. This quanta ,or fundamental limit of how small energy bundles can be, is called Planck’s Constant of Action. It is equal to 6.626 * 10^-34 kilogram * meters^2 / second. This is a very small number. At the smallest scales of the oscillating particle / wave dualities, these bundles of energy are still oscillating even at the temperature of zero Kelvin. As the temperature lowers you remove energy until you can not remove anymore. Physics is getting so close to this limit they no longer use degrees Kelvin as the measurement. They use the number of Quanta that are left to be removed.
- To better understand Planck’s Constant of Acton, symbol “h”, let’s define the meaning of Action.
-------------------- Momentum is the product of Mass and Velocity, ( p = m * v ), kilograms * meters / second
-------------------- Kinetic Energy is the product of Momentum and Velocity,
( KE = m * v^2) , kilogram * meters^2 / seconds^2.
-------------------- Action is the product of Energy, or Work, and Time, ( A = E * t ) , kilogram * meters^2 / second.
------------------- Planck’s Constant of Action, ( h = 6.626 * 10^-34 kilogram * meters^2 / second ).
- The vibration energy of the Quanta is the Constant of Action divided by time.
Energy = Action / time, ( E = A / t ). The frequency of vibration is cycles of waves per second. Frequency = 1 / time, ( f = 1/ t) . So, another way to show the formula for Energy is as the product of Action and Frequency, ( E = h * f ). Lowering the temperature lowers the energy and therefore lowers the frequency of vibration.
- So, the way to visualize this is the oscillating Quanta of Energies are moving back and forth in an oscillating wave. As the temperatures get lower, Energy is removed, and the energy packets in the waves move back and forth at an ever slower rate. Physics laboratories around the world are getting ever closer to the slowest rate possible. It is called the Ground State of Absolute Zero. Here is a summary of how close labs have gotten this measurement. Note that at every lower temperatures the measurements are in Quanta instead of Kelvin:
------------------------ U.C. Santa Barbara --------------- 0.000135 Kelvin
------------------------ Yale University -------------------- 0.0000682 Kelvin
----------------------- Swiss Federal Institute ------------ 63 Quanta
---------------------- Cal Tech University ---------------- 4 Quanta
---------------------- National Institute of Standards ----- 1 Quanta
- The challenge for the labs now is how long they can keep the temperatures at this level so they can study the quantum affects. To date the Ground-State lifetimes are only lasting from 6 nanoseconds to 100 microseconds. How the labs are achieving these temperatures is a whole other story. If you want to learn. They are using lasers to dampen the Quantum oscillations.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copy to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email. Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:
707-536-3272, Tuesday, May 17, 2011jamesdetrick@comcast.net. or, use www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
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