What are the odds you are alive?

-
---------------------  1991  -  What are the odds you are able to read this?
-
-

-
-  Our Sun is a star, one of over 200,000,000,000 stars in our galaxy.  Our star is middle-aged, 5,000,000,000 years old out of a life-span of 10 billion years.  Our galaxy is one of 200 billion galaxies in our Observable Universe.  Our little planet is just one of billions, and billions and billions of possibilities.
-
-  Our Observable Universe extends out pretty far in every direction, 2.7*10^23 miles.  We observe a spherical volume having a radius of 270,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles.  Here we sit at the center observing this enormous volume of space.  Of course, anyone, anywhere would see themselves in the center of the Universe.  They could be looking the same distance in every direction.
-
-  Outer space seems so enormous.  But, nearly the same can be said about the space inside our own bodies.  Within the space of our bodies are the reproducing bacteria that are 200 billionths of a meter in size.  There are viruses that are 10 time smaller than that.
-
-  The average size of all the world’s animals is 40 grams, 1.5 ounces.  We humans are at the upper end of this weight scale.  There are comparatively few mammals larger in size than us, elephants, whales and the like.
-
-  Our whole existence appears to be on the very edge of the best conditions.  We are at the edge of the biologically complex.  The source of all our world’s energy comes from a star that just happens to be at mid-life and at its most peaceful existence.
-
-  Our Solar System’s planets have pleasant circular orbits and we do not expect a disruptive planetary environment to occur for another 5 billion years.  We are fortunate to be on the 3rd planet from the Sun giving us a temperate climate.  Our Earth’s chemistry is not too caustic nor too inert.  We are living in a Goldilocks existence.
-
-  If you delve deep into physics you discover that certain fundamental constants in nature are “ fine tuned” to allow all this to happen.  A small tweak in the strength of gravity, “g”, a slight alter of the electromagnetic force , “e”,  would destroy the diversity of molecular structures that allow life and the existence of the entire friendly cosmos.
-
-  But, do not be deceived.  Life would likely not have evolved at all in a totally calm, friendly environment.  On the contrary, science believes life required a varying and dynamic alignment of parameters balancing at the interface of calm and chaos.  Biology may be the most complicated physical phenomenon in the entire Universe.  We hover in between order and chaos.  Between life and death.  What are the odds we will find life elsewhere with these same fortunate conditions?
-
-  How could the random collisions of atoms and molecules ever give creation a sense of perception, thinking?  You can not accomplish the complexity of life merely by chance.  The Observable Universe contains lots of atoms, 10^80 atoms.  In is incalculable the number of ways those atoms could be arranged.
-
-  The same with the possibilities of how the stars could be arranged and the galaxies too.  Or, how many ways the neurons can be connected in your brain.  The mind’s potential possibilities lies far beyond its own compression.
-
-  Our bodies are a collection of elements that were formed inside exploding stars.  Inside our bodies are arrangements of 60 different elements.  Hydrogen is the element that formed first coming directly out of the Big Bang.  That same hydrogen represents 9.5% of our body weight.
-
-  The rest of the elements were created in the cores of stars and upon the star’s death were spread into the interstellar medium through  massive supernovae explosions.
-
-  Hydrogen and helium gas clouds coalesced into the first stars within 100,000,000 years after the Big Bang.  These massive stars had short lives and died in titanic supernovae explosions.  They hurled oxygen, carbon and magnesium elements into space. 
-
-------------------  65% of our body weight is oxygen
-------------------  18% of our body weight is carbon
-------------------  0.1% is magnesium
-
-  After 500,000,000 years the smaller stars formed into galaxies.  Stars the size of our Sun live for 10 billion years.  Stars 100 times bigger live for only a few million years.  These larger stars created iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium sulfur and zinc  The star’s death was an explosion that spread these heavier elements into the interstellar medium.
-
-------------------  Calcium is 1.5% of our body weight in our bones and teeth.
-
-------------------   Phosphorus is 1.0% .  It provides energy that drives chemical reaction in the cells.
-
-------------------  Potassium is 0.4%.  It maintains electrical signaling in the neurons.
-
-------------------  Sulfur is 0.3%. It is in the cartilage, the insulin, in proteins that support our immune system.
-
------------------  Zinc is in trace amounts but it  makes up the enzymes used in digestion.
-
------------------  Chlorine is 0.2%  needed for nerves and gastric juice.
-
-----------------  Sodium 0.2%  needed for nerves and regulation  of the amount of water in the body.
-
------------------  Iodine in trace amounts used in the thyroid gland to regulate our metabolism
-
-----------------  Iron is trace amounts but part of the hemoglobin carrying oxygen in the red blood cells.
-
-  Somehow all this stuff came together to make you. So, what are the odds you are able to read this review?  Stay tuned, there is always more to learn and you are the only one that can do it.
-- 
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, December 31, 2017  -----
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Light up your New Year

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-----------------  1990  -  Light up your New Year
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-

-
-  Light did not start to shine until 340,000 years after the Big Bang.  Before then the charged particles were so dense the photons just bounced around between them.  Space had to expand enough for the photons to be free to expand along with space.
-
-  This first light can still be seen today as Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.  The light that started out as short wavelength Gamma Ray radiation has stretched to wider wavelengths as it traveled through expanding space.  The light radiation left at 3,000 Kelvin and today it has cooled to just 2.75 Kelvin.
-
-  Light travels at 186,282.4 miles per second.  That is in a vacuum.  In other medium it appears to travel slower but actually it is still traveling the same speed but moving through a crystal like diamond it is bouncing, absorption, re-emission, all averages out to a traverse speed of 77,500 miles per second.  However, it is all that bouncing around that gives the diamond that dazzling sparkle.
-
-  Eyeglasses correct vision because light slows down in glass or plastic in the same way and its path is bent at the transition surface from air to glass and back to air again.
-
-  People glow in light, but, it is mostly infrared light.  The glow is caused by the body’s free radical chemical reactions.
-
-  Much greater bioluminescence is common in creatures living in the ocean.  Apollo astronaut Jim Lovell used this phenomenon to locate his darkened aircraft carrier that stirred up the luminescence of this biology in its wake. (1954)
-
-  Incandescent bulbs are very inefficient.  They only convert 10% of the energy to light.  Most of the rest is converted into heat.  A 100 watt bulb in a confined space can cook at 325F.  When I was living in Indiana my 55 Ford had to be outside.  I put a light bulb on top of the engine and it started right up every morning at below zero temperatures.  I was never tardy to 8:00 classes with a 20 mile commute in 3 years of college.  Thanks to this technique.
-
-  Light has no mass so it must always travel at the same , light speed.  Anything with no mass travels at this speed, like muons.  However, light does have momentum and therefore has energy.  The energy of a photon is:
--
---------------------------- E = h*f
-
-------------------------  Energy  =  6.625 * 10^-34 kg*m^2/sec  *  frequency
-
-  Apollo astronauts left a mirror on the Moon.  Laser beam measurements have determined that the Moon’s orbit is moving outward from Earth at 1.5 inches per year.
-
-  Our eyes see visible light.  Fish can see infrared  light.  Bees, birds, lizards can see ultraviolet light.
-
- Photography got its name from “photo” - light , “graphy” meaning writing.  Writing with light.
-
-  The Auroras light up the night sky because ionized particles from the Sun crash into atmospheric molecules as the charged particles enter the north tic pole.  Oxygen shines green, nitrogen shines blue and red.
-
---------------------  Other reviews available upon request.
-
-  #1389  -  The sunlight hitting you is 45,000 times more powerful than the radiation hitting you from the TV tower.
-
-  #1386  -  If you were on the Moon you could see a lightning strike in1.3 seconds after it happened.  If the sound, thunder, could travel through space you would not hear the thunder for 13 days.  ( sound traveling at 750 miles per hour.)
-
-  # 1288  -  We take light for granted.  Radio and TV and microwave ovens, and cell phones all depend on the same electromagnetic radiation.  The wavelengths of radio extend to miles.  FM radio wavelengths are at 9 to 11 feet.  Microwaves at 12 centimeters (4.7 inches)
-
----------------------  red light  -------------0.7 * 10^-6 meters
---------------------  blue light  ------------0.4 * 10^-6 meters
-
-  Visible light occupies only 1 ten-billionth of the electromagnetic spectrum, 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers
-
-  The photons that carry this wave energy in their momentum are traveling at 670,633,500 miles per hour.
-
-  Stand  in front of a 60 watt light bulb.  This is how fast the photons are hitting you.  That is not the worst part.  There are 1,800,000,000,000,000,000,000  photons hitting your body every second.  (1.8*10^20)
-
-  #1286  -  When you look at the stars some of those photons hitting your eye  took millions of years to get to you  Some left the star before dinosaurs roamed the Earth.
-
-  #1043  -  Light travels one foot in a nanosecond ( 10^-9 seconds)  Your girl friend standing 20 feet away is 20 billionths of a second older than the image you see of her.
-
-  #940  -  The Sun is radiating 65,000,000 watts per square meter per second.
-
-  #934  -  Each photon is an energy bundle.  The higher the frequency the higher the energy------------------ E = h*f  -----------  Energy  =  a constant “h”  times frequency.
-
-  #726  -  The force of an electric charge is 10^39 times greater than the force of gravity.
-
-  #648  -  Light is a physical symmetry for the entire Universe.
-
-  #550  -  Light does not know time.  Time stops at the speed it is moving.  Light is the conversion factor between energy and mass.
-
-  #36  -  What is the oldest thing you have ever seen?  No it is not the pyramids.  Not even the dirt at your feet that can not be older than 4,500,000,000 years.  You need a telescope and your eyes can see photons that are 12,000,000,000 years old.  What you see is a young star but today it is 12 billion years older than that.
-
-  Happy New Year.  Hope that when the ball falls you will see the light.
- 
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, December 31, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nanotechnology from Chemistry to Biology.

- 
-------------------  1846  -  Nanotechnology from Chemistry to Biology.
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-

-
-  New technology will be designing machines so small they will be using individual atoms. Molecular manufacturing creates new materials with new and amazing properties.
-
-  The potential of nanotechnology has convinced the government (2009) to allocate 1.5 billion dollars for research.
-
-  The laws of physics do not remain the same as you go down to smaller and smaller scales.  Other forces dominate the atomic scale, examples:  atomic binding and Van Der Waals forces.
-
-  An example is when water freezes.  Water molecules are “V” shaped, H2O.  The 2 hydrogen atoms on top have a slight negative charge.  The oxygen at the bottom has a slight positive charge.  When water freezes the molecules stack in a regular lattice.  Ice expands as water molecules arrange in these hexagon shapes.  Ice floats.  Snow flakes have 6 sides.
-
-  Atoms are largely empty space between the nucleus and the cloud of electrons.  You can not walk through walls because the quantum forces between them stop you.  If the atom were a football stadium the nucleus would be a grain of sand.  It is not an empty vacuum inside the stadium.  Quantum forces fill the entire arena and these forces make things feel solid.
-
-  These forces begin with the Pauli Exclusion Principle that prevents any two electrons from occupying the same state of orbit or spin.  If electrons approach each other they repel.  Matter is “solid” as an illusion  It is basically empty.
-
-  Sitting in this chair I am basically floating a nanometer above it being repelled by the chair’s electromagnetic and quantum forces.
-
-  The reason atoms can become molecules is that electrons can be shared by 2 adjacent  atoms.  The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that the electron is “smeared” between the 2 atoms, even being in 2 places at once.  This process stacks atoms all the way up the Periodic Table and across all the molecules in all of matter.
-
---------------------  The new laws of the small include:
-
---------------------  You can not know the exact velocity and position of any particle,  there is always uncertainty and a trade offs between the two.
-
--------------------  Particles can be in 2 places at once.
-
-------------------  Particles are a mixture of different states , simultaneously.
-
-------------------  Particles can disappear and reappear somewhere else.
-
-  This bizarre Quantum Theory has only one thing going for it.  It is correct.  Its accuracy has never been found to be wrong.  In the macro-scale with trillions and trillions of atoms these effects all average out and these quantum effects do not exist in our perceived reality.
-
-  To make miniature machines out of atoms we need to move one atom at a time.  This is done today with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope.  It uses a fine needle.  The tip being a single atom that passes over the material.  The electric current in the tip changes slightly every time it passes over a single atom.  The microscope can print out the outline of all the atoms or even move them around.
-
-  Another device is the Atomic Force Microscope which can record a 3-D image of an array of atoms.   Again the needle with the fine point is used except a laser records the jiggle of the needle.  Computers can convert these jiggles into an atomic 3-D image.
-
-  Nanotechnology today is a booming business in spraying on chemical coatings on clothing, computer screens, cutting tools, and MEMS.
-
-  MEMS are Micro Electromechanical Systems used in ink-jet cartridges, air bag sensors, gyroscopes , accelerometers, earth quake detectors, …
-
-  Soon these tiny machines will be the size of a pill that can enter your body and be tracked electronically.  The tiny machines can deliver medicines to a precise location inside the body.  They can search out tumors and destroy them.  Chemotherapy drugs can be placed only on the cancer cells.
-
-  The silicon-based computer improves in the ability using ultraviolet light (shortest wavelength, 10 nanometers) to etch smaller and smaller transistors on to a wafer of silicon.  Due to the Uncertainty Principle there is a limit to how small a silicon transistor can be.
-
-  Parallel Processing is a way to solve this problem.  The human brain operates at 200 miles per hour.  A turtle’s speed compared to a computer’s light-neck speed, 186,000 miles per second.  But, the brain is doing billions of small calculations simultaneously in parallel than adding them together to get results.  Parallel Processing is a technique that can solve complex problems faster.
-
-  Another way to solve the problem is to make the transistor itself smaller.  Electron beam etching on graphene can make a transistor one-atom thick and 10 atoms across.
-
-  Another way to solve the problem is not use the transistor at all.  Use the single atom itself.  Atoms have binary spin, Spin-up  = “0”. Spin-down  =  “1”.  However, in the Quantum World the atom is spinning up and down at the same time and only collapses into one or the other when a photon observes it.
-
-  To solve this problem use “qubits” rather than “bits” with say 25% spinning up and 75% spinning down.  The problem today with “ qubits” is that the slightest disturbance from the outside environment can destroy these delicate properties of the atoms.
-
-  Quantum Dots are collections of about 100 atoms.  They may someday allow Quantum computing at room temperatures. 
-
-  Your body’s DNA encodes information on amino acids not in “1”  or “0” but in “A”, , “T”, “C”, “G”.  Maybe this is the way to design a DNA computer.
-
-  Biology is getting closer to learning what each gene in a living cell is doing.  They are doing this by removing DNA codes in bacterium to learn the minimum needed to be “alive”.
-
-  Biologists have got down to 531,000 DNA blocks containing just 473 genes.  For comparison we humans have 3,000,000,000 building blocks with more than 20,000 genes.
-
-  The DNA code, the “genome”, contained in the simplest bacterium is still extremely complex.  The minimum genome an organism needs depends on the environment in which it is to live.
-
-  Ultimately biologists hope by knowing what each gene is doing we can produce organisms that are medicines, fuels, nutrition, and other machines with endless applications.
-
-  Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  Request these Reviews to learn more:
-
-  #664  -  Nanotechnology  2006
-
-  #574  - Nanotechnology  2005
-
-  #1230  -  Nanotube weirdness of the very small. 
-
-  #627  -  Nanowire solar cells.
-
-  #851  -  The nanotube radio.
- 
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Saturday, December 30, 2017  -----
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Socrates, a great teacher

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-----------------------  # 1988   -   Socrates, a great teacher
- 
-

-
-  Socrates was a great teacher.  His method of teaching was not to lecture, not to answer questions.  But, more simply to return a more thoughtful question for every question asked.  This would allow self-discovery in the pursuit of knowledge.  Teaching how to learn.
-
-  To illustrate Socrates teachings.  Get a pencil and paper and follow along as Socrates teaches a slave some geometry.  He begins by drawing a large square in the sand.  He then extends 2 lines through the center to divide the larger square into 4 smaller squares.  Now each square is 1 square foot and each side is 2 feet. 
-
-  Socrates:  What is the area of the square?  How many square feet are there?
-
-  The slave easily sees that the larger square is 4 square feet, the sum of the 4 smaller squares.
-
-  Socrates:  What would be the length of one side needed to double the area of this square?  Double the area is 8 square feet.
-
-  The slave instinctively says that each side must be 4 feet long.
-
-  Socrates:  Instead of telling the slave his answer is wrong.  Socrates simply takes his answer and draws a larger square 4 feet on a side.  He then shows that inside the larger square are 3 more squares like the previous one.  Again dividing each of the squares into smaller 1 foot squares  the slave is quick to see that the area is 16 square feet, not the 8 square feet desired.
-
-  The slave realizes that sides of 2 feet is too small and sides of 4 feet is too large he says that the answer must be 3 feet sides.
-
-  Socrates: Again Socrates takes his answer and draws another square 3 feet on a side.  When divided up the count is an area of 9 square feet.  The area is too large.  How are we going to find the length of the side that will be the correct answer of 8 square feet?
-
-  The slave says “ I do not know”
-
-  Socrates says this is important knowledge.  Before you thought you knew but you were mistaken.  Now, you know you don’t know.  Now, your mind is open to inquiry for new knowledge.
-
-  To help the slave see the solution Socrates asks the slave to go back to the original square that is 4 square feet.  Then to the larger square that is 16 square feet.  How much bigger is the larger square than the smaller square?
-
-  4 times bigger.
-
-   Socrates: We want our answer to be 2 times bigger.  Take the smaller square and draw a line from corner across the center to the other corner.  You have divided that square in half.  Do the same to the other 3 squares.  Do the 4 equal lines you drew contain a square inside the larger square?
-
-  Yes!
-
-  What is the area of one triangle that you have created when you divided the square in half?
-
-  ½ for the 4 square feet is 2 square feet.  Each triangle is 2 square feet.
-
-  Socrates:  How many triangles are there?
-
-  4 triangles, each 2 square feet, the total area of the new square is 8 square feet.  That is the answer we wanted.
-
-  The line stretching from corner to corner of the new square is the proper length to have a square that is 8 square feet.-
-
-  If the teacher were Pythagorean, instead of Socrates: 
-
----------------------  2 feet^2  + 2 feet^2  + 2 feet^2  + 2 feet^2  =  8  feet^2
----------------------  Square root of ( 2^2 + 2^2 ) * Square root of ( 2^2 + 2^2)  =  ?
----------------------  Square root of ( 8 ) * Square root of ( 8)  =  8
----------------------    ( 2.83 )  *  (2.83)  =  8
-
-  Each side is 2.83 feet long and the hypotenuse of the right triangle is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of  the other 2 sides.
-
-  Teacher:  What do you call a person who keeps talking when people are no longer listening?
-
-  Student:  A teacher.
-
-  Teacher:  Noah, your composition on “ My Dog” is exactly the same as your sisters.  Did you copy Ava’s paper.
-
-  Noah:  No sir, it’s the same dog.
-
-  Teacher, Nathan, name one important thing we have today that we did not have 10 years ago?
-
-  Nathan:  Me
-
-  Teacher:  Why are you late?
-
-  Noah:  Class started before I got here.
-
-  Teacher:  Why are you doing your math multiplications on the floor?
- Noah:  You said to do it without using the tables.
-
-  Maybe it “is” wrong, but you asked me how “ I “ spell it.
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, December 29, 2017  -----
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Space, it is not nothing

-----------------  1986  -  Space is what separates things?  What else is it?
-
-

-
-  The whole Earth can be reduced to the size of a sugar cube if you remove all the “space” between the atoms.  Of course,  the sugar cube would still weigh 59,700 trillion, trillion tons after removing all that “weightless” space.
-
-  Space as in Outer Space is different.  It can’t be “ nothing” because light waves travel through it.  And, “ waves” require some medium in which to have oscillations.  Therefore, space can’t be just a vacuum.  Or, so we think..
-
-  But, way back in 1887, the famous Morley-Michelson experiment realized that if light waves went through a medium they could be measured at different speeds traveling in different directions through the medium.  The Earth is traveling around the Sun at 67,000 miles per hour.  If light’s velocity was measured going in the same direction and then in the opposite direction of travel light should have a different speeds.  When the experiment was completed there was no difference, therefore, there was no medium, no ether.
-
-  In 1905 Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity showed us that light beams are electric and magnetic oscillations, actually pulses of photons, that needed no medium, and could travel through the vacuum of space.
-
-  When spectroscopy was used to study space we learned that space was full of dust, particles, atoms.  The atoms were mostly hydrogen atoms ( proton and electron), but, the average was one particle per cubic centimeter of space.  Each sugar cube volume of space contained one atom on average.
-
-  Around the Sun space is bombarded with a “ Solar Wind” of particles that has an average density of 3 to 6 atoms per cubic centimeter.  This Solar Wind is strong enough to create a comet’s tail.
-
-  Outer space also bombards us with Cosmic Rays.  Cosmic Rays are mostly protons, (hydrogen nuclei) , but, sometimes some heavier atomic nuclei.  A mystery lies behind the fact that 99% are positive charged protons, or nuclei, but, what happened to their negative charged electrons?  They must be out there somewhere in space?
-
-  We are also bombarded from space by 3 varieties of neutrinos.  Their masses are so tiny they fly right through us and through the Earth back into space without hitting anything..
-
-  One conclusion must be that space is full of particles.
-
-  Space is also full of “ fields”, magnetic fields, electric fields, gravity fields, or waves.  These fields are traveling energy.  There is another mystery in an anti-gravity traveling energy, a “ vacuum energy”, that is expanding all of space.  Even accelerating the expansion of space..
-
-  This vacuum energy was demonstrated in the lab in the1930s, known as the Casimir Effect.  This mysterious energy is thought to be caused by particles and anti-particles filling space and constantly going into and out of existence.  If true, than space is not empty at all but really full of these particles.
-
-  Today this vacuum energy is given the name Dark Energy and it is credited to causing ever expanding space at an accelerating rate.
-
-  Space is what we humans use to separate things.  It is measured as distance between things.  That distance may be full of stuff, but, it works to keep things separated.  Just as time is used to keep things from all happening at once.
-
-  Space as a separation of things extends from the very smallest to the very largest.
-
------------------  10^-35 meters is believed to be quantum space and the smallest space can be divided.
-----------------  10^? meters is the length of Quarks separated by Muons
-----------------  10^-14 meters is the size of a carbon nucleus, 14 protons, and 42 Quarks
-----------------  10^-11 meters is the size of a carbon atom with the nucleus and 14 electrons.
-----------------  10^0  is us
-----------------  10^6 is the Earth
-----------------  10^8  is Moon’s orbit
-----------------  10^11  is Earth’s orbit
-----------------  10^13 is the Solar System
-----------------  10^21 is the Milky Way Galaxy
-----------------  10^58 is the Observable Universe
-----------------  10^? is the actual Universe including Cosmic Inflation.
-
-  All things are separated in space, from the smallest to the largest.  Somehow they are separated but still all interconnected?  There is a Quantum Theory called “ Entanglement” that states there is “ something” in space tying all things together.
-
-  Two particles with Entangled properties remain connected even at opposite ends of the Universe.  An electron with spin up has a twin with spin down.  If one reverses the other reverses instantaneously regardless of their enormous separation.  The communication is faster than the speed of light.  There is something about space the remains interconnected.
-
-  The Theory of relativity states that space and time are also interconnected.  As velocity approaches the speed of light space shrinks and time slows.  The star Procyon is 11 light years distance.  But, if we could travel at 99% the speed of light , space would shrink, and it would take only 2 years to get there.  The size of space depends on how fast your are going.
-
-  What do we conclude about space?
-
---------  Space is not empty
-
---------  Space gives us distances that is variable depending on the velocity and the strength of gravity.
-
---------  Space still interconnects entangled bodies.
-
----------  Space at the smallest level may be a discrete package the can not be divided further, a quantum particle of space.
-
---------  Space may have more than 3 - dimensions.  There may be extra dimensions wrapped up so small we cannot detect them.
-
---------  Space is not nothing.  At the bare minimum it can tie your brain into a knot.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  There are more Reviews about space available upon request:
-
-  #1407  -  Space is anything but empty
-
-  #1679  -  Space dust
-
-  # 1242  How does Space-Time change at the micro-level.  At the smallest scales things become bull’s eyes of wave patterns that spread effects over a range of probabilities.
-
-  #1241  How can space and time be related?  They are connected by distance / time which is velocity.  And velocity is limited to the speed of light, therefore space / time must vary.
-
-  #1258  How much space is in our Solar System
-
-  #781  Much todo about Nothing.  The Universe is expanding and more “ nothing” is being created all the time.
- 
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, December 29, 2017  -----
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Time - We can’t live without it.

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-----------------  1985  -  Time  -  We can’t live without it.
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-

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-  Einstein’s Theory of Relativity places “ time” and “ space” as variables.  Time depends on where two observers are in space .  Depending on position and motion they would disagree on the duration of events.  Their variability could even be extended to where two observers could disagree on the order in which events occurred.
-
-  These discrepancies are all dependent on the speed and direction observers are traveling because this affects the time it takes light from those events to reach them.  Light speed is the only “ constant” here.
-
-  Given these perceptions for two observers one could perceive a future that someone else perceives as a past.  Their perception all depends on their positions and motion.  The distinction between past, present and future is an “ illusion”.
-
-  Some physicists disagree.  They argue that the future cannot stand on the same footing as the past.  That concept could imply that the future has already been set.  What happens to “ free will” in this case.  The past is real and can have an affect on us today.  The future can not influence us because it does not yet exist.
-
-  Two observers can disagree on the duration of an event only if that event has already occurred and is in the past.
-
-  The Universe pushes forward day by day.  At the surface of time’s march forward there is uncertainty of future changes compared to the certainty of the past.  This concept enters the realm of Quantum Mechanics where a transformation from uncertain probabilities observably become fixed in reality.
-
-  In quantum Mechanics, the math that governs the subatomic world, it is impossible to predict the precise state of a particle until you measure it.  Speed and position remain unknowable until they are observed.  Only at that instant does the wave-particle collapse into a single, randomly determined identity.  The final outcome is never predetermined.
-
-  From this point of view Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity theory are incompatible.
-
-  Quantum Uncertainty states the future is not determined until it happens.  As events happen a wave of certainty transforms the open future into the closed past.
-
-  If time is an illusion, it is a very persuasive one.
-
-  The gap in this theory is to explain how the subatomic effects cascade upward to create an effect across the Cosmos.
-
-  Today quantum collapse requires an observer.  But, some physicists agree that quantum collapse can occur across the Universe without a conscious observer being present.  For example, simply when two particles happen to collide.
-
-  In this perspective quantum collapse, or decoherence, is happening all the time and everywhere in the Universe.  Time is real.  Life itself is an experiment in common sense.
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-  Other Reviews about Time:
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-  #1931  -  It is all about time.
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-  #1758  -  Time is a mystery but we can’t live without it.
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-  #1735  -  How time, space, energy, mass, and gravity interact to make up the Universe.
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-  Plus an index of 16 other Reviews about “ time”.  “Time is what God created to make certain everything did not happen all at once.”
- 
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Thursday, December 28, 2017  -----
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Delving into Extreme Physics.

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-----------------  1762  -  Delving into Extreme Physics. 
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-  An X-ray image of the sky:

-
-   Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity are two all encompassing theories that help explain much of our real world.  However,  they do not encompass each other.  One works in the micro-world the other in the macro-world.  So, we must be missing something that encompasses both?
-
-  Quantum Mechanics provides the math that accurately, without error, describes the sub-atomic world.  Special Relativity gives us the math to describe the Universe at large with extreme mass and extreme speeds.  The Big Bang and Blackholes are extreme events that require both sets of equations.  But, they both cease to work in each other’s realm.  There must be an over arching theory that works at both of these extremes?
-
-  Just as Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity that gave us equations for all gravitational force.  And, as Albert Einstein’s theory of the curvature of space and time encompasses the force of gravity but carries it further to the constant speed of light and the relative nature of space and time.  Then, a new theory may be needed to encompass what we have today and carry us to the nest step.  We have yet to learn what that theory is.
-
-  Our world should be described by the sum of its individual constituents, down to the smallest particles.  However, Quantum Mechanics requires that particles at the smallest level be waves having no definite position.  Individual particles have no exact locations.  The micro-world is fraught with these uncertainties.
-
-  Quantum Mechanics requires that some particles can have their properties “entangled” with other particles regardless of their location or the degree of separation.  Somehow particles can be connected beyond “ locality”.  Beyond any ability to communicate with each other.
-
-  “Non-locality” as it is described requires a communication between particles that can occur instantaneously, regardless of separation, and therefore, faster that the speed of light.  The Theory of Relativity says this can not happen.  Relativity does not allow absolute simultaneity.
-
-  Can we understand the real world only by direct experience?
-
-  Quantum Mechanics has evolved attributes that go beyond our experience, even contradicting it.  Attributes such as Superposition, Entanglement,  Randomness, Decoherence, are resources used to better understand reality using Quantum Mechanics Theory.
-
-  Superposition is a quantum theory that claims an object is in all possible states and is only limited to a single state at the instant you measure or observe it.
-
-  Quantum Entanglement is a physical occurrence where particles can share a property instantaneously while separated great distances.  Entangled electrons, one spin up, the other spin down , separated far enough the speed of light can not communicate between them.  Switching one electron to spin down will instantly switch the other to spin up, faster than the speed of light.
-
-  Uncertainty Principle introduces a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of complementary properties can be measured.  The more accurately we measure “position” of a particle the less accurately we can learn about its “momentum“.
-
-  Decoherence gives the appearance of  a Quantum Wave Function collapsing from many possibilities to a single possibility only when it is observed.
-
-  Randomness is where something can not be predicted with probabilities.  However, statistically many “random” events at the microscopic level, such as atomic decay, can be calculated precisely at the macro level, such as the half-life of radioactive atoms.
-
- Physicists, like anyone else, can succumb to a bad philosophy, or doctrine, that actively hinders the acquisition of new knowledge.  When a scientific paradigm shifts a radical change of perspective suddenly occurs.  Wholly new ideas become relevant.  Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are two such ideas.
-
-  The evidence of objectivity is that experiments are observable and reproducible.  We see a new “reality“.  Relativity introduced a new “time and a new “ space”.  Quantum Mechanics introduced “ Entanglement” and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle”.  “Complementary” theory introduced the idea that all the information in a Blackhole is all on the surface of the Blackhole, like a hologram.
-
-  How do we know that the reality we perceive is “ true”?  There is no way to remove the observer from his perception of the world.  The measuring devices in the human being are crude instruments.  There is so much of the world that we can not perceive directly.  We need math, technology, measurement instruments, experiments , that go beyond human perception.
-
-  To take these even further there are attributes in the Quantum World that do not “exist” until we observe them.  The future is indefinite and exist only as a spectrum of possibilities.
-
-  Our brains create the impression of a 3-dimensional space from the retina’s 2-dimensional data.
-
-  Whenever our brain can develop a model of the world that successfully fits our observations we attribute that quality to be “ reality”.  New observation can reveal subtle and significant ways in which reality diverges from theory.  These become new vistas for exploration, more observations, more data.  Stay tuned, there is much more to learn at the Extremes.
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Thursday, December 28, 2017  -----

The Big Bang , a Universe creation

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-----------------  1983  -  The Big Bang , a Universe creation 
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-

-
-Thank your lucky stars you’re alive. It’s truly a miracle of nature. This has nothing to do with spirituality or religion and everything to do with science. Life itself may not be a single miracle. Although we haven’t found it elsewhere yet, our galaxy alone is so replete with Earth-like planets that, mathematically speaking, one of them must hold life, even if it’s just the microbial variety. Intelligent life may be another matter.
-
 -  The universe itself is a miracle, as it should not exist at all. This is of course taken in reference to the Big Bang theory. Though the prevailing one, it’s not the only theory to explain how all and everything came into being.   It all starts with the singularity.
-
-  According to the Big Bang, the universe began as a point the size of a grain of sand that was unimaginably hot, unfathomably dense, and packed tight with matter and energy.  Then it exploded, sending its contents sailing out and eventually, forming the universe as we know it. There’s a few problems with this theory:
-
-   There is the increasing rate of universal expansion, known as the Hubble Constant. According to the Big Bang, things should be slowing down, or even contracting. Dark energy is the conventional explanation, but we can't prove it even exists.

There’s another problem:  The environment that produced the particles that make up the universe, as we know them now, should have created equal parts of matter and antimatter. But, anti-matter is surprisingly rare. A 50-50 split would have seen each particle uniting with its polar opposite, creating a burst of unimaginable energy and leaving nothing behind.  What is left would be a vast void of a cosmos. And yet, here we are reading this.
-
-  One theory is that matter and antimatter must in some way be radically different. But, experiment does not find this to be the case. According to the Standard Model of physics, a  model for every known particle in the universe and how it operates, each type of atom has its polar opposite, its antiparticle, with the same mass, but with an opposite electrical charge.
-
-   To learn any possible difference physicists have studied the magnetic properties of protons and antiprotons with uncanny precision. The findings to date support the Standard Model, as both particles behaved just as it predicts.
-
-  The matter-antimatter imbalance has not been found.  All of our observations find a complete symmetry between matter and antimatter, which is why the Universe should not actually exist.  An asymmetry must exist somewhere but we simply do not understand where the difference is. What is the source of the symmetry break?"
-
-  When matter and antimatter particles collide, a burst of pure energy is the result. If these were perfectly balanced in the early days of the universe, how could the cosmos exist at all?
-
-  Protons and antiprotons were the last holdout when it came to particles which could explain the matter-antimatter imbalance. Scientists from Mainz University in Germany devised a manner to assess the magnetism of a particle of antimatter that is 350 times more precise than the previously available method. The readout was incredible, to nine places!  -2.7928473441 nuclear magnetrons.
-
-  A proton has the same level of magnetism, only it's positive.   +2.7928473441 nuclear magnetrons.   Although the study failed to explain our universe’s extreme prejudice towards matter, it did give us a far better understanding of an antiproton’s magnetism.
-
-  The measurement of antiprotons is extremely difficult.   Another breakthrough came with the revolutionary idea of performing the measurement with two particles at once. This result is the culmination of many years of continuous research and development, and the successful completion of one of the most difficult measurements ever performed.
-
-  These scientists were probing the differences between particles and their opposites by comparing their electrical charge, magnetism, and mass. Next, there are plans to investigate anti-particles in terms of gravity, to see if a discrepancy exists there.
-
-  CERN’s Large Hadron Collider is producing a beam of energetic protons that get diverted into a metal wall.  This collision  spawns a multitude of new particles including antiprotons.  The antiprotons are focused into a particle beam and slowed  by electric fields inside the antiproton decelerator. From here they are fed into various antimatter experiments.
-
-  By cooling and trapping antimatter scientist can examine its properties without it encountering matter and spontaneously disappearing into energy.  Some of the traps can preserve the antimatter for up to a year.  They can also combine antiprotons with anti-electrons to produce anti-hydrogen.
-
-  They have measured mass, charge , light spectrum, and magnetic properties  to high precision.  They have measured how anti-hydrogen is affected by gravity.  For example, what happens to a helium atom when one of its electrons is replaced by an antiproton? Except for opposite charge and spin , antimatter appears completely identical to matter.
-[
-  However, there must be some unpredicted disparities between these particle twins that can explain how matter over powered antimatter in the early Universe?
-
-  Particles-in-motion experiments have observed some small differences.  The neutral “kaons”   decay into matter and antimatter particles at slightly different rates.  This first observation won the Nobel Prize in 1980.
-
-  But, even with the success of uncovering these small discrepancies science is still very far from understanding why antimatter all but disappeared? Is there an antimatter universe somewhere beyond our ability to find it?
-
-  There is more to learn before these two universes collide.
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Tuesday, December 26, 2017  -----
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It is all about time,it's complicated

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-  1931  -  Time, it is about “time” that challenges our thinking.  General Relativity changed our thinking about time?  Math made it even worse?  Something we take for granted sure gets complicated.
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REQUEST #1931 TO GET AN EMAIL COPY OF THIS REVIEW.
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-----------------------------  1931  -  It is about TIME
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- Here are some quotes from previous reviews about time, each review available upon request if you are interested:
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-  Review # 1774  -  Time is a fundamental concept that Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity disagree about.
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-  “It’s about time”, that we are trying to learn about time.
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-  Time,  we can’t live without it.
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-  If time is an illusion, it is a very pervasive one.
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-  God created time to prevent everything from happening all at once.
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-  Review #1758  -  We see time as a constant march into the future.
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-  Astronomers see time as a variable that depends on gravity and the speed of motion.  Speed is space divided by time.
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-  GPS only works because equations use the Theory of Relativity when calculating distance that triangulate your position.
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-  An event that might be in the undecided future of one observer may have already occurred in another observer’s past.
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-   The act of the observer appears to prompt nature to decide what actually happens.
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-  #1735  -  Time is only strange if you think about it.
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-  Mass is simply a concentrated from of energy.
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-  Gravity is the curvature of space and time.
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-  The speed of light is always the same regardless .  It must be the same for all observers.
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-  #1691  -  Time moves slower as you move faster.
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-  #1621  -  Everything you see is younger then when you see it.
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-  #1341  Was time first created in the Big Bang?    Or, did it exist before then?
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-  #1189,  #1006  -  No two times are the same if they are separated in space.
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-  #910, #854, #842  -    To go from GPS time to Universal Time just add 19 seconds.
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-  #830, #814  -  10^-43 seconds is the smallest increment of time.  A quantum of time.
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-  #783,  #747  -  Why 60 minutes?
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-  #356  -  Zepto-seconds used to study the motion of atoms.
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-  #354  -  The Universal Calendar of all events starting at 10^-43 seconds to 80,000 years.  It is 60 ages long.
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-  #37  -  Deriving the Time Dilation equations using the Pythagorean Theorem.
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-  #1931  -  Time  -  It is about “time” that challenges our thinking about time
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-  The General Theory of Relativity merges time with space.
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-  Space is the geometric relationship between observable particles.  Maybe it is entirely separate from time?  Space is a 3-D geometry.  Time is just something we preserve because the Universe is constantly changing snap shots of space.
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-  All the laws of physics treat time as asymmetrical.  Mathematically time can move forward of backward.  Except!  Thermodynamics 2nd law of entropy.  Particles and energy always move in the direction of greater disorder, greater randomness.
-
-  Somehow forward time must be linked to entropy?  A new theory puts increasing entropy as caused by increasing ‘ quantum entanglement”.
-
-  If entropy is always increasing, then running it backwards, the Big Bang must have been the lowest entropy, or greatest randomness, or greatest amount of disorder,  and therefore the maximum entropy.  Entropy has been increasing ever since.
-
-  Rather than trying to separate space and time maybe we just put them on an equal footing .  Particles can exist at one location and not another.  Maybe particles can exist at one time and not another.  Space and time are equal “ quanta”.
-
-  Quanta are waves and particles and what ever is in between.  At the fundamental level the Universe is made up of quanta: mass, charges, momentum, etc.  These fundamentals work together to create protons, atoms, molecules, and whoever is reading this.
-
-  Isaac Newton came up with laws that had the world that was flat, with empty, and absolute space.  Space was always fixed with 3 dimensions  Time was absolute, always traveling at the same rate.  This world works just fine today as long as you do not travel to the edges.
-
-  Albert Einstein changed all that.  Time was not absolute, it was relative depending on motion.  Particles that travel close to the speed of light experience time differently.  Times dilates and space contracts.  Space and time are frame dependent depending on your motion.
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-  A “light clock” , due to the constancy of the speed of light, would run differently for observers moving at different speeds.  Observed time is a variable.  Distance divided by time is a constant.
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-  Quantum Field Theory uses “flat space”.  General Relativity uses “ curved space”.  The difference in Einstein’s discovery is that gravity and acceleration motion are the same thing.  You can not tell the difference.
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-  Curved space uses “ Metric Tensor” math,  invented by Riemann , it defines curved space-time due to gravity.  How our Universe is curved defines how matter and energy will move through it.  The curved space-time is called the geodesic.  It is the path taken with constant motion, but, it is not a “straight line”, although , it is the shortest distance between 2 points.
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-  We did all this just to show you how gravitational lensing works to see the edges of the Universe.
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-  It is more complicated.  Metric Tensor math is more complicated than just gravity.  The calculations include 16 different components including radiation pressure, vacuum pressure, pressure due to motion in 3 spatial directions, volumes changing, tidal forces, and gravitational waves , to name a few.
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-  If you know the numbers for all 16 components you could predict the future of the expanding Universe.  Each of the 16 components unfolds into the next frame of time.  One frame after another.  We are still working on the physics to describe “time”.  Physics is the study, the science, that tries to describe our world.  It is interesting that the more we learn the more mysteries we uncover.
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-  Time will tell.
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- But, there never seems to be enough of it.  Sorry , my time is up.
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-  Note (1):  Request any of the Reviews by number to learn more.
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, December 22, 2017  -----
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Quantum Physics of Determinism

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--  1982  -  Quantum Physics of Determinism.  Our natural world is deterministic yet the building blocks that make it up are indeterministic, totally acting at random?  How can this randomness determine life, reality?  At micro level it is random, probabilistic , yet, at the macro level determinism exists?  Do things happen only at the point of observation?
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- REQUEST REVIEW 1982 TO LEARN HOW THIS HAPPENS IN REALITY?
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-----------------  1982  -  Quantum Physics of Determinism.
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-

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-  Some things just happen at random.  With no rhyme nor reason.  Randomness seems to be a built in feature of our natural world at its foundation.
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-  Radioactive decay of atoms is totally random.
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-  Photons striking a mirror reflect or pass through randomly.
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-  The theory being that quantum mechanics is “ indeterministic”, it all depends on the statistics of randomness.
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-  Einstein came up with the theory in 1905 that light could be both a particle and a wave.  The wave function that determines this is in a perfectly deterministic equation, called the Schrodinger Equation.  His equation is the “determinism” of a wave function.
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-  Heisenberg viewed the wave function as a probabilistic “haze” of potential existences.  He concluded that only when you observe a particle does it materialize somewhere.  Before observation the wave function was spread over a huge region of space.  At observation it collapses into a narrow spike at a single position and becomes a “ particle”.  However, we have no laws in physics that govern this collapse.  It just happens at random?
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-  For Einstein wave collapse into a particle required instantaneous action at a distance.  He reasoned that no communications could travel faster than the speed of light.  Light speed was a Universal Constant at 186,000 miles per second.
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-  He had trouble with “ measurement” being the “ creation” of reality out of the act of observing it.
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-  Or, was the wave function collapse not a physical process at all but more simply the acquisition of knowledge inside our brains?
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-  What physics was trying to demonstrate was that a probabilistic event through the underlying reality was deterministic.  ( mind blowing!).
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-  The logic of physics says that indeterministic microphysics can lead to deterministic macrophysics.  Quantum randomness indeterminism averages out to reality.
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-  A baseball can have atoms behaving randomly yet its flight can be totally deterministic.  Gas molecules have random motion that together determine an exact temperature.  A “temperature” being the average of a large number of individual vibrating molecules.
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-  It appears that the real world is a layer cake of indeterminism and determinism.
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-  The Earth’s climate is dictated by laws of motion, daily, seasonally probabilistic events however, long term trends are still predictable.  Biology follows the same logic.
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-  Human self-determination follows this layer cake logic as well.  To truly have “free will” we need indeterminism.
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-  Macrodeterminism is your decision.  Microdeterminism is not.
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-  One gram of Uranium 238 contains 2.5*10^21 atoms.  Each atom is identical and indistinguishable.  Yet, 12,600 times per second one of these atoms will decay throwing off an alpha particle.  No theory in physics can pre-determine which atom will decay when.  It is a totally random process yet it is predictable in the macro sense.  Probability calculations  can determine accurately how long it takes for half of the atoms to decay (the half-life)
-
-  Casualty means that events can be completely determined by prior states.  Is the entire Universe a single determinant system?  Is there an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the Universe?  Is the future determined completely by preceding events?
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-  Mathematical models involving differential equations ( equations measuring the rate of change over time)  are not deterministic because they involve randomness.  Their results have sensitive dependence on initial conditions.  Theory implies that even as small as a butterfly flapping its wings can cause a chain reaction that could lead to a hurricane years later.
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-  Chaos Theory tells us that it is impossible to predict real life events.  The Schrodinger Equation uniquely predicts the development of the wave function with time.  If the wave function is deterministic then Quantum Mechanics is deterministic and that could imply that there is one single wave function for the entire Universe starting at the origin.
-
-  Our individual atoms are random in motion, yet the enormous mass of atoms that make up our bodies allow us to live and breath.  Human decision themselves reduce to the mechanics of atoms in our brains.  I have to stop thinking about this.  It makes me dizzy.
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-  Other reviews available on this weird physics:
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-  #1762  -  Delving into extreme physics.  How do we know that the reality we perceive is true?  There is no way to remove the observer from his perception.
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-  #1605  -  Physics wants a Theory of Everything combining Quantum Mechanics and Relativity.
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-  #1546  -  Paul Dirac’s physics.  Quantum Theory does not work when we push the laws to extremes, high energies , or small distances.
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-  #1183  -  Mysteries for science students to discover the answers to.
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-  #1074  -  Physics the way I learned it.
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, December 22, 2017  -----
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Gravity Bending Light

-  ---------------------  #1981  -  Gravity bending light.  What is the history of this discovery?    How did astronomers prove that light has mass and gravity will pull and curve its path?  Light travels with zero mass at 186,000 miles per second. But light has energy and mass and energy are two forms of the same thing.  Therefore the force of gravity can move it.  Or, if you prefer the curvature of space-time will make it appear to travel in a curved path. You can skip the math at the end of this review at your pleasure.
-    REQUEST 1981 TO LEARN MORE:
-
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- 

--  ---------------------  #1981  -  Gravity bending light.
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-  Our 3 pound brains count on light traveling instantaneously and in a straight line.  When this does not happen our brains are in a house of mirrors and we have to over-think it to understand what’s going on.
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-  For astronomers it is light being bent by gravity.  Light is not traveling in a straight line at all.  It is not instantaneous, but, traveling at a fixed speed, 670,633,500 miles per hour.  If the light is taking different paths it will arrive at different times.  This is mind bending as well as light bending.
-
-  In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote a paper claiming light was stream of infinitesimally small particles called corpuscles.  He assumed they had mass and would be susceptible to the pull of gravity.  He was ½ right.
-
-  In 1800’s  Thomas Young did the 2-slit experiment and showed that light was a wave because the 2 slits transmitted an interference pattern on the screen behind the slits.  Only a wave could do this.  He claimed light was a wave, and massless, and not influenced by gravity.  He was ½ right.
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-  In the 1900’s quantum physics concluded that light was both a wave and a particle called a photon.  Wave-particle duality was described in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity claming light was massless but its trajectory would still be changed by gravity because light energy was the same as mass, E = mc^2.  He was right.
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-  In 1919 a total solar eclipse was used to “ prove” light was bent as it passed by the rim of the Sun’s immense gravity.  The background stars shifted because light was not traveling in a straight line as it zipped past the Sun.  We could only see those background stars during a solar eclipse.
-
-  The bending of light by gravity was re-discovered in 1979 when viewing Twin Quasar, SPS 0957+561, which in fact was multiple images of the same object.  G2237+305 was a distant quasar that appeared as four separate images.
-
-  A brightness change in one image would repeat itself 14 months later in another image.  Warped space from massive gravity of an intermediate galaxy causes one light path to travel more than 1 - lightyear farther distance to reach us.  The Quasar was 8.7billion lightyears away.  The foreground galaxy along our line of sight was 3.7 billion lightyears away. 
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-  To learn how gravity lensing measures mass, or, weighs a galaxy cluster were using RCS2-032727-132623.  You would think astronomers could figure out more romantic names for these galaxies.  RCS2 is 5.4 billion lightyears away in the Constellation Cetus the Whale.  A blue galaxy was directly behind this galaxy cluster at 9.7 billion lightyears.  The gravity lens ring that Hubble imaged was 38 arc seconds in diameter.
-
-  The diameter of the gravity lens ring is directly proportional to the mass and the separation of the two galaxies and indirectly proportional to the product of their distances.
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---------------------a^2  =  M * 4* G ( d  - D )  //   c*2 * d * D 
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- There are several constants of proportionality.  Setting mass as function of ring diameter and distances the formula becomes:
-
-------------------  M  =  a^2 * c*2 * d * D  //4* G ( d  - D )
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------------------  M   =   the mass in kilograms  .  1 Solar Mass =  2*10^30 kilograms
------------------  a   =  angular diameter is 38 arc seconds, 1 radian  =  2.06265 * 10^5 arcseconds.  1 arc second  =  4.848 *10^-6 radians
------------------  D  =  distance to the cluster  =  5.4*10^9 lightyears, 1 lightyear =  9.5 * 10^15 meters.
------------------  d  =  distance to the blue galaxy  =  9.7*10^9 lightyears
-------------------  c  =  speed of light  =  3*10^8 meters per second
------------------  G  =  Gravitational constant  =  6.67*10^-11 m^3 / ( kg*sec^2)
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-------------------  a  =  1.842 *10^-4 radians
--------------------  a^2  =  3.33 *10^-8 radians^2
-------------------  c^2  =  9 * 10^16 m^2 / sec^2
-------------------  D  =   51.3 *10^24 meters
-------------------  d  =   92.2 *10^24 meters
-------------------  d*D  =  4727*10^48 meters^2
------------------  (d-D)  =  40.85*10^24 meters
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----------------  M  =  (3.33 *10^-8) * (9 * 10^16)  *  ( 4.727*10^51 )       //                            4* 6.67*10^-11  *(40.85*10^24)
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-----------------  M  =  (radians^2) *  (m^2/sec^2)  *  (m^2) * kg * sec^2   //  (m*3) * (m)
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---------------  M  =  =  144.2*10^59//  1089*10^13
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----------------  M  =  =  0.1325* 10^46 kilograms   /  2*10^30 kilograms  /  Solar Mass
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----------------  M  =  =  6.6 10^14  Solar Mass
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-----------------  1 Galaxy Mass  =  10^12 Solar Mass
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---------------  M  =  660 Galactic Mass.
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-  THE MASS OF THE CLUSTER IS 660 TIMES THE MASS OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
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-  The mass of he galaxy cluster can also be measured by the orbital velocity of the galaxies  about the center of gravity.  The average velocity   =   v  =   988 kilometers per second.  The average radius of orbit   =  R  =  9.5 *10^6 lightyears.
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-  The velocity is directly proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the radius of orbit.
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----------------------------  v^2  =  G * M / R
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---------------------------  M  =  v^2  *  R  /  G
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----------------------------  M  =  (9.88*10^5)^2  *  90.25*10^15  /  6.67*10^-11
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------------------------- M  =  6.6 *10^14 Solar Mass.
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--------------------------  M  =  660 Galactic Mass
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-  Astronomers use this formula a lot and it is easier to convert the Constant of proportionality into the arc seconds and lightyear units  and Solar Mass units most commonly used.  In this case the formula changes:
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--------------------  M  =  a^2 * c*2 * d * D  //4* G ( d  - D )  in radians, kilograms, and meters
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---------------  Constant  =  (0.4848 *10^-5  ) ^2  * ( 3*10^9  )^2  * 9.5 *10^15 m/LY )^2   //   4 *  (6.67*10^-11 ) * (9.5*10^15 ) * (2*10^30 )
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-------------  Constant  =  (radians^2)  *  (m^2 / sec^2)  *  ( m^2 / LY^2)   * (kg*sec^2)  * (LY) * ( Solar Mass)   //  (m^3)  * (m)  *  ( kg )
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---------------  Constant  =  40
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------------------  M  =  40 * a^2 * d*D // ( d-D)
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-   A MUCH SIMPER FORMULA when the units are in arc seconds , lightyears,  and Solar Mass:
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-------------------  M  =   40 * (38^2) * (5.4 * 10^9) * (9.7*10^9)  //  ( 9.7  - 5.4)* 10^9
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--------------------  M  =   40*(1.444*10^3)* ( 52.38*10^18)  //  ( 4.3*10^9) 
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---------------------  M  =  7 * 10^14 Solar Mass
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--------------------  M  =  700 Galactic Mass
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-   THE GALAXY CLUSTER THAT IS BETWEEN US AND THE QUASAR IS AS LARGE AS 700 MILKY WAY GALAXIES ALL GRAVITATIONAL BOUND TOGETHER
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
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 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Thursday, December 21, 2017  -----
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NASA mission innovations.

-  1980  -  NASA mission innovations.  Why continue funding NASA with the big bucks?  It is not just for the mission achievements that make history.  It is also for the fall-outs that come out of the innovations needed to accomplish the mission.  Request #1980 to learn some of these innovations you are sure to recognize.
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- 

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----------------  1980  -  NASA mission innovations. 
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-  We spend a lot of money on NASA.  What do we get in return from the National Aeronautical and Space Administration?  President Trump wants to cut it by 1%.  But, it is still costing $19 billion.
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-  Of course,, the President only recommends; Congress sets the budget.
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-  You really need to add up the costs mission by mission.   Then, decide which missions you do want to fund.  And , this has to compete with funding “climate change”.  Where do we get the most bang for the buck?
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-  Mission by mission overlooks a lot of return on investment the is not just the mission accomplishments but the innovations needed to create those accomplishments.  You may be surprised what came from these efforts we have funded.
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-  Take your cell phone camera for example.  NASA created today’s version in 1995 for some of their missions.  The design used a CMOS image sensor.  CMOS is new technology using Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductors.  Jet Propulsion Lab engineers made the sensor smaller, lighter, able to produce a clearer image.  The whole idea for the digital camera started in JPL in the 1960’s.  See what it is today.
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-  And there is the dust buster vacuum cleaner and the cordless drill.  Both came from a low-powered, battery operated Moon motor.  The design originated in 1981 to drill core samples from the lunar surface.
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-  Did you get a good night’s sleep due to the help of  a compfy pillow?  That came from the development of slow spring - back foam.  In 1966 it was designed to improve the comfort of rocket seats.
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-  In 1991 the ear thermometer was designed.  It was first  used in satellites to measure the temperature of stars by reading their infrared radiation.
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-  How do you feed astronauts on long duration deep space flights?  Well,  it is easy.

 You first cultivate nutrient- enriched algae with the addition of docosaesaenpic acid and arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated acids.
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-  Just the recipe I would have thought of.
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-  Actually these are the same nutrients found in breast milk.  Much easier to take on long trips in baby formula rather than breasts.
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-  In 1995 NASA needed to reduce hydroplaning when landing the space shuttle  on long runways.   They invented the use of thin grooves in the pavement.  The water would run off.  Now we find these groves in highways because  they have been proven to decrease highway accidents.
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-  1989  a superpower translucent  polycrystalline alumina used as a tooth straightener  It was developed by NASA for heat seeking missile technology.-
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-  1983  NASA researched in water purification.  That became a thin, plastic film to protect space suit visors.  Today it is being used to make the lenses in your glasses scratch resistant.
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-  1976  NASA developed wingtips.  Vertical folds at the ends of aircraft wings.  They reduce drag and save fuel.  They alone reduced the  cost of flying by billions of dollars.
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-  1996  NASA simulation for fluid flow in rocket engines became transferred to flowing blood through the human body.  This technology keeps heart patients alive while they are receiving a donor heart. 
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-  That’s a good note to end on.  Maybe we should be funding NASA just for the fallout innovations.
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-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Monday, December 18, 2017  -----
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Circles and spheres in astronomy .

-1979  -  The circle is the perfect figure.  The sphere is the perfect geometry.  How and why did nature do it so well.  This review reports on astronomical measurements that give us other  nature’s secrets.  Request Review #1979 to learn about circle and spheres in astronomy.
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-----------------------  # 1979  -  Circles and spheres in astronomy .
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-  A sphere has the minimum surface area of any geometric shape.
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-  If a spherical object spins its midsection bulges.  As planets “circle” the Sun they travel in ellipses. This lack of perfect circles messed up the ancients for decades.  They came up with epi-circles to keep orbits circular and still match their observations. Finally the ellipse was used to get the math to match their observations.
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-  Gravity must create the most perfect spheres in Neutron stars.  These 12 mile diameter stars have the density equivalent to an entire freight train crushed down to the size of the period at the end of this sentence. That 12 mile sphere must be perfectly shaped?.
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-  Can that circle of perfection be beat?  There is a star the size of Vega that rotates so slowly it has a 100 day spin.  The equatorial diameter is just 2 miles longer than its polar diameter.  Interesting?  How could they possibly know that?
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-  We watch the Sun and the Moon rise in the east and set in the west.  The same happens with all he stars in the night sky.  You can certainly convince yourself that the Earth is the center of things and everything else rotates around us.
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-  How did anyone ever figure out that we were not in the center?  Actually someone did in 230 B.C.  The Sun was the center and we were rotating around it.  In 230 B.C. Aristarchus in ancient Greece came up with this theory.  At the time he was contradicting Aristotle who said the Earth was the center.  Aristotle’s incorrect theory remained the authority for centuries.
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-  It was not until Galileo in 1610 using the first telescope discovered the phases of the planet Venus.  Like what causes the phases of the Moon, phases that occur on Venus must be because it is orbiting closer to the Sun than Earth’s orbit.  If Venus and Earth were both orbiting the Sun then that must be the center of the Solar System.
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-  Astronomers were able to prove this theory again using parallax with the stars..  They calculated the diameter of Earth’s orbit to be 186,000,000 miles. By measuring the position of a nearby star, then, measuring it again 6 months later, the stars apparent position would shift compared to the distant background stars. This trigonometry  used in 1838 was proof again that the Earth was orbiting the Sun, the center of the Solar System.
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-  Friedrich Bessel used this same parallax method to estimate the distance to the star 61Cygni.
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-  In our modern era the Earth’s orbit around the Sun could be detected due to the tilt of incoming starlight.  Just as driving your car in the rain.  The rain appears to hit the windshield at an angle , a “ tilt”.  English astronomer,  James Bradley, did this measurement in 1725.  The tilt is created by the finite speed of light versus the Earth’s motion around the Sun.
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-  The Earth is a 5.97*10^24 kilogram rock circling the Sun at 29,800 meters per second while spinning at 464 meters per second.  In other words the Earth is a 7,926 mile diameter ball traveling 66,660 miles per hour while spinning 1,038 miles per hour.
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-  Is the Earth a perfect sphere?  The Moon looks like a perfect sphere.  Or, a perfect circle since we only see one side.  Actually the Moon differs from a perfect sphere by only 1.24 miles.  The Sun is a more perfect sphere being only 6 miles out of being perfectly round.  That is out of a 864,337 mile width.  If the Sun were a basketball the two diameters, polar and equatorial, would differ only ½ the width of a human hair.
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-  The real miracle in all of this is that you are here trying to figure this stuff out.  Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)  An index of recent reviews available.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions and corrections. An index of all reviews is available.    Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com 
,or: email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net
or: ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  ,or,  “Jim Detrick” ------- www.facebook.com,
 ------ www.twitter.com  or cell:  707-536-3272    ------   Monday, December 11, 2017