--------- #1327 - The Fastest Spinning Star
- Attachment: Image of New Supernova.
- Neutron Stars can spin! Our own star, the Sun, spins. Rather slowly, one rotation takes 25 days. This is the story about PSR J17482446 whose name will be referred to as Neutron Star henceforth. This Neutron Star is located in a Globular Cluster of stars in the Constellation Sagittarius the Archer ( the “teapot” in the southern night sky). It is 18,000 lightyears away. This star is spinning at 716 rotations per second. Instead of 25 days to complete one rotation this star does it in 1.4 milliseconds.
- This Neutron Star is part of a binary system. Its companion is a Red Giant star that is 1/7 the mass of our Sun. The two stars orbit each other every 26 hours.
- The Neutron Star is spinning so fast it would fly apart except for the fact that its surface is solid and harder than a diamond. The density of the star is 50 trillion times heavier than the density of solid lead. Its magnetic field is a trillion times more intense than that of our Sun.
- A Neutron Star is a collapsed star that no longer has any more fusion fuel to burn. It remains a hot cinder. In this case a hot spinning cinder that can not offer any radiation or resistance to the gravity that is compressing it. For a normal collapsing star the size- of- our- Sun , gravity would compress it to the size of our Earth before a electron resistance could stop it. At this point compression would stop because the electron’s pressure to refuse to collapse any further would hold up the gravity. The star this size would remain a White Dwarf Star.
- However, if the size of the star was 40% larger than our Sun ( >1.4 Solar Mass), then the electron’s pressure would break down. The electrons would collapse into the protons in the nucleus and become neutrons. When this happens the star collapses from Earth-size to a ball 20 miles in diameter. A Neutron Star is 20 miles in diameter and still weighing more than the Sun.
- When this collapse is happening the spinning star is speeding up its rate of rotation. Just like an ice skater pulling in her outstretched arms speeds up her rate of spin. When a star’s diameter shrinks it spin rate goes up to maintain the equivalent Angular Momentum. This is the law of the Conversation of Energy, or , in this case the Conservation of Angular Momentum. This particular Neutron Star is spinning at 716 revolutions per second.
- A kitchen blender on its highest speed is rotating a hundred revolutions per second. This 20 mile diameter ball is rotating 716 revolutions per second. The equator on the ball is traveling at 43,000 miles per second. If the Earth were doing this instead of a day taking 24 hours we would have 2 days per second. How time flies.
- Not only would you be spinning this fast standing on the equator, the gravity is so intense that your whole body would be crushed to the size of a protoplasm. You would spread across the surface of the star like a film of oil only one atom thick.
- It life were not difficult enough under these conditions the star would be releasing quick bursts of energy with every rotation. Each flash of radiation occurs across a wide range of wavelengths. The flashes are so fast that we can not see them. The star looks like a continuous source of light. Our eyes can not separate flashes that are faster than 30 times per second, let alone 716 flashes per second.
- The spin rate was not detected until 2004 when radio signals were analyzed. This radio signal became a flash along our line of sight because the beam axis of the jets is slightly off center from the rotation axis of the star. This causes the beam to rotate like a lighthouse beacon. Radio signals could be analyzed to pull out the repetition rate of 716 times per second.
- For astronomy to date, this is the fastest spinning star in the Cosmos. It could not be crushed any denser without becoming a “Quark Star”. This phenomena is in theory only. Yet to be discovered. Theoretically, just as electrons give out and get crushed down to neutrons, the neutrons could give out and get crushed down to their fundamental particles the Quarks. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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707-536-3272, Wednesday, November 16, 2011
--------- #1326 - The Boomerang Nebula
- Attachment: Nebula image
- Just when you get used to seeing what a supernova nebula looks like the Cosmos throws a boomerang at you. This one is really different. The Boomerang Nebula is located in the Constellation Centaurus the Centaur. It is just 5,000 lightyears away and considered the coldest place in the Cosmos. It is a young planetary nebula which are thermonuclear explosions, how can it possible be the coldest place in the Universe?
- A planetary nebula is a Sun-sized star that runs out of hydrogen-helium nuclear fuel and begins expanding before it expires and collapses into a White Dwarf star. White Dwarf stars are hot cinders and the expanding gas emitting from the star is extremely hot. The Cosmos surrounding stars in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation that is at 2.725 degrees Kelvin. Within less than 3 degrees of Absolute Zero. How can something be any colder than that?
- At one time science thought that empty space was the coldest place possible, at Absolute Zero, zero degrees Kelvin, where all atoms cease vibrating and are frozen still. The atoms at Absolute Zero have stopped all motion except that existing in random quantum fluctuations that always exist regardless. Absolute Zero degrees Kelvin is
-273.15 degrees Centigrade where all atoms stop motion.
- But, since 1960 science has learned that empty space is not empty. Rather the Cosmos is bathed is a Cosmic Microwave Background radiation that is 2.725 degrees above Absolute Zero. Not exactly warm out there but not zero either.
- The Boomerang Nebula is colder than that. It is 2.00 degrees Kelvin. The colder temperature is created in the bubble of expanding gas that is being expelled by the star at a furious pace. The expanding gas is like discharging gas in a can of whipped cream. The can gets colder as the gas escapes and expands. The same thing is happening around the star that is discharging a gas bubble into the space around it.
- The Boomerang Nebula does not stop being unusual with its temperature. Its shape is also mysterious. It is the shape of a Bow Tie, but, the first astronomers to discover it thought it looked more like a boomerang. Their name stuck. We see it in 2 dimensions, but the image in 3 dimensions is probably 2 cones connected at their vertices. The Boomerang Nebula is streaming out 10 times the amount of material normally expected from planetary nebula we have studied. This solar wind is blowing at 300,000 miles per hour.
- Such extremes in expanding gas and solar winds can not last for long. Soon the star will grow much hotter. The gas bubbles will become spherical, more representative of the other planetary we have seen. Planetary Nebula normally exist in the planetary phase for about 10,000 years.
- In the meantime it is one beautiful nebula. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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707-536-3272, Wednesday, November 16, 2011
--------- #1329 - Most Important Math You Will Ever Learn?
- This is the most important math you will ever learn. It not only affects you personally it tells you how to understand the world:
- We will start with your refinancing your mortgage. It is 5% fixed for 30 years. To learn how soon you will double the amount of your loan in interest simply divide 5% into the number 70. 70 / 5 = 14 years. In 14 years from the start you will have paid double your loan. Will your home double in price in 14 years? Let’s say you pay $200,000 to the builder, if that is the amount of your loan you pay another $200,000 to the banker in 14 years, and he did not even get his hands dirty.
- The formula is simple. It is : Interest rate * years = 70
--------------------------------------- i * t = 70
- Let’s say you just read that we will double our national debt in 10 years. What rate of growth is the spending exceeding revenue?
---------------------------------- 70 / 10 years = 7% per year.
- The deficits added to the debt each year is growing at 7% per year. Is inflation growing that fast? Is productivity growing that fast? Are taxes increasing that fast?
- Where does this math come from? Growth rates and compound interest are an exponential function . The function is the slope of an exponential curve where something has constant growth over time. The curve is the function e^(i*t), the i*t is the exponent and we simply take the logarithm to find the value of the exponent. OK, that is too esoteric. Here it is again:
----------------------- 70 = 100 log to base “e” of 2
---------------------- 70 = 100 ln 2
----------------------- ln 2 = 0.693147
- We multiply by 100 because we are using percentage for interest or growth rates. 69 is close to 70. 70 is easier to divide with. But, you can use the number 69 if you want to be more exact. ln 2 is the natural log of doubling a quantity.
- Let’s say the population growth is increasing at 2% per year. How soon will it double? We have a world population today of 7 billion.
------------------- 70 / 2% = 35 years.
- In 35 years, in the year 2046 the population will be 14 billion unless we lower the growth rate.
- This math can work in amazing ways that should be easy for you to calculate:
Let’s say you want to save some money for Christmas shopping. You set a piggy bank on the kitchen counter and start by contributing 1 penny on December 1st. You are determined to double your contribution every day to go shopping on Christmas Eve. Here is how it will work
--------------------------------------------------- Pennies ------ Pennies
-------------------------------------------------- Contribution --- Total
-------------- 0 ------------- December 1 --------- 1 ------------ 1
-------------- 1 ------------- December2 --------- 2 ------------- 3
-------------- 2 ------------- December 3--------- 4 ------------- 7
-------------- 3 ------------- December 4 --------- 8 ------------- 15
-------------- 4 ------------- December 5 --------- 16 ------------ 31
-
-
-
-------------- x ------------- December( x +1) ----- 2^x ----- 2^(x+1) -1
-
-
-
-------------- 23 ------------- December 24 ------ 2^23 ---------- 2^24 -1
-------------- 23 ------------- December 24 ------ $83,886 ----- $117,772
- You can see that doubling every day is the same as 2 raised to the number of days. The first day is zero.
- So on the 23 day, Christmas Eve you have to contribute $86,886 to the piggy bank. You may have to have borrowed that from the Chinese.
- Also note that the next day’s contribution is the amount 1 more than the previous day’s total: 3+1 = 4, 7 + 1 = 8, 15 + 1 = 16, 2^(x+1) -1 is always the next total. On December 24 your will have $117,772 in the piggy bank. Congratulations you have over $100,000 to spend on Christmas. I hope I am on your Christmas list.
- This last point says that if the consumption of oil doubles every 10 years then the amount consumed in this decade is more than all the previous decades combined. The U.S. per capital consumption of resources is 30 times greater that those living in developing countries. We have an obligation to become more efficient. To conserve more. To develop alternative energy sources. It is in the math. What we are doing and spending is unsustainable. An announcement will be made soon, stay tuned.
- Using the formula : interest * time = 70 when doubling. We are doubling every day
Therefore the interest rate per year is 4,783% per year. If you get a piggy bank that can collect that fast, Keep IT!!!
- Thinking is hard, it tends to be very upsetting. But, the facts do not go away when you ignore them. We would rather embrace what is false because it is more comforting. The chief cause of problems is solutions.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
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707-536-3272, Saturday, November 12, 2011
--------- #1328 - Colliding Galaxies
- Attachment: The Antenna Galaxies
- The Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) will begin colliding in another 5 billion years. The closing velocity between us is 70 miles per second. Yet, we are still 2.5 million lightyears apart. We can witness today what happens when galaxies collide. If you want a preview there are several in the works right now.
- The Antenna Galaxy, Arp 273 Galaxy, and M82 Centaurius A Galaxy are three examples. We think of collisions from meteors and asteroids and comets hitting planets and moons. But, it is hard to imagine what it would be like when stars collide. For one reason we have never seen such an event. Our Sun lies about 5 lightyears from the nearest other star. So, we can not likely see a collision with our neighbor stars with that much separation.
- What would it be like when galaxies collide and billions of stars are passing each other? Galaxies are typically 100,000 lightyears across and only separated by 1,000,000 lightyears. The separations are only 10 times the galaxy disk diameters. Therefore, galaxy collisions are expected to occur much more often than star collisions. Its ironic that stars almost never collide but galaxies regularly do. Every galaxy is likely to go through at least one collision during its lifetime.
- The Antenna Galaxies are 45 million lightyears away. NGC-4038 and NGC-4039 are spiral galaxies that have been colliding for the past 300,000,000 years. The telltale collision is visible in the tidal tails of gas and dust surrounding the galaxies. The cores of the two galaxies narrowly missed each other. They are now swinging around for another pass. They will collide again in another 400,000,000 years. Eventually the two spiral galaxies will merge into a giant elliptical galaxy.
- Merging galaxies merely pass through each other with their stars never ever touching. However, the interstellar gas will be whipped up into giant clouds. Some of the clouds will be the birthplaces for new stars. Billons of stars could form simultaneously creating giant blue superstar clusters amongst the colliding galaxies.
- See the image of the Antenna Galaxy. The blue spots are baby stars, the red spots are regions of ionized hydrogen gas. The yellow orange blobs are the cores of the two galaxies. What we can see in this image is only 20% of what is there. At least 5 times more material surrounds the galaxies in the form of Dark Matter.
- The M81 and M82 galaxies were first seen in 1774 . They are ½ way in between Polaris, the North Star, and the Big Dipper. They are 12,000,000 lightyears away. M82 is a long cigar shaped galaxy that resembles a galaxy seen edge-on. 600 lightyears from M82’s center are intense X-ray emissions coming from a Blackhole that is 200 to 5,000 Solar Mass. If you are looking through an infrared telescope M82 is the brightest thing you can see in the Universe.
- To make sense of the image of the 2 galaxies M81 and M82 they must be gravitationally whirling around each other and through each other in a giant galactic collision. Today there are 130,000 lightyears separating them, but, that is the width of one galaxy. It is estimated that the cores passed each other about 200,000,000 years ago. The collision has resulted in a star nursery where stars are being born at 10 times the rate of our galaxy.
- Only about one out of 100,000 galaxies in the Universe have been cataloged or given any kind of reference number. Within a billion lightyears of us there are at least 3,000,000 large galaxies. Within 100,000,000 lightyears of us there are at least 2,500 large galaxies. In addition, there are another 50,000 Dwarf Galaxies.
- Another colliding galaxy is the Centaurus A Galaxy that is the fifth brightest galaxy in the Southern Hemisphere. It was discovered in 1826 and was identified as NGC-5128 in 1949. When it was discovered it was identified as a powerful radio source. In 1970 astronomers found that it was also a powerful X-ray and Gamma Ray source, and a powerful infrared source. What is causing all of this? A super massive Blackhole?
- Yes, Centaurus A is the merger of a giant elliptical and a giant spiral galaxy. The Blackhole’s accretion disk at the center is emitting X-ray jets and solid particles that are traveling ½ the speed of light. The galaxy is receding away from us at 300 miles per second. The merger likely started about 200,000,000 years ago.
- The next merger is called the “ Rose Galaxy”. It is Arp273 and 300,000,000 lightyears away where 2 galaxies are in a merger that started 200,000,000 years ago. UGC-1813 and UGC-1810 are both spiral galaxies. Their spiral arms today are full of hot, new , blue stars. In another 500,000,000 years the 2 spirals will have merged into on single elliptical galaxy.
- The Rose Galaxy image has orange blobs that are the cores of the 2 galaxies. The visible part of this image is only 20% of the material that is actually there. At least 5 times more material in the form of Dark Matter surrounds the 2 galaxies. All of these galaxy mergers are seen as massive destruction. But, in this destruction of structure there is a creation of new stars. Even the Cosmos appears to have a circle of life. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
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707-536-3272, Friday, November 11, 2011
--------- #1325 - The Tarantula Nebula
- Attachment: Nebula image
- The most famous nebula and easily the most recognized nebula with the naked eye is the Orion Nebula in the Constellation of Orion the Hunter. The Nebula serves as the sword at the waist of this great warrior. The Orion Nebula is 30 lightyears across.
- In another galaxy, a neighboring galaxy, the Large Megellanic Cloud, lies the largest nebula within our part of the Cosmos. It is 160,000 lightyears away and it is 700 lightyears across. The luminosity of the Tarantula Nebula is so great that if it were as close as the Orion Nebula it would cast shadows on the surface of Earth.
- The Nebula is a wide expanse of hydrogen gas that is being excited by a fierce emission of ultraviolet light coming from a very active star cluster at the center. The mass of this star cluster is 450,000 Solar Mass. It is 35 lightyears across inside the 700 lightyears diameter Nebula. The central cluster is occupied by at least 39 massive stars. These stars are big, between 37 and 76 Solar Mass each. And, one of these stars appears to be more massive than astronomers thought was possible. Astronomers usually put the limit on how big a star can be at 150 Solar Mass. But, this one is calculated to weigh 265 Solar Mass. This massive star shines with an intensity of 10 million Suns.
- Astronomers also theorize that a massive star shining this bright can not live very long. Maybe only a couple million years before it burns all its fuel and explodes as a Supernova. Wait and see. This may be another supernova we get to witness. In 1987 at the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula we witnessed the latest naked-eye supernova since the year 1604. See Review # #831 to learn about the 1987 Supernova. See #1318 to learn about Kepler’s Supernova of 1604. See #510 “ Supernova You Can See” about 6 of these supernova .
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707-536-3272, Wednesday, November 9, 2011
--------- #1320 - Supernova Sn1006
- Attachment: See image of Sn1006
- When Supernova Sn1006 first explode in the year 1006 it was brighter than the planet Venus in the night sky. It was even visible during the day for several weeks after the explosion even though it was 7,000 lightyears away.
- Today astronomers are studying the remnants, the debris that is still escaping the original explosion. What they conclude is that it was a Type1a Supernova. (See Review #1318 Kepler’s Supernova to get more explanation of what causes this type of supernova).
- The tell tale signs of a Type1a is the large amounts of the element iron in the debris. This heaviest of elements in a star would have been at the core and the core is blown away. The other sign is that there is no Neutron Star or Blackhole left at the core of the explosion. When a super massive star explodes it leaves a core behind, this explosion did not. A 1.4 Solar Mass supernova explosion evaporates everything.
- The image that is attached is a composite picture taken by 4 different telescopes.
------------------- The X-ray image is in blue
------------------- The visible light image is in yellow
------------------- The radio frequency image is in red
------------------- The Hubble Space Telescope image is of the bright ribbon in the upper right corner where the expanding shockwave is smashing into surrounding gas.
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707-536-3272, Tuesday, November 8, 2011
--------- #1323 - Other Gamma Ray Sources and Mysteries?
- Attachment: Gamma Ray image
- What we “see” in our Universe is very limited, extremely limited. Our eyes can detect that part of the electromagnetic spectrum from about 400 to 700 nanometers wavelength. That is the wavelengths from blue light to red light and all the colors in between. We can use our radio receivers to detect the really long wavelengths. TV receivers, Microwave receivers detect other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Using only our eyes we are limited to the light form the Sun and the stars and the reflected light of the Moon and all that is around us in natural emitted and reflected light.
- Of course, technology has brought us many other man-made source of light. It all comes from electrons changing energy levels in atoms and emitting or absorbing electromagnetic radiation in return. The very shortest wavelengths are X-rays and Gamma Rays that are mostly emitted and absorbed by the nuclei of atoms rather than the electron shells of atoms. Technology has also brought us detectors that can “see” this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Today we have a satellite in orbit that can detect Gamma Rays. It is the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope. If we could “see” using these new detector’s eyes we would see flares spewing out from the surface of the Sun. We would see the accretion disks of high energy matter circling Blackholes. See Review #1321 to learn about the Gamma Ray Bubbles that came from the center of our galaxy.
- The telescope has identified 1,873 Gamma Ray emitting objects to date. Half of these are from active galaxies that have massive Blackholes at their centers. As these Blackholes swallow matter they emit massive amounts of high energy radiation. Many of these sources can not be seen with other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a mystery. Usually other parts of the spectrum are part of the emission, not just Gamma Rays. Other objects include Pulsars, Supernova remnants, Globular Star Clusters, and the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy. Still 1/3 of the catalog remains a mystery.
- Here are the top 5 sources that are found inside our Milky Way Galaxy.
-------------------- (1) The Crab Nebula in the Constellation Taurus the Bull. It is the remains of a supernova that exploded in 1054. It is 6,500 lightyears away. The original core of the star is now a super-dense neutron star called a Pulsar that spins and pulses 30 times per second. In the last 3 years the Gamma Ray emissions from the nebula has faded by 7%. Short lived Gamma Ray flares have been observed that are hundreds of times higher energies that the X-ray varieties. To account for this super-energy level the electrons near the Neutron Star must be accelerated to energies 10^15 times greater than visible light. That is 1,000 trillion times greater!
---------------------- (2) W44 is another supernova remnant thought to be 20,000 years old. It is located 9,800 lightyears away in the Constellation Aquila the Eagle. The Gamma Rays being detected are coming from the supernova shockwave that is colliding with surrounding gas clouds. Theory has it that high energy Cosmic Rays, which are accelerated protons, may be generated within the magnetic fields and then colliding with the shockwave. Because the protons are positive charges their paths get scrambled by these magnetic fields masking their origins. Astronomer are studying W44 to see it they can confirm this theory and the origins of the Cosmic Rays.
------------------ (3) V407 Cygni is a binary system with a White Dwarf star and a Red Giant star. The Red Giant is 500 times the size of our Sun. The binary is 9,000 lightyears away in the Constellation Cygnus the Swan. Gamma Ray flares are detected from the surface of the White Dwarf when gas from the Red Gant gets ripped away and explodes as it hit’s the super hot surface of the Neutron Star. The most recent explosion detected on March, 2010. This was totally unexpected as a Gamma Ray source by astronomers.
----------------- (4) Pulsar PSRJ0101-6422 in the Constellation Tucana the Toucan. This Pulsar is blinking in Gamma Rays at 400 times per second. Pulsars are Neutron Stars that are so dense that have the mass of the Sun in the size of Washington D.C. Lighthouse-like beams of radiation powered by the pulsar’s rapid rotation and strong magnetic field sweep across the sky with every spin. Astronomers have to be in the beam’s direction if it is to be detected. The pulses from this Pulsar are rotating at 400 times per second. This is as if Washington D.C. were spinning the fastest speed of a kitchen blender. Somehow it makes sense to visualize that.
------------------------ (5) 2FGL J0359.5+5410 is another Pulsar in the Constellation of Camelopardalis the Giraffe. These pulses have not been detected yet, probably because we are not in the beam path. Pulses at other wavelengths have not been detected either. However, the Gamma Ray spectrum resembles that of a Pulsar. We need more evidence so this source remains a mystery.
- Summarizing the Fermi Catalog to date, after 2 years of collecting Gamma Rays:
------------------------ 57% are Blazars
------------------------ 6% are Pulsars
------------------------ 4% are Supernova Remnants
----------------------- 1% are Non-Blazar Active Galaxies
----------------------- 1% are Globular Clusters, high mass binaries, and Normal Galaxies
------------------------ 31% are mysteries.
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707-536-3272, Monday, November 7, 2011
