--------- #1461 - The angles inside a semi-circle
-
- Draw a circle.
-
- Draw a quadrilateral inside the circle. A 4 sided figure as 4 straight lines each terminating at the circumference of the circle. Label 3 of the sides, 2 inches, 3 inches and 4 inches. Now calculate the length of the 4th side.
-
- Answer = ?
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Thursday, April 19, 2012
Thursday, April 19, 2012
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
Puzzle from 1770 German Textbook
--------- #1460 - 1770 poker game puzzle
-
- It was May 7, 1770 ,3 guys on work break decided to play 3 hands of Poker. It was Doug’s birthday. Dave, Doug and Brenan ante’ up and Dave lost the fist hand losing the same amount as Doug and Brenan had before the game started.
-
- Ante’ up, for the second hand Doug loses to Dave and Brenan as much as they had before the hand started.
-
-Ante’ up, for the last hand Brennan loses to Dave and Doug as much money as they had before the hand started.
-
- Break time ends and each walk away with $24.
-
- Who was the winner? How much did each have before the game started?
-
- I will email the solution anytime you are ready:
-
- This puzzle appeared in a German textbook in 1770. In that year the average life expectancy was to age 32. Here are some of the things happening that year: The Hydraulic sewing machine was invented. Halley discovered the proper motion of stars, later had a comet named after him. Herschel discovered the planet Uranus and later discovered moons orbiting Uranus. the World’s population was 600,000,000, less than twice the U.S. population today. Newton proposed that light was tiny bundles of energy. Mitchell did the math for magnetic induction. Cavendish accurately measures the Gravitational Constant, “ G” , where: Force of Gravity = G * M*m / r^2. Kant proposes that the Sun and the planets came form condensed gas clouds in space. Cook used the transit of Venus across the Sun to calculate the size of the Solar System.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, April 17, 2012
-
- It was May 7, 1770 ,3 guys on work break decided to play 3 hands of Poker. It was Doug’s birthday. Dave, Doug and Brenan ante’ up and Dave lost the fist hand losing the same amount as Doug and Brenan had before the game started.
-
- Ante’ up, for the second hand Doug loses to Dave and Brenan as much as they had before the hand started.
-
-Ante’ up, for the last hand Brennan loses to Dave and Doug as much money as they had before the hand started.
-
- Break time ends and each walk away with $24.
-
- Who was the winner? How much did each have before the game started?
-
- I will email the solution anytime you are ready:
-
- This puzzle appeared in a German textbook in 1770. In that year the average life expectancy was to age 32. Here are some of the things happening that year: The Hydraulic sewing machine was invented. Halley discovered the proper motion of stars, later had a comet named after him. Herschel discovered the planet Uranus and later discovered moons orbiting Uranus. the World’s population was 600,000,000, less than twice the U.S. population today. Newton proposed that light was tiny bundles of energy. Mitchell did the math for magnetic induction. Cavendish accurately measures the Gravitational Constant, “ G” , where: Force of Gravity = G * M*m / r^2. Kant proposes that the Sun and the planets came form condensed gas clouds in space. Cook used the transit of Venus across the Sun to calculate the size of the Solar System.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, April 17, 2012
Saturday, April 14, 2012
Use Modular Math to find the day of the week.
--------- #1459 - Modular Math to find the day of the week.
-
- A FACT in algebra is that the digits of any multiple of 9 must sum to a multiple of 9.
-
------------------------- 2 * 9 = 18 , ------------ 1 + 8 = 9
------------------------- 3 * 9 = 27 , ------------ 2 + 7 = 9
-
- Using this fact can result in many interesting behaviors in algebra which contains numbers that are multiples of 9 and the calendar which contains multiples of 7
-
------------------------ 1,234 = 1 * (1 + 999) + 2 * ( 1 + 99) + 3 * ( 1 + 9) + 4
-
------------------------ Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday repeat themselves every 7 days.
-
- This is called modular arithmetic or clock arithmetic in which numbers can be thought of as wrapping around in a circle. Because the days of the week wrap around with 7 the modular math can calculate any day of the week in history.
-
- To illustrate modular math. Pick any number?
-
------------------------------- 4
-
----------------------------Triple it = 4 * 3 = 12
-
--------------------------- Add 6 to the result = 6 + 12 = 18
-
-------------------------- Triple that result = 3 * 18 = 54
-
-------------------------- Add the digits in your answer = 5 + 4 = 9
-
- You will always get the number 9, Why?
-
- It is simple algebra: Pick any number?
-
------------------------------- x
-
----------------------------Triple it = 3 * x
-
--------------------------- Add 6 to the result = 3*x + 6
-
-------------------------- Triple that result = 3 * (3x + 6) = 9x + 18
-
-------------------------- This is 9 * (x + 2)
-
- By tripling any number twice you are guaranteed to get a multiple of 9.
-
- FACT: If a number s a multiple of 9 its digits will sum to a multiple of 9
-
- FACT: A number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.
-
- FACT: A number is divisible by 3 if and only its digits add to a multiple of 3.
-
- FACT: If you take any number and scramble its digits then subtract the original number for the scrambled number you will get a multiple of 9.
-
---------------------------- Take the number 1,234
-
------------------------------ Add up the digits and you get 10, 9 + 1 = one more than a multiple of 9
-
------------------------ 1,234 = 1 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 3 * 10 + 4
-
------------------------- 1,234 = 1 * (1 + 999) + 2 * ( 1 + 99) + 3 * ( 1 +9) + 4
-
- All of these terms are multiples of 9 and you are left with 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
-
----------------------------- 10 = 9 + 1
-
---------------------------- Therefore 1,234 is 1 greater than a multiple of 9.
-
- OK, how does this modular math work with a calendar. A calendar works with a multiple of 7.
-
- We have to have a starting point. The year 1900 is zero, 0. The days of the week are:
-
-------------------- Sunday = 1
-------------------- Monday = 2
------------------- Tuesday = 3
------------------- Wednesday = 4
-------------------- Thursday = 5
--------------------- Friday = 6
--------------------- Saturday = 7 or 0
-
- Next we need the months of the year. This can be memorized as (12^2) + (5^2) + (6^ 2) + (12^2 +2) which is put in tabular form like this:
-
------January = 1 ------ April = 0 ------- July = 0 ------ October = 1
------February = 4 ------ May = 2 ------- August = 3 ---- November = 4
------March = 4 ------- June = 5 ----- September = 6 --- December = 6
-
- The code for the year starts with 1900 = 0, also 2007 = 0. OK smarty what day of the week was March 19, 1961?
-
------------------ 1961 = 1900 + 61
-
---------------- There are 15 leap years in 61 years, ( 4* 15 = 60)
-
- There are 365 days in a year so each year the day of the week advances one year. If your birthday is on Monday this year it will be on Tuesday next year. That is because as a multiple of 7, 7 * 54 = 364, 365 is one more shift is a day. Unless it is a leap year than 366 is 2 more shifts in days.
-
- Ok, back to March 19, 1961
-
- We had 15 leap years so we need to add 15 to the 61 , 15 + 61 = 76
-
- So 76 is the year code for 1961, but since we are working in multiples of 7 we simply this by working with 6 + (7*10) and just work with the code number 6 for 1961.
-
--------------- Now back to our table, March = 4
-
-------------- Year + month + day = 6 + 4 + 19 = 29
-
-------------- 29 = 1 + (7 * 4)
-
---------------- The number for the day of the week is 1 which is Sunday.
-
- March 19, 1961 was a Sunday. Check it out.
-
-How about Doug’s birthday May 7, 2012
-
------------------------ 2007 = 0
-
-------------------------2012 = 5 + 1 leap year
-
----------------------- May = 4
-
------------------------ Day = 7
-
----------------------- 6 + 4 + 7 = 15 = 1 + (7*2)
-
--------------- 1 is left after all the multiples of 7
-
----------------- 1 is a Monday.
-
- Doug’s birthday is Monday, Dave, better buy him a present. No charge for the math lesson. I had good teachers. Next year we will celebrate on a Tuesday. Take the number 1,618. Scramble the digits to 8,611. Now subtract the numbers 8,611 - 1,618 = 6,993. Add these digits. 6 + 9 + 9 + 3 = 27. Add these digits. You will always get a 9. It is modular arithmetic.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Saturday, April 14, 2012
-
- A FACT in algebra is that the digits of any multiple of 9 must sum to a multiple of 9.
-
------------------------- 2 * 9 = 18 , ------------ 1 + 8 = 9
------------------------- 3 * 9 = 27 , ------------ 2 + 7 = 9
-
- Using this fact can result in many interesting behaviors in algebra which contains numbers that are multiples of 9 and the calendar which contains multiples of 7
-
------------------------ 1,234 = 1 * (1 + 999) + 2 * ( 1 + 99) + 3 * ( 1 + 9) + 4
-
------------------------ Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday repeat themselves every 7 days.
-
- This is called modular arithmetic or clock arithmetic in which numbers can be thought of as wrapping around in a circle. Because the days of the week wrap around with 7 the modular math can calculate any day of the week in history.
-
- To illustrate modular math. Pick any number?
-
------------------------------- 4
-
----------------------------Triple it = 4 * 3 = 12
-
--------------------------- Add 6 to the result = 6 + 12 = 18
-
-------------------------- Triple that result = 3 * 18 = 54
-
-------------------------- Add the digits in your answer = 5 + 4 = 9
-
- You will always get the number 9, Why?
-
- It is simple algebra: Pick any number?
-
------------------------------- x
-
----------------------------Triple it = 3 * x
-
--------------------------- Add 6 to the result = 3*x + 6
-
-------------------------- Triple that result = 3 * (3x + 6) = 9x + 18
-
-------------------------- This is 9 * (x + 2)
-
- By tripling any number twice you are guaranteed to get a multiple of 9.
-
- FACT: If a number s a multiple of 9 its digits will sum to a multiple of 9
-
- FACT: A number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.
-
- FACT: A number is divisible by 3 if and only its digits add to a multiple of 3.
-
- FACT: If you take any number and scramble its digits then subtract the original number for the scrambled number you will get a multiple of 9.
-
---------------------------- Take the number 1,234
-
------------------------------ Add up the digits and you get 10, 9 + 1 = one more than a multiple of 9
-
------------------------ 1,234 = 1 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 3 * 10 + 4
-
------------------------- 1,234 = 1 * (1 + 999) + 2 * ( 1 + 99) + 3 * ( 1 +9) + 4
-
- All of these terms are multiples of 9 and you are left with 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
-
----------------------------- 10 = 9 + 1
-
---------------------------- Therefore 1,234 is 1 greater than a multiple of 9.
-
- OK, how does this modular math work with a calendar. A calendar works with a multiple of 7.
-
- We have to have a starting point. The year 1900 is zero, 0. The days of the week are:
-
-------------------- Sunday = 1
-------------------- Monday = 2
------------------- Tuesday = 3
------------------- Wednesday = 4
-------------------- Thursday = 5
--------------------- Friday = 6
--------------------- Saturday = 7 or 0
-
- Next we need the months of the year. This can be memorized as (12^2) + (5^2) + (6^ 2) + (12^2 +2) which is put in tabular form like this:
-
------January = 1 ------ April = 0 ------- July = 0 ------ October = 1
------February = 4 ------ May = 2 ------- August = 3 ---- November = 4
------March = 4 ------- June = 5 ----- September = 6 --- December = 6
-
- The code for the year starts with 1900 = 0, also 2007 = 0. OK smarty what day of the week was March 19, 1961?
-
------------------ 1961 = 1900 + 61
-
---------------- There are 15 leap years in 61 years, ( 4* 15 = 60)
-
- There are 365 days in a year so each year the day of the week advances one year. If your birthday is on Monday this year it will be on Tuesday next year. That is because as a multiple of 7, 7 * 54 = 364, 365 is one more shift is a day. Unless it is a leap year than 366 is 2 more shifts in days.
-
- Ok, back to March 19, 1961
-
- We had 15 leap years so we need to add 15 to the 61 , 15 + 61 = 76
-
- So 76 is the year code for 1961, but since we are working in multiples of 7 we simply this by working with 6 + (7*10) and just work with the code number 6 for 1961.
-
--------------- Now back to our table, March = 4
-
-------------- Year + month + day = 6 + 4 + 19 = 29
-
-------------- 29 = 1 + (7 * 4)
-
---------------- The number for the day of the week is 1 which is Sunday.
-
- March 19, 1961 was a Sunday. Check it out.
-
-How about Doug’s birthday May 7, 2012
-
------------------------ 2007 = 0
-
-------------------------2012 = 5 + 1 leap year
-
----------------------- May = 4
-
------------------------ Day = 7
-
----------------------- 6 + 4 + 7 = 15 = 1 + (7*2)
-
--------------- 1 is left after all the multiples of 7
-
----------------- 1 is a Monday.
-
- Doug’s birthday is Monday, Dave, better buy him a present. No charge for the math lesson. I had good teachers. Next year we will celebrate on a Tuesday. Take the number 1,618. Scramble the digits to 8,611. Now subtract the numbers 8,611 - 1,618 = 6,993. Add these digits. 6 + 9 + 9 + 3 = 27. Add these digits. You will always get a 9. It is modular arithmetic.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Saturday, April 14, 2012
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
How astronomy helps society?
--------- #1458 - Astronomy helps society.
-
- I like astronomy because it teaches me so many things. What we learn with our curiosity about the Cosmos directly helps our society. Did you know astronomy had a part in developing the GPS system, in WiFi Wireless systems, in cancer therapy, in eye laser surgery?
-
- It all started a long time ago with the creation of clocks and calendars based on astronomy. Today precision timing has created the Global Navigation System that can locate a spot on Earth to within several inches. This all started with Albert Einstein’s attempts to understand gravity. His theories of warped space-time were verified by astronomers measuring the deflection of starlight as it passed by the rim of the Sun during a solar eclipse.
-
- Massive objects stretch the rate oat which time passes. The closer you are to an object with mass the slower time ticks. Time slows down. If you lived at the peak of Mount Everest your day would be 30 millionths of a second shorter than a day at sea level.
-
- To measure these smallest of time intervals physicists invented atomic clocks. The cesium atomic clock was designed to test the Theory of Relativity. It had resolution down to a billionth of a second. Atomic clocks on airplanes flew east and west around the globe. The theory’s calculations were that the clocks would differ from ground-based clocks by a few hundred nanoseconds. When the clocks landed the difference was exactly according to the calculations
-
- 1978 was the first GPS satellite launch. Today we have 30 satellites in operation. Without correcting for Einstein’s time-altering effects due to speed and altitudes the system accuracies would be off by miles, instead of accurate to within inches.
-
- WiFi uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) chip to pull out low-power signals out of a smeared out distorted signal The chip is part of a $80,000,000,000 industry today but it started with the search for Blackholes.
-
- In 1974 Stephen Hawking published his theory that Blackholes emit particles and loose mass. That Blackholes that will not allow light to leave somehow still evaporate. But, before they disappear, they explode in a burst of energy.
-
- Astronomers calculated that there should be a specific signal of radio waves associated with each Blackhole death explosion. This faint radio signal would be difficult to tease out of the noise that astronomers received. John O’Sullivan invented the FFT using digital hardware. It was a mathematical model the could reconstruct frequencies and amplitudes of an information signal out of a complicated distorted signal.
-
- Today it is a single chip used in high-speed wireless networks.
-
- Astronomers tackled the problem of identifying the elements that were in the Sun. In 1983 the Opacity Project and in 1992 the Iron Project tried to identify how atoms in the layers of the Sun, and stars, interact with light trying to escape to the surface. They serendipity discovered that at certain X-ray wavelengths some atoms interact very strongly with the radiation. These resonance frequencies increase the opacity of the medium.
-
- Heavy elements like gold are un reactive and nontoxic inside the human body. Hit with the right frequency a gold atom would release a floodgate of energetic particles that could kill a cancerous tumor. Gold nanoparticles became a valued form of cancer therapy. So what worked to understand the working of the Sun now works to help cure cancer.
-
- When designing the James Webb Space Telescope astronomers required precision in optics to map the topography of optical surfaces. Already, the science is being used in laser eye surgery and in contact lens fittings. That invention for space exploration is today helping 100,000,000 people who are wearing corrective lens and 4,000,000 people who have had laser eye surgeries.
-
- On the Webb Telescope this application has completed 6 of the 18 mirror segments that have passed optical testing. The Telescope plans to launch in 2018. People’s vision on the ground has already reaped the benefits and 6 years from now it could give us a new vision of outer space. Astronomy benefits society. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Wednesday, April 11, 2012
- I like astronomy because it teaches me so many things. What we learn with our curiosity about the Cosmos directly helps our society. Did you know astronomy had a part in developing the GPS system, in WiFi Wireless systems, in cancer therapy, in eye laser surgery?
-
- It all started a long time ago with the creation of clocks and calendars based on astronomy. Today precision timing has created the Global Navigation System that can locate a spot on Earth to within several inches. This all started with Albert Einstein’s attempts to understand gravity. His theories of warped space-time were verified by astronomers measuring the deflection of starlight as it passed by the rim of the Sun during a solar eclipse.
-
- Massive objects stretch the rate oat which time passes. The closer you are to an object with mass the slower time ticks. Time slows down. If you lived at the peak of Mount Everest your day would be 30 millionths of a second shorter than a day at sea level.
-
- To measure these smallest of time intervals physicists invented atomic clocks. The cesium atomic clock was designed to test the Theory of Relativity. It had resolution down to a billionth of a second. Atomic clocks on airplanes flew east and west around the globe. The theory’s calculations were that the clocks would differ from ground-based clocks by a few hundred nanoseconds. When the clocks landed the difference was exactly according to the calculations
-
- 1978 was the first GPS satellite launch. Today we have 30 satellites in operation. Without correcting for Einstein’s time-altering effects due to speed and altitudes the system accuracies would be off by miles, instead of accurate to within inches.
-
- WiFi uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) chip to pull out low-power signals out of a smeared out distorted signal The chip is part of a $80,000,000,000 industry today but it started with the search for Blackholes.
-
- In 1974 Stephen Hawking published his theory that Blackholes emit particles and loose mass. That Blackholes that will not allow light to leave somehow still evaporate. But, before they disappear, they explode in a burst of energy.
-
- Astronomers calculated that there should be a specific signal of radio waves associated with each Blackhole death explosion. This faint radio signal would be difficult to tease out of the noise that astronomers received. John O’Sullivan invented the FFT using digital hardware. It was a mathematical model the could reconstruct frequencies and amplitudes of an information signal out of a complicated distorted signal.
-
- Today it is a single chip used in high-speed wireless networks.
-
- Astronomers tackled the problem of identifying the elements that were in the Sun. In 1983 the Opacity Project and in 1992 the Iron Project tried to identify how atoms in the layers of the Sun, and stars, interact with light trying to escape to the surface. They serendipity discovered that at certain X-ray wavelengths some atoms interact very strongly with the radiation. These resonance frequencies increase the opacity of the medium.
-
- Heavy elements like gold are un reactive and nontoxic inside the human body. Hit with the right frequency a gold atom would release a floodgate of energetic particles that could kill a cancerous tumor. Gold nanoparticles became a valued form of cancer therapy. So what worked to understand the working of the Sun now works to help cure cancer.
-
- When designing the James Webb Space Telescope astronomers required precision in optics to map the topography of optical surfaces. Already, the science is being used in laser eye surgery and in contact lens fittings. That invention for space exploration is today helping 100,000,000 people who are wearing corrective lens and 4,000,000 people who have had laser eye surgeries.
-
- On the Webb Telescope this application has completed 6 of the 18 mirror segments that have passed optical testing. The Telescope plans to launch in 2018. People’s vision on the ground has already reaped the benefits and 6 years from now it could give us a new vision of outer space. Astronomy benefits society. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Wednesday, April 11, 2012
Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Quantum Dots window to the world?
-
-This dot is 100,000 nanometers
-
-
--------- #1457 - Quantum Dots, a 10 nanometer window-
- Quantum Dots are small pieces of semiconductor material, very small pieces, only 10 nanometers in diameter. Being so small brings unique properties following the rules of Quantum Mechanics.
-
- The smaller the size of the crystal the larger the band gap. The band gap is the difference in energy level between the valence band and the lowest conduction band. Energy of the right amount excites the dot to higher energy and the energy is released when the crystal returns to its resting state. Fluorescence results with the electron returns to the ground state and combines with a hole.
-
- Some examples of how Quantum Dots are being used:
-
------------------------- Capturing light energy for solar panels
------------------------- Emitting entangled photons from light emitting diodes, LEDs
------------------------- Activating neurons in a Petri Dish
------------------------- Tuning laser cavities for fast, high power fiber optics, and computer multiplexing
-
- Activating neurons is accomplished by shining a light on the Quantum Dot which generates a small electric field which opens up an ion channel in a nearby neuron, activating it. This is so much less intrusive than using electrodes to do the same thing.
-
- Studying Parkinson’s Disease may allow deep brain stimulation without opening the skull. The Quantum Dots could be put where they wanted them by tagging them to proteins that target specific neurons in the brain. UV light could release drugs just where they were needed
-
- Solar cells are having a hard time getting to 20% efficiency in today’s technology. Using Quantum Dots could allow 60% efficiency in converting sunlight to electricity.
-
- The problem with the Sun’s energy is that it covers a wide spectrum of frequencies, which is a wide spectrum of energy levels. When just the right energy hits an electron it puts it in motion to create an electric current. However higher energy photons will excite electrons to no purpose and they loose their energy as heat, infrared energy. Quantum Dots could be used to slow the cooling rate of these “hot electrons” to produce more current
-
- Using crystals of lead selenide, a semiconductor, less than 100 nanometers in size could absorb light energy in certain bandgaps or range of energies. This technique can increase the lifetime of a hot electron by 1000 times. By using electron conductors of titanium dioxide they can extract the electrons from the lead selenide nano crystals thus creating additional electric current from the hot electrons that were not being used.
-
- Once Quantum Dots are tagged to a specific protein they can be used to track the natural flow of the protein inside a living cell. Using laser light the brightly reflective nano crystals can be tracked under a microscope. This technique of optical encoding is many times better than using conventional dyes and fluorescent labels.
-
- Scientists hope to watch new drug compounds as they travel inside a cell. They could be injected into cancer cells to study growth under various conditions or therapies.
-
- Quantum Dots that are just crystals 10 nanometers in diameter are opening up windows as wide as can be in the study of physics, chemistry, biology, computers, diode lasers, transistors, and quantum computing.
-
- When you have entangled Quantum Dots you have Qubits that can secure messaging because any attempt at eavesdropping would alter the message in a detectable way. Quantum memory could solve mathematical problems so hard that a standard supercomputer couldn’t find the answer in the lifetime of the universe. Prime numbers for example used in electronic financial transactions become useless if the thief has a quantum computer.
-
- Quantum Dots are valued for displays because they emit light in a very specific Gaussian distribution. They consume very little power. They can even produce “ White LEDs”
-
- Quantum Dot photo detectors can be used in surveillance, machine vision, industrial inspection , spectroscopy, fluorescent biomedical imaging, ……. do you see how wide this window opens through a 10 nanometer dot. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Monday, April 9, 2012
Puzzle the phonograph?
#1452 - Do you remember the old phonographs for playing music. The LP records. There were 78’s and 45’s and 33 1/3 which was the revolutions per minute. LP stood for Long Playing 33 1/3.. The diameter of the LP record was 30 centimeters. The groves started 1 centimeter in from the edge and spiraled in to 6 centimeters from the center. It could play 6 songs averaging 2.5 minutes per song on one side and the same on the other side. The record had 100 groves per centimeter. The tone arm from needle to pivot was 20 centimeters. How far does the needle move when the record is played?
Tidal Forces on the moons?
-
- Gravity is nature’s weakest force. There are 4 forces in Nature and it is 10^-38 times weaker than the other nuclear force. It feels pretty strong on you but remember you are interacting with a mass of 6.6 million trillion kilotons, 6.6^10^18 tons. A small refrigerator magnet can easily pick up a paper clip with all the force of Earth’s gravity pulling against it.
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- The force of gravity depends on the masses and their distance of separation. For two orbiting bodies like the Earth and the Moon the areas that face each other are closer to each other and feel a larger gravitational pull. The near side of the Earth bulges because o a stronger pull and the far side of the Earth bulges outward because of a weaker pull of gravity. This causes the ocean tides to be perpetually aligned with the Moon.
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- The Moon orbits in 27.3 days and the Earth spins once every 24 hours. The tides rise and fall twice a day. The water’s friction actually slows Earth’s rotation 2.3 milliseconds per day over 100 years. This slower rotation causes us to add a leap second into our timekeeping.
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- It is not just the tides that rise and fall. The ground an rise more that a foot as the Moon passes overhead.
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- Our Moon is ¼ the size of the Earth but it weighs a lot less. The Moon is 1% the mass of the Earth and is 239,000 miles away. Io the inner moon of Jupiter is 20% more massive that our Moon, orbiting a planet the is 318 times more massive that the Earth. And, it orbit’s a distance of only 23,000 miles away. Consequently, Io suffers a tidal bulge reaching 100’s of feet. It causes volcanic eruptions with plumes rising 100 miles high.
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- Europa is another moon of Jupiter. The tidal forces are much less but distortions create enough internal heating to create a 62 mile deep water ocean beneath the icy surface.
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- The Milky Way Galaxy is 1 trillion Solar Mass. When our galaxy captures a dwarf galaxy it creates a stream of stars torn away in a tidal tail. The immense gravity on the smaller galaxy will pull it apart like it was run through a taffy puller.
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- The Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy merging with the Milky Way Galaxy has created a tidal stream that has a full orbit around our Galaxy. Astronomers calculable that this merger began 4 to 6 billion years ago.
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707-536-3272, Monday, April 9, 2012
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