JimsAstronomy

Tuesday, January 6, 2015

Humans, 5 million years of good luck?

- 1718 - The Detrick Genealogy. 5 million years of good luck.
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----------------- 1718 - The Detrick Genealogy.
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- For my birthday I thought I would document our Detrick Genealogy.
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- This genealogy starts pretty far back. We were called “Hominins” in the beginning. We were later called “ Homos”. Before that we were called “ primates”.
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- For 5,000,000 years we hominins evolved very much like any successful primate. Our family “ tree” was a “ bush” of numerous species occurring at the same time. Our evolution started as we came down out of the trees with long arms and walking on short legs. We began as knuckle draggers.. Averaging 20 years per generation we have had 250,000 great grandfathers. I am the latest grandfather in that line.
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- 2,000,000 years ago Homo species evolved. Stone tools became prevalent, some dated in Africa at 2,600,000 years old. With stone flakes to butcher animals the hominin’s diets expanded beyond fruits and vegetables into meats. Animal fats, and proteins were a richer diet. I still favor this diet, meat and potatoes.
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- The earliest Homo had brains only somewhat larger than the early bibeds, which were apes walking upright. In a million years their brains doubled in size. And, by 200,000 years ago they had doubled again. To:
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---------------- Homo Neanderthalensis in Europe
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---------------- Homo Erectus in Asia
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---------------- Homo Sapiens in Africa
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- Homos became the most dangerous predators competing for the most economy in gathering resources. They still are today. Completion was fearsome. Still is today.
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- Bigger brained individuals survived across successive generations. Homo predecessors became more intelligent and their behavior more complex.
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- About 1,400,000 years ago climate changes became more pronounced. Swings from warmer then to dramatically colder conditions ( ice ages ) occurred several times. Homos had to react to their environmental changes. 77,000 years ago Homo Sapiens evolved with breakthroughs of intellectual advancement.
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- Small, isolated populations advanced in different cycles. Hominins were mobile hunter -gathers and were thinly spread across the Old World. They were constantly buffeted by climate change.
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- Some 1,000,000 to 500,000 years ago hominins were expert tool makers, cooking food, building shelters. Exceptionally fast evolution occurred from that point.
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- We homos stand alone the serendipitous beneficiaries of cognitive advances and cultural innovation. If you think this is just luck, without Devine intervention, you have overcome tremendous odds to date. Only He knows if you can keep it up.
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- We scheme and plan in unprecedented ways. Language (and later typing) was one of the inventions. I get to type this Review thanks to many, many successful grandparents.
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- So ,we see our amazing species as an evolutionary accident fitted to our environment and tailored to a purpose of survival. We evolved a free will and the ability to make choices. Our continued survival still depends on the choices we make. Stay tuned, it ain’t over yet.
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Let me summarize: ( “ya” means “years ago“):
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----------- 4,000,000 ya --------------- Bipeds walked on 2 feet but could still climb trees.
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----------- 2,600,000 ya -------------- First use of stone tools
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----------- 2,000,000 ya --------------- Homo genus appears walking in striding gait.
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----------- 1,500,000 ya --------------- hand axes were used, brain size doubled.
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----------- 700,000 ya ---------------- Hominins used fire, clothing, shelters
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----------- 200,000 ya --------------- Brain size doubled again
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-------------80,000 ya ---------------- symbolic behavior writing and language.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Tuesday, January 6, 2015 ---
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Sunday, January 4, 2015

Kepler Space Telescope discovers 1,000 planets

- 1717 - Kepler Space Telescope, has identified 1,000 planets orbiting other stars. After 4 years its gyroscopes gave out, but, creative astronomers have found a way to give the telescope new life. It is still discovering more planets.
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----------------- 1717 - Kepler Space Telescope.
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- Kepler Space Telescope is a unique instrument. It has a wide field of view and can detect the slightest changes in the brightness of the points of light it is observing. It looks at one spot in the sky for a continuous period. If a planet transits in front of a star it blocks a small amount of light. Kepler can detect that change with unbelievable precision.
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- Kepler’s brightness data can tell astronomers the size of the planet, the size of its orbit around the star. After 4 years staring into the same area of sky Kepler has detected over 5,000 planet candidates., 1,000 of these have been confirmed with precision measurements. In addition Kepler has studied over 2,000 binary stars that are eclipsing each other.
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- The goal is to find Earth-like planets that may sustain life in another solar system. Most of the planets discovered to date are large, like Jupiter, easier to detect but gas planets that are orbiting too close to the star to have habitable planets or moons.
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- Kepler telescope uses an array of 422 Charge-Coupled - Diodes, , CCDs, at its focal plane. The diode detectors are equivalent to a 95 mega pixel camera. The camera stares at a single spot in the sky. Its original field of view was a spot in the Constellation Lyra and Cygnus which contains 150,000 average size stars and possibly hosts orbiting planets and moons.
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- The Kepler telescope was launched in March 2009.
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- Astronomers have over 4 years of data. Then, the second reaction wheel failed. The telescope lost its ability to stay focused on the same spot in the sky. The reaction wheels are gyroscopes. Spinning top hats that can be controlled to spin in one direction. Action equals reaction causing the telescope to slowly rotate in the opposite direction. With 4 reaction wheels a precise pointing direction could be maintained. With only two this ability was lost.
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- In May 2013 Kepler had lost 2 of its reaction wheels . Friction and instability prevented them from spinning properly. The science had to come to a halt. It was 40,000,000 miles away. No hope of repairing it like was done for the Hubble Space Telescope.
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- Astronomers and engineers are challenged by failures. They figured out a way to resurrect the Kepler mission. Rotate the telescope perpendicular to the ecliptic, the path the Sun travels across the sky. Then, use the solar pressure of the photons of sunlight striking the blocking shield to stabilize the spacecraft and keep it pointing in the same direction. This would work for one spot in the sky for 83 days before the sunlight got into the telescope and it had to point to a different area of the sky. But, it could repeat this mission for another 83 days. It could do this 9 times in its journey across the entire ecliptic.
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-Kepler has a solar orbit of 372.5 days in the ecliptic which is the Sun’s apparent annual path traveled across the Constellations in the background. It corresponds to the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
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- One of Kepler’s most recent discoveries is 5 planets orbiting a “K0” Dwarf star, a cool star with planets only 0.1 AU distant in orbit. AU = Astronomical Unit which is the Earth -Sun distance, 93,000,000 miles. Five planets inside 10% of that distance from the star.
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- Adjacent plane pairs have orbital resonances of 5/4, 4/3, 5/4, 5/4. All 5 planets are sub-Earth size with the inner most planet about the size of Jupiter’s moon, Ganymede. When the orbital periods are a simple ratio they periodically line up with each other and the extra gravitational attractions tend to align their orbits with repeated passes.
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- K0 Dwarf stars refers to its spectral type. That is a way of classifying stars by their lines that appear in their spectrum. Spectral lines are emission lines related to the star’s surface temperature and absorption lines that the light passes through. “O” is the hottest stars. “M” is the coolest stars. OBAFGKM is the series each subdivided by the numbers 0 through 9. Our Sun is “ G2” This Dwarf star is “ K0”. The temperatures range from 35,000 Kelvin to 3,500 Kelvin. Our Sun is 6,000 Kelvin. To remember this:” Oh be a fine girl kiss me”.
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-Johann Kepler was a German astronomer born in1571 ,died in 1630, at the age of 59. He was the son of a professional soldier and the grandson of the town mayor.
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- He had smallpox when he was 3 that crippled his hands and weakened his eyesight. He studied at the University of Tubingen graduating in 1588 at age of 17. He went on for a masters degree graduating in 1591.
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- He was teaching science in Austria. He studied astrology attempting to use astrological techniques to solve biblical mysteries. He came up with creation occurring in 3992 B.C. He wrote horoscopes for Emperor Rudolf.
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- Kepler moved to Prague in 1598. When his cohort Tycho Brahe died in 1601 he inherited Tycho’s invaluable data.
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- September 30, 1604 he observed a supernova later to be called “ Kepler’s star”. He used his mathematical genius to try to understand the paths of the planets. He found that an ellipse could be defined to fit their orbit data. This is now known as Kepler’s 1st law”
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- “A line connecting the planet and the Sun will sweep over equal areas in equal times.” The closer to the Sun the faster the orbital velocity. His book published in 1619 included his 3rd law:
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- “ The square of the period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of its distance from the Sun.”
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- Kepler and Galileo carried on correspondence and Galileo sent Kepler one of his telescopes.
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- Kepler fathered 13 children. One of his last feats in astronomy is to predict the transit of Mercury across the Sun in 1631.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Sunday, January 4, 2015 ---
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Saturday, January 3, 2015

Sometimes there are disappointments in Astronomy Explorations?

- 1716 - Astronomical Disappointments. 2014 had some explorations that did not pan out so well. Not much reporting on the flip side of discoveries. Here are a few disappointments.
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----------------- 1716 - Astronomical Disappointments
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- Exploring the Universe. Sometimes experiments go wrong. Stuff happens. Missions are unsuccessful, or, sometimes we just don’t get the exciting results we were expecting. Here are a few 2014 examples to start of the new year, 2015:
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- The Orion spacecraft: The Orion had it first test flight and it was flawless.. But, there is no funding to continue the development of the spacecraft, and there is no destination in which to use it. Maybe, something might come up as a plan to explore or relocate an asteroid. Mars is still a pipe dream funding wise. In 2014 the NASA space program went no where. Fortunately several other missions were launched years, even decades, earlier.
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- BiCep2 South Pole telescope: BiCep2 announces it has found gravitational ripples in space-time that originated in the birth of the Universe. But, data from the European Planck satellite produced contrary evidence. More data needs to substantiate these bold announcements of discovery.
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- BiCep2 scans the microwave sky from the South Pole. Cosmologists claimed they found a swirl pattern in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB). This background is a snapshot of what the Universe looked like 380,000 years after the Big Bang. That is the moment charged particles first combined to form neutral atoms. When that happened photons of light were finally free to expand in to the space of the expanding Universe.
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- Microwaves are a form of light. It too has a characteristic called polarization. E-mode and M-mode polarization of electromagnetic radiation. Electric and Magnetic waves travel perpendicular to each other at the speed of light.
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- Gravity waves are ripples in the fabric of space -time. These ripples create temperature variations, density variations. These ripples might also create polarization variations in light.
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- 10^-37 seconds after the Big Bang extreme acceleration in the expansion of the Universe called “ inflation”, created the gravity waves. Could these gravity waves be detected as ripples in polarization of the CMB?
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- The BiCep2 telescope was observing at 150 gigahertz. Planck telescope was observing from 30 gigahertz to 857 gigahertz. Plank did not find the same polarization results. so, the debate continues. More experiments, more data is needed to confirm do “gravity waes” exist? Stay tuned. and don’t jump to conclusions.
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- Life on Mars: The spacecraft on Mars names “ Curiosity” has re-confirmed the existence of water. But, we already knew that. But, another finding was traces of methane gas. That could be associated with life forms. But, Curiosity can not get much further in its analysis. It is stymied in its efforts to find the “golden fleece“, some form of life on Mars.
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- Virgin’s Galactic spaceship: A test flight crashed in the Mojave dessert. Prior to this accident that killed a test pilot Galactic had completed 54 successful test flights. That record of 2 out of 100, 98%, returning safely is going to limit the number of tourism space travelers.
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- Titan and Enceladus: Return visits to the Saturn moon Titan and Enceladus were de-funded. Titan is a moon the size of the planet Mercury. It has a methane rainfall, organic chemistry, and possible subsurface oceans. Enceladus has geysers and a large subsurface ocean. They deserve more exploration, but, the money is not forthcoming. ( See Review # 1714 on Enceladus)
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- Milky Way’s Blackhole: Astronomers had predicted a large gas cloud would be swallowed up by the Blackhole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Astronomers expected fireworks and a ream of data to learn more about blackholes. Somehow that did not happen. Astronomers now need to figure out what did happen that was a dud.
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- Dark Matter: 83% of the matter in the Universe is Dark Matter. We don’t know what it is. We measure its existence through gravity and nothing else. We have not been able to crack this mystery even a little.
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- Warp Drive Spaceship. Replace chemical rockets with another form of propulsion? Reports galore of a warp-drive spaceship on the horizon. But, so far they are only found in the movies.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Saturday, January 3, 2015 ---
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Thursday, January 1, 2015

Stars, looking back in time?

- 1715 - Stargazers - Looking back in Time?. The seven brightest stars in the sky and how far away they are. Star viewing the month of January, 2015. Happy New Year.
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----------------- 1715 - Stargazers - Looking back in Time.?
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- Looking backwards in time is a difficult concept to wrap our head around. Even the sunlight is 8 minutes old when it reaches your eyes. That is how long it took to reach you since it left the Sun.
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- One of the brightest stars in the southern night sky is Sirius, in the Constellation Canis Major. It light is 8.6 years old.
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- So, the concept is to measure distance with age. 8.6 lightyears is how far Sirius is away form us. One light year is ho far light can travel over one year. Light is traveling 670,633,500 miles per hour and over one years time it travels: 5,880,000,000,000 miles. A light minute is 671,000,000 miles. A light second is 186,000 miles. One nanosecond is 1 foot.
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- Each of the bright stars is farther away. Sirius is the closest Then comes Procyon, Pollux, Capella, Aldebaran, Betelgeuse, Rigel.
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- The 8.6 lightyears to Sirius is the same as traveling 50,600,000,000,000 miles ( one way). What were you doing 8.6 years ago when the light first left the star? I just retired. Well that. I left full employment the same time the light left the surface of the star.
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- Procyon is 11.4 lightyears away. Procyon is in the Constellation Canis Minor. Most of your entire elementary and high school education transpired while light was traveling form Procyon to Earth.
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- Pollux is 34 lightyears away. Pollux is the twin Constellation of Gemini. That light left in 1981 the same time the Space Shuttle Columbia was first flown. Ronald Reagan was President.
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- Capella is the Constellation Auriga is 42 lightyears away. It left in 1973. That was the first year we lived in Santa Rosa. We were living in the Hillside Motel on Highway 12. One room with two kids. Debbie was 7 years old and Doug was 4. And the light from Capella left 42 years ago.
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- Aldebaran is 65 lightyears away. It’s light left in 1950. that light took a hourney of a lifetime. On January 1. 2015 Aldegaran will e next to a full moon. It will happen again on January 29.
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- Betelgeuse is in the Constellation Orion. It is 640 lightyears away. Those are old photons entering the retina of your eye. If you could see back that far on Earth you would be witnessing the European Renaissance in history.
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- Rigel also is in the Constellation Orion. It is 860 lightyears distance. It is the 7th brightest star in the sky, and, that far away. Now we are talking about a lookback time to the Crusades in Earth history.
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- On January 8, Nathan’s birthday, the Moon will be next to Jupiter. It is the farthest distance in its orbit around the Earth, 251,909 miles ( the apogee ).
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- On January 16 the Moon passes by Saturn.
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- On January 21 the Moon is at its closest to Earth, 223,473 miles. ( the perigee ), and, it pass by Venus ( 6 degrees ). 10 arc degrees is a closed fist at arms length.
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- On January 22 the Moon passes by Mars ( 4 degrees ).
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- On January 23 Europa, Callisto, and Io , moons orbiting Jupiter have their shadows transit the surface of the planet.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Thursday, January 1, 2015 ---
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Wednesday, December 31, 2014

Saturn's Moon , Enceladus, has under ice oceans?

- 1714 - Saturn’s moon - Enceladus New discoveries suggest an underwater ocean that contains ammonia anti-freeze and exits plums or geysers through the thick icy crust on the surface. Check the data and see if you agree?
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----------------- 1714 - Saturn’s moon - Enceladus
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- In 2004 When Cassini spacecraft reached Saturn it discovered a plume of water erupting from the south pole of the moon, Enceladus.
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- To date it has spotted over 100 of these plums. Astronomers are convinced there is a huge ocean of water below the icy surface of Enceladus.
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- The spacecraft is orbiting 60 miles above the surface of this moon. By studying the orbit carefully astronomers can map the gravity changes and then the landscape of the mass below.
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- The result is a topographical map of the surface. Of course, the gravitational tugs must correct for those coming from the Sun, planets and other moons in the system. It must correct for the radiation pressure from the Sun, from the radiation pressure on board the spacecraft, and energy sources, from the drag caused by passing through the geyser plums. Well, you can see there is a lot of science and math needed to get to these correct conclusions.
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- The conclusion: There is an ocean about the size of Lake Superior under a 25 mile thick sheet of ice.
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- The underground ocean is kept liquid by the friction produced by the push and pull tidal forces due to Saturn’s gravity. It is the same effect that the ocean tides that occur on Earth due to the Moon’s gravity.
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Other reviews on this topic:
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- #957 - Enceladus is 311 miles in diameter and would fit inside the state of Colorado. It is the second closest moon orbiting Saturn outside the rings by 148,000 miles
It reflects nearly 100% of its sunlight.
Our Moon only reflects 7% of its sunlight.
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Enceladus is 3.9% the size of the Earth and 0.0014% the mass of the Earth.
Earth radius = 6.378*10^6 meters. Earth mass = 5.9742*10^24 kilograms
3.9% or radius = 0.2487*10^6 m which would put the volume at 4/3*Pi*r^3
at V = 6.45*10^18 m^3 Density = mass / volume = 1,297 kg/m^3
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Enceladus is 114 times larger than our Moon and 0.114% the mass of our Moon.
Moon radius is 1,738 meters. 114 times is 1.98*10^5 meters. Volume is 32.5*10^15 m^3.
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Moon mass is 7.348*10^22 kg. 0.114% of that is 8.53*10^19 kg.
Density = 2620 kg / m^3 which is twice as high as other calculations that put the density very nearly that of water. To get the two calculations in agreement. The mass of Enceladus needs to be 0.111% that of the Moon. And the size needs to be 140 times , not 114 times that of the Moon. Stay tuned there is still more to learn.
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Enceladus density is 1240 kilograms / m^3 nearly the same as pure water 1,000 Kg /m^3
Its rotation and orbit are locked at 1.37 days ( 32.9 hours ).
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- #1166 - Saturn has 62 moons. The plums on Enceladus are called cyrovolcanoes. The
temperature of the water is -136 F but still liquid because it contains ammonia which is a natural anti-freeze.
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- #1362 - The escape velocity is only 500 miles per hour.
The average temperature is -337F
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Wednesday, December 31, 2014 ---
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Tuesday, December 30, 2014

Redshifts of distant galaxies?

- 1713 - Colors change for far away galaxies. We can calculate their radial velocity by the amount of shift that happens to colors of light as it travels through expanding space. Using Hubble’s constant rate of space expansion we can calculate the distance to the galaxy.
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----------------- - 1713 - Colors change for far away galaxies
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- The frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range , say from 3 cycles per second for electric power to 3,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 cycles per second for Gamma Rays.
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- The speed of light remains constant at 300,000,000 meters per second. ( 670,633,500 miles per hour).
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- And, the frequency * the wavelength = the constant speed of light.
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---------------------- f * w = c
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------------------- cycles per second * meters = meters per second
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- Since the product of (f * w) is s constant when one increase the other decreases.
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- Therefore the wavelength covers a long range as well in the opposite direction from electric power 100,000,000 meters to Gamma Rays 0.000,000,000,000,0001 meters.
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- Visible light is in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum covering the range 400 to 700 nanometers ( 10^-9 meters). All the colors together are white light. The colors separately each have a different wavelength.
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---------------------- blue -------------- 450 nanometers
---------------------- green ------------ 550 nanometers
---------------------- yellow ----------- 600 nanometers
---------------------- orange ---------- 650 nanometers
---------------------- red -------------- 700 nanometers
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- The wavelengths are created by the different energy levels an electron jumps inside an atom. Every element atom has different energy levels, and a different number of electrons.
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- In the hydrogen atom, when the single electron jumps ( falls ) from level 5 at -3.4 electron volts to level -13.6 electron volts at the ground state it jumps 10.2 electron volts. Which means it emits 10.2 electron volts of energy.
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- The wavelength of energy for that change in energy level can be calculated by:
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------------------------------ E - Eo = h * c / w
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---------------- h = Planck’s constant
---------------- c = speed of light
---------------- w = wavelength
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----------------- 10.2 = ( 6.63*10^-34) * (3 * 10^8) / (1.6022*10^-19) * w
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------------------ w = 121.6 nanometers.
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- Different atoms all have different energy levels for the electrons and have different wavelengths of radiation emission or absorptions when their electrons change energy levels. Hydrogen is the most dominate representing 90% of all elements in the Universe.
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----------------- hydrogen ----------- 121.6 nm ( electron jumps from level 5 to level 1)
----------------- ethanol ------------ 290 nm and 186 nm
---------------- carbon monoxide ----2700 nm
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- If we know the atom that is emitting the particular radiation and say it is coming from the star Vega, and it was 656.285 nanometers when it left Vega, and it was 656.255 nanometers when we received it on Earth, we can calculate the radial velocity of the star Vega:
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----------------------- The change in wavelength measures the velocity of the source:
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---------------------- v / c = w - wo / wo
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---------------------wo = 656.285 nm
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-------------------- w = 656.255 nm
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------------------ v / c = - 4.5712*10^-5
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- “-” , negative means the star Vega is moving towards us
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--------------- v = 113.7 kilometers / second = -30,647 miles per hour.
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- Vega is in a galaxy group where gravity overpowers the expansion of space. More distant galaxies will have a recession radial velocity rather than a closing radial velocity.
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- If we know the recession speed of a star at a distant galaxy, we can calculate its distance using Hubble’s Constant expansion of space , “H”.
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---------------- Distance = rate * time
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---------------- H = 1 / time
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--------------- Distance = recession velocity / H
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------------------ H = constant 2.5 * 10^-18 / second
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------------------ H = constant 47,000 miles per hour / million lightyears.
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- We have to assume the expansion of the Universe is a constant rate, or, that this recession velocity is an accurate average. But, if we detect a hydrogen emission line at 358 nanometers in the Infrared and we know it left the Quasar’s hydrogen gas in the distant galaxy at 121.6 nanometers in the ultraviolet then the calculation for the distance comes from:
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------------- recession velocity / speed of light = (w/wo)^2 -1 / (w/wo)^2 +1
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---------------- “w” = wavelength measured
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-----------------”wo” = wavelength emitted by the source, hydrogen gas
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---------------- w/wo = 358 / 121.6 = 2.96
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-------------- recession velocity / c = (2.96)^2 -1 / (2.96)^2 +1
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-------------- recession velocity / c = 0.78
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--------------- recession velocity is 78% the speed of light
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-------------- recession velocity = 0.78 ( 3 *10^8) = 2.35 * 10^8 meters per second.
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- Using Hubble’s constant:
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---------------- Distance = velocity / H = 2.35*10^8 m/sec / 2.5*10^-18 /sec
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--------------- Distance = 9.45*10^26 meters
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- one lightyear = 9.4605 *10^15 meters
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-------------- Distance = 10^10 lightyears
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- Distance to the galaxy is 10 billion lightyears.
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(1) Redshift formula : (w/wo)^2 = (1 + v/c) / (1 - v/c)
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(2) Measuring frequency instead of wavelength:
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-------------------- f = fo ( 1 + v/c)
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- (3) 1 / H = age of the Universe
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-------------- 1/H = 1 / 2.5*10^-18 sec / 3.16*10^7 sec/year = 13 billion years.
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- (4) If he age of the Universe is 13.862 billion years. The Hubble constant is 1/ age.
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------------------------- 1 / (13.862*10^9 years) * (5.88 *10^18 miles / lightyear) * year / (8.76 * 10^3 hours) = 48,400 miles per hour / million lightyears for the average expansion velocity.
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--------------------- H = 48,400 mph / MLY
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---------------------- H = 74.2 kilometers / second / mega parsec
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- (5) Other reviews on the subject:
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- #1695 Measuring astronomical distances
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- #1603 Finding the farthest galaxy
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- # 1550 the redshift tells us how old it is?
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---------------- time = 12.65 + 0.6 z
---------------- “z” = redshift
---------------- v/c = (z^2 + 2z) / (z^2 + 2z + z)
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- #1501 Redshifting back in time. The most distant quasar galaxy had a redshift of 7. That means the signal left the galaxy 770,000,000 years after the Big Bang.
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- #835 The redshift explained.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Tuesday, December 30, 2014 ---
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Monday, December 29, 2014

Leave Sleeping Bears Lie?

- 1712 - Sleeping Bears, have some good things going for them. Humans could learn from them to avoid many diseases.

----------------- - 1712 - Sleeping Bears, have some good things going for them.
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- Wake up a Grizzly Bear and you have an angry animal to deal with. He would prefer to sleep as long as 8 months, depending on the length of winter. So, don’t disturb him.
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- When your resources are low be like a bear and hibernate. Sleep replaces all eating and activity. This technique also works after a Christmas dinner and too much wine.
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- When you hibernate blood flow to the brain reduces to 10% of normal. The same thing happens with video games.
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- Bears can handle it, but , if that happened during “normal” for humans it would be a “stroke“. But, under hibernation sleep your metabolism is so slow no brain damage occurs.
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- This same result also occurs if your body temperature is brought down to near freezing. People’s lives have been saved from drowning in a frozen lake because the fell through the ice and could be rescued several minutes after they had stopped breathing.
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- Bears store 100 pounds extra of fat and have no activity during hibernation but somehow avoid diabetes. They can continue to regulate insulin burning glucose at a reduced rate.
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- Bears are totally inactive, lying in their den for months, but they avoid bone deteriorating. Somehow during hibernation they recycle bone even while asleep. If humans could do this they could avoid osteoporosis disease.
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- When your body is exercising your metabolism is aerobic and you are burning sugars. When you heart beat slows down and your body switches to anaerobic metabolism you start burning fat. A side effect of this change can be a build up of lactic acid ( That is why you do a “ cool down” after exercise.)
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- Hibernating animals can do this change in metabolism without producing lactic acid that can kill body cells. During cardiac surgery doctors would like to learn how to keep the patient at low oxygen ( no heart beat ) without building up lactic acid that injures organs during the procedure.
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- Grizzly bears have some thing going for them that we need to learn. Stay tuned, see what’s next. Bears could teach us how to avoid strokes, diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease and video games.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Monday, December 29, 2014 ---
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