1978 - Gravity, how does it happen?

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----------------------------------   1978  -  Gravity  - how does it happen?
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-  Gravity is a mystery.  It is free fall.  The moon is free falling around the Earth as it just misses us on each orbit.  You are free falling right now.  It is just the ground is stopping you.  In grade school we learned that gravity was always an attractive force between two masses.  Later we learned that gravity was infinite and that it pervades all of space.  It has infinite range that simply gets progressively weaker with distance.  The gravity force decreases at the inverse square of distance;
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----------------------------  F  =  m x M  /  d^2
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--------------------------  Gravity Force  =  product of 2 masses  /  ( distance )^2
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-   We have learned that gravity travels at the speed of  light.  Most recently we have discovered that gravity travels as waves.
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-   Gravity was first defined by Isaac Newton in 1666.  He gave us the above formula for the universal force of gravity.
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-  In 1915 that all changed.  Albert Einstein published the Theory of General Relativity stating that gravity was not a force at all.  Rather a distortion in space and time.
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-  Today we still struggle with defining gravity in terms of Quantum Mechanics.  Gravity above is defined as a variable according to mass.  General Relativity defines gravity with the property of the curvature of space-time.  It is how mass reacts to the distorted space.  Mass is simply following the closest, and easiest path through the fabric of space-time.
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-  The qualities of gravity do not have an independent existence.  If there is no mass there is no gravity. 
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-  If somehow gravity was turned off space and time would disappear as well.
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-  This concept for gravity is unlike the electromagnetic force.  It cannot be turned off by a neutral charges.  You cannot turn off gravity by neutralizing space or time.
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-  The equations of 1915 are the most detailed mathematical theory of how gravity works.  In 90 years no error has been discovered in this math versus our observations.
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-  The newest experiments being tested involve the concepts of gravitational waves and frame dragging.  These phenomena exist around rotating massive objects, like two rotating Blackholes.
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-  The Theory of Relativity predicts gravitational waves as distortions in space - time caused by the acceleration of matter.  The electromagnetic force is also produced by the acceleration of charged articles.  Both are waves that carry energy. Both travel at the speed of light , 186,000 miles per second.
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-  Gravitational waves were discovered in 2004.  Orbiting pulsars (neutron stars ) were found loosing energy because they were emitting gravity waves.  The math proved the observations to be accurate.  The pulsars provided accurate clocks to measure orbits.  The orbits shrinking exactly matched the energy that gravity was removing from the system.
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-  In 2016 twin LIGO gravity wave detectors registered  simultaneous pulses of geometry distortions created by passing gravity waves.  These waves originated in colliding and rotating Blackholes billions of lightyears away .
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-  In 1997 frame dragging was  detected in X-ray studies of distant Blackholes .  As a massive Blackhole rotates it drags  space-time around with it.
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-  This phenomena implies that you can not have stable orbits around a rotating body. An experiment using Gravity Probe B satellite confirmed this in 2011.  The satellite experienced space-time precisely shifted in magnitude due to the rotating mass of the Earth.
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-  Gravity seems to operate the same with anti-matter as with matter.  The Large Hadron Collider experiment is trying to confirm this phenomena.  At least we know that anti-matter does not fall “up’.
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-  A new mystery of gravity has surfaced.  It has to do with Dark Matter.  Using mathematical laws of gravity 63% of the mass in the Universe is Dark Matter, but, we have not identified a particle, any verifiable substance, that can account for this unknown mass.
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-  Normal matter comes together and interacts with light. It absorbs, emits, reflects, with electromagnetic  radiation.  However, normal matter cannot account for all the gravity we see in the universe.  For example:  The Coma Cluster of galaxies move far to quickly to account for mathematically the visible mass we can see.  The mass needed to keep the rotating galaxies from flying apart is 50 times greater than the mass that is visible.
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-  Astronomers cannot reconcile these observations.  Either the math for gravity is wrong, or, there is 6 times more mass than what electromagnetic radiation can detect.
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-  The math tells us there is an invisible halo of Dark Matter around stars, gas, and globular clusters.  Even our own Milky Way Galaxy.  If you measure the orbital velocity of stars rotating around the center of our galaxy they do not follow the math.  More distant stars from the center should be flying off  into space.  But, they are  not.  Some unseen mass is holding stars in galaxies together?
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-  Is there a form of matter that interacts with gravity , but does not interact with electromagnetism?
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-  What about galaxy’s behavior in the early universe?  Have these same behaviors existed throughout history?
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-  Dwarf Galaxies appear to have a much higher percentage of Dark Matter present than the 5 to 1 ratio of normal galaxies.  Early studies , limited data, still confirms that more distant galaxies rotate  more slowly at their outskirts than at their centers.  Some data would suggest that Dark Matter was less dominate in the early universe.
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- Is there a consistent drop-off in rotational velocity as you move away from the center of all galaxies?
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-  There seems to be  very good evidence for the existence of Dark Matter even at these different stages of galactic evolution.
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-  So, is the theory of gravity incomplete?  Are there some undiscovered particles that explain these phenomena?   It took us 50 years to discover the Higgs Boson.  Let’s hope we don’t need another 50 years to discover the source of Dark Matter.
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-  The jury is still out.  It is not conclusive.  Is there Dark Matter or, is there modified gravity?  We need more data!
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(1)  There are 14 more reviews about gravity , gravitational lensing,  Planck’s Constant, gravitons, space, time, gravity waves, acceleration,  #1875 and #1885 has the index,, all available upon request.
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Sweden’s New Government.

-  1969  -  Sweden’s New Government.  Sweden has put its government house in order (mostly, still some ways to go)  They have abandoned left and right ideology and focused on practicality.  It is working.
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----------------  1969 -  Sweden’s New Government
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-  Sweden and the other Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway, and Finland are smallish countries with greater flexibility and greater success in reforming government.  Compare improvements to what you see in Washington DC and in California.  My references below will just say Sweden but could apply to other Nordics as well.
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-  Sweden has risen out of the 1990’s with vast improvements in economic competitiveness, social health, and happy citizenry.  The have used good management to avoid the economic sclerosis of southern Europe and the US’s extreme inequality.
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-  Sweden had a debt crisis in 1990, like the US has today.  Sweden went “ practical”.  They reformed their public sector.  They focused their government on efficiencies and responsiveness.
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--  The US focus today is on how our new health plans will affect citizen incomes. It is locked up in Congressional in fighting. The Swedish idea was to have a “ lean” government.  This is a shock to French leftist who thought it was socialist Scandinavia .  And, on the other shock Barak Obama’s dreams to take the US into Swedenisation.  Both were way out of date.  Sweden has changed from the 1970’s and 1980’s  when they were a tax and spend country.
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-  In 1993 Sweden’s public spending was 67% of its GDP.  Their most successful entrepreneurs were taxed at 100%.    In 1970 they were the 4th richest country in the world.  In 1993 they were the 14th.
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-  Today’s government share of GDP is 18%.  Corporate tax rates are 22%.  While our Congress dithers over reforms and gets nothing done.  Sweden has reformed its pension system.  Its budget deficit is 0.3 % of GSP.  The US is carrying a 7% budget deficit which is 23 times greater than Sweden’s.
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-  How?  They have allowed private firms to manage their hospitals.  Unlike the US VA.  They have school vouchers for private, for-profit schools that compete directly with the public schools.  School choice is even encouraged.
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-  The US government ( Washington DC) promotes itself as having “ transparency” and the “ highest technologies”.  This is “  fake news” and so un-true.  We have more congressional investigations, FBI, NSA, probes, commissions into secrets and fraud , and political corruption than you can shake a stick at.    And, stick shaking is about the extent of any accountability.  Maybe on finger shaking!
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-  In direct contrast, Sweden forces government to operate in the bright light of day.  Sunshine is the best disinfectant.  “Everyone” is given access to “all” official records.  It does not take years, dozens of subpoenas, a boat load of lawyers, to find out what actually goes on in “their” government.  Politicians are vilified by the public if they display any extravagant spending.  Most ride a bicycle to work.  Sweden is a leader in efficient electronic government.  You can even pay your taxes using your cell phone app.
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-They have competitive capitalism coexisting  with the 30% that is in the public sector.  The stated objective is to be stout free-traders always resisting any government intervention.  They let Saab go bankrupt.  Volvo is now owned by the Chinese.
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-  Government policies actually make it easier for employers to sack workers.  The  government focuses on support and training for the unemployed.  They even help them with venture-capital networks.
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-  Ok, but it is not all perfect.  There is much more to be done.  Their taxation and regulations are still high enough to encourage entrepreneurs to move abroad.  Too many people, especially immigrants are living off of government benefits.  Global competition is forcing more government cuts.  They need more means-testing of all welfare benefits.
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-  The European Union is 7% of the world’s population, but, 50% of its “ social spending”.  The Nordic lesson is to focus on practically, not ideology.  Government is not popular unless it works.  Swedes pay taxes more willingly than Californians because they get good schools and decent health care.  They have learned to inject market mechanisms into welfare and entitlement programs.  The emphasize on sharpening performance today in order to relieve the burden on future generations.
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-  They have abandoned the orthodoxies of the left and the right.  They have adopted the pragmatic that produces good ideas that work.  They have become a laboratory that the US should study and follow.  California is sorely lacking in adopting many of these good ideas.  Send Jerry to Sweden.
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-  Stockholm is now dealing with international terrorism.  The bad news that follows Globalization.  If you are doing well, much of the rest of the world hates you.  Protectionism may be the unfortunate result.  The whole world is dealing with this.  Let’s pray for our leadership and our military.  It is a rough world out there.
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Lessons in science

-  1968  -  Lessons in science.    Key steps to success in achieving new discoveries.  Learn from the ancients and  stand on the shoulders of giants.  First become a student and a teacher will come.  Being wrong is a major part of the learning process, especially in science.
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----------------  1968  -  Lessons in science  .
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-  Most new ideas in science turn out to be wrong.   That is because science is working on the frontiers of our knowledge.
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-  But, new ideas are worth pursuing regardless of the risks of being wrong.  You should never be ashamed of being wrong.  Always be proud of your pursuit.  Wrong is a learning experience.  And, that in an of itself is one of the hardest things to learn.
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-  The fact that having organisms populating change over time is obvious today.  However, ‘evolution” as a science was hotly debated for 100’s of years.  It flew in the face of all religious teachings at the time.
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-  Setting up the problem, defining the problem, is often harder than solving the problem.
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-  In the real world things are messy and complex.  Just look at the middle east situations today.  Plowing your way through a problem once “defined” is the easy part.  But, it   still may take some determination to pursue your own conclusions.
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-  Being able to winnow away the irrelevant parts of the problem is the key contributing factors and is often. the harder part  (  See Review on Critical Thinking, the first question is ‘  Is this important” )  Get to the relevant parts and leave the rest behind.
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-  What did it take knowing the Earth is orbiting the Sun due to an invisible gravitational pull.  A force directly proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.   Then, describing the Earth as actually falling freely through curved space and time which was created by the Sun’ s mass.  A great leap of faith and learning.  Whole new definitions of reality.
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-  Making a big advance in your knowledge often requires challenging your deepest assumptions.  Learning to look at reality with new eyes.
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-  A common assumption even today is that space is fixed and absolute.  That time is always ticking at a constant rate, one second per second.  Clocks around the world can be easily synchronized to the same time.  The speed of light communications separates these clocks.  You can not overcome that.
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-  Following your intuition , doing the obvious, will never get you as  far as doing the math.  Math can open new eyes.
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-  Kepler did the math.  The idea of orbiting in nested perfect circles would never let the ancients’ observations fit the math, or vice versa.  Substituting ellipses lead to the new laws of planetary motion.
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-  Do the testing to learn,  do the predictions match the observations?  Check your theories do they really match reality?  You will never know if there is a better way if you don’t test it.  Defining observation with math even works with your finances.  The most powerful financial law is in compound interest.
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-  Get over it!  Failing at something, having a bad idea, simply being wrong, are NOT NEGATIVES.  They need to be seen as simply necessary steps on the path to success.
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-  Solving a problem happens once it is formulated properly.  The human brain is a powerful thing.  It invented this math stuff to solve problems.
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 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, April 7, 2017  -----
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Diet versus exercise.

-  1967  -  Diet versus Exercise.  Why physical activity does little to control weight?.  How does a California couch potato calorie burns compare to an Africa hunter - gatherer?  Does your DNA have anything to do with choice you should make, diet or exercise?
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----------------  1967  -  Diet versus Exercise.
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-  Some doctors went on an African safari to possibly learn some answers to the above questions.  They tested African bush people who hunted giraffes for food.  They were in the desert hunting with spears and dart blow pipes.  The doctors were using sophisticated medical equipment including mass spectrometers.  The could do scientific testing that compared primitive hunters to califonia couch potatoes.
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-  To make these tests the patients were to drink expensive bottles of water enriched in rare isotopes, deuterium and oxygen-18.  Analyzing their urine they would measure the daily rate of carbon dioxide production.  Then calculate their daily energy expenditure, calories burned.
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-    They accumulated a record of calories burned each day during their hunting expeditions.  The conclusion surprised them:  Humans tend to burn the same number of calories regardless how physically active they are.
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-  At the same time modern humans have evolved to burn considerably more calories than their primitive ancestors, or other primates.
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-  Why does the physical exercise not generally result in weight loss?
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-  Energy is central to everything in biology.  Calories in and calories burned.  Metabolism , the sum of physical and chemical processes in the body.
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-  Evolution, we turn energy into kids who use natural selection to gain maximum return on each calorie spent.
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-  In the last 10,000 years humans have evolved from hunter - gatherers to couch potatoes with  farming and cooking doing the real work.  The standard thinking is the hunter-gatherers daily energy expenditures keeps them trim and fit.  Couch potatoes with reduced energy expenditure turn unburned calories into fat.  That was “ standard thinking”.
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-  But, that is not what the isotope ratio mass spectrometer measurements told them.
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-  Bush men burned 2600 calories a day, women 1900 calories per day.
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-  California couch potatoes did the same.  How is this  possible?  Physically active people burn more calories, right?   Couch potatoes burn nothing TV watching.
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-  But, these tests showed that populations coddled by the modern conveniences of the developed world have similar energy expenditures to those living in less developed countries living more physically demanding lives.
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-  These same tests showed that monkeys, apes, lemurs as captured primates in labs and zoos expend the same number of calories as those in the wild.  Sheep and kangaroos kept penned versus those that roam free.  Giant pandas in the zoo versus those in the wild.  Same result!
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-  Comparing couch potatoes to those moderately active people used on average of only 200 calories less.  What is going on to not have a greater difference?
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-  The body adjusts to higher activity levels to maintain daily energy expenditures  in check.
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-  The body apparently makes up the difference in energy budget by reducing its house keeping chores that our cells and organs use to  keep us alive.  Saving energy on these processes make room for other activity.
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-  Exercise reduces inflammatory activity that our immune system mounts as well as reproductive hormones such as estrogen.  All this to keep our calorie count constant.
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-  Daily active exercise will result in fewer ovulatory cycles and slower tissue repair.
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-  Obesity is a disease of gluttony rather than a lack of exercise  We gain weight when calories consumed exceed calories expended.
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---------------------  “  You can’t out run a bad diet”  --------------------
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-  However, it is not just weight that you should be concerned about.  Exercise improves your heart and your immune system.  Exercise keeps you healthy.  Diet alone can keep the weight off.
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-  Rabbits reproduce prodigiously but die young.  Investing in one trait means investing less in another.
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-  Our brains are comparatively so large as to consume 25% of our oxygen.  Every 4th breath you take goes to feed your brain.  Yet, humans have bigger babies, live longer, and are more physically active than our ape relatives.
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-  Humans consume and expend 400 more calories daily than chimpanzees.  Our digestive tract is smaller and less costly than that of apes.  Apes need more in order to digest fibrous, plant based diets.
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-  Humans are the only species that has learned to cook.  This alone greatly increases the calorie value of food.  It becomes much more efficient to digest.
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-  Fat evolved as a critical energy buffer to survive lean times. If your times are not lean you don’t need it.  Loose it.
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-  Hunter-gatherers who lead physically active lives burn the same number of calories as us couch potatoes.  Human’s metabolic engine has evolved to support our costly brains.  Think about it.   Food for thought.
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Math - The easy way

-  1966  -  Math  - the easy way.  School teachers need all the tricks in the world to stay ahead of those young, energetic, expanding minds.  Here are a few tricks that will be stretching their thinking caps.
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------------------------------  1966  -  Math  - the easy way.
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-  This teacher had an unruly class.  So she tried to occupy them with this simple problem.  Add up all the whole numbers from 1 to 100.
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-  Carl Fredrich Gauss quickly blurted out the answer 5,050.
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-  “Carl, how did you do the math so fast?”  In your head?
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-  Well, recognize that 1 to 100 is a series.  Take the first 1 and add it to the last 100 and you get 101.  Add 2 to 99 and you get 101.  Add 3 to 98 and you get 101,  ………….   50 + 51 = 101.   Do that 50 times and you get 5,050.
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-  You can do the same trick adding up all the numbers from 1 to 1,000.
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-  500 pairs of 1,001 and you get 500,500.
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-  How about adding all the even numbers  from 2 to 2,000.
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-  OK, that is tougher.  We need a short cut .  We already did half that adding up 1 to 1,000.  So, 2  *  500,500  =  1,001,000.
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-  Add all the odd numbers from 1 to 1,001.  That is tougher still.  The trick is to recognize the formula for the series:
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-  Here is the series:  1  +  3  +  5  +  7  +  ………….  +  (2n -1)
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--------------------------1,    2,     3,      4,    , ………..   =   “n”
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------------  SUMS  =  1 ,  4,    9,       16,  …………  =  n^2
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-------------   sum of the series  (2n - 1)   =   n^2
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-------------  sum of the series =  n@  =   500^2  =  250,000
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-  Carl had many different ideas using math.  The teacher was teaching how to add up columns of numbers from left to right then  carry to the left when necessary.
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---------------------------  127
---------------------------  301
------------------------  +  546
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---------------------------   974
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-  Carl , said watch this teacher, this is easier adding right to left:  And you can do it in your head:
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----------------------------  100  -------  20  -----  7
----------------------------  300  -------    0  -----  1
-------------------------  +  500  ------   40  -----  6
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---------------------------   900  -------  60  -----  14  =  974
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-  Another problem:
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-----------------------------  241
-----------------------------  130
--------------------------  +  427
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----------------------------   798
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-  Carl , said watch this teacher, this is easier adding right to left:
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----------------------------  200  -------  40  -----  1
----------------------------  100  ------    30  -----  0
-------------------------  +  400  ------   20  -----  7
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---------------------------   700  -------  90  -----  8  =  798
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-  There are a lot of these tricks.  To divide a number by 5, first multiply by 10  then divide by 2.
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-  Say you at McDonald’s and you hamburgers and shakes come to $26.14.  And, she is cute, you want to add a 15% tip.
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-----------------------  10%    =  $2.61
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------------------------   5%    =  $1.30
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----------------------  15%     =  $3.91
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-  Give the girl a  $4 tip and be done with it.
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-  You can remember “ pi” to 6 digits by:
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-----------  “  May I draw a round perimeter?”
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-------------”  3.    1   4    1    5           9
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-  Pi  = 3.14159.…………
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-  Get it?
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-  The study of math cultivates the reasoning.  It is the best discipline for the mind and the best mental training for the world you are entering.  Always do the math.
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 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Wednesday, April 5, 2017  -----
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Inventions by accident

-  1965  -    INVENTIONS  -  by accident. You would be surprised how many inventions happen by accident.  The trick is to be always paying attention, be thinking, have limitless curiosity.  Why?  How?
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----------------  1965  -    INVENTIONS  -  by accident.
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-  You probably have heard the expression:  “ I would rather be lucky than good.”
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-  Then that other expression:  “You need to make your own luck”.
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-  It helps if you are thinking and observing when luck comes along.  Here are some examples:
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-  When Jean Baptiste Jolly spilled his oil lamp containing distilled turpentine on his wife’s table cloth, he immediately cleaned it up .  What amazed him was the table cloth got cleaner than ever before.  He invented dry cleaning.  Of course, better liquids were later found.  Turns out working with turpentine is not too healthy.
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-  When Alfred Nobel was transporting sensitive material in glass flasks packed in soil, a flask broke.  The nitroglycerin soaked into the soil , making the explosive material much easier to handle.  Dynamite was invented.  Nitroglycerin was just to dangerous to handle in liquid form.
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-   Percy L. Spencer was working on Raytheon’s radar equipment.  He had a candy bar in his pocket.  It melted.  Interesting?  So, he put a bag of un-popped popcorn in front of the radar.  It popped.  The microwave oven was discovered.  Percy always had a warm lunch.
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-  In 1940 Georges de Mestral walked through the woods and came home with his pants covered with “ cockleburs”.   They were little burrs with hooks on the end.  He studied them under a microscope.  He could see how the hooks were working themselves into the cloth.  He discovered  “ Velcro”.
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-  I can never decide what is a discovery and what is an invention?????-
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- In 1965  James Schlatter was working  with drugs designed to treat ulcers.  He got some on his hands and licked his fingers.  It tasted like sugar.  Artificial sweeteners were discovered.  You should not make a habit of tasting chemistry.  You might discover rat poison.
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-  Robert Cheesbrough in 1859 was watching oil workers scrub the waxy substance off their machinery.  The workers told him that this “ rod wax” was good on wounds helping them to heal faster.  It took Robert 10 years to develop rod wax into colorless, odorless petroleum jelly  -  “ Vaseline”.
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-  Renek Antoine Ferchault de Reamon took up a whole sentence with his name.  But, in the 1700’s he was smart enough to observe how wasps made their nests out of wood shavings.  At the time, 1700’s, paper was made from cotton rags.  Reamon better paper could be made out of wood.  That’s what the wasps do.  Now trees in the south are grown just for that purpose, wood pulp.
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-  Roy Plunkett was a chemist in 1938 when a refrigerant he was working with suddenly  turned from a gas to a oily white powder.  The slippery powder was inert.  It was kept as a secret during World War II.  Roy had discovered, “Teflon“.
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-  So the trick is when accidents happen , pay attention.  I could be worth $millions.
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-  Note (1):  Request any of the Reviews by number to learn more see the references below:
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--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
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 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Tuesday, April 4, 2017  -----
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Politics: Trump versus Putin.

-  1964  -  Politics:  Trump versus Putin.  Donald Trump is a fish in new waters.  He is learning how to navigate the strange currents in Washington DC.
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----------------  -  1964  -  Politics  Trump versus Putin.
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-  Donald Trump is a fish in new waters.  He is learning how to navigate the strange currents in Washington DC.  Meanwhile Vladimir Putin is a powerful ideological symbol on the world stage.  Putin is a  hero to some populist conservatives and an anathema to progressive liberals.
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-  How should we think about Putin?
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-  Disregard all the press because it is mostly fake news.
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-  Putin is a leader of a rugged, poor, military powerful country.  His job has been to protect Russia prerogatives and sovereignty in an  international system the views Russia as a threat.
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-  Putin’s election in a “ democratic process” and his rise to power includes arresting and jailing his opponents.  Some may even have been murdered.  When he came to power in 1999  Russia was defenseless, bankrupt, and run by elites.
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-  The Yeltsin era before 2000 saw Russia’s political, economic, cultural, and moral life looted and destroyed.  Putin restrained these  billionaire elites and restored Russia’s standing abroad.
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-  An example of Yeltin’s looting was purchasing Russia’s oil production for $150 million in 1990.  It was valued at $20,000 million in 2004.  Putin reclaimed it recognizing it to be the only geopolitical lever he had over Europe.
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-  Russia and Israel share this in common, dangerous borders with the Islamic world.  Western progressives have trivialized Russia’s situation in the world.  Barrack Obama saw damaging Russia economically by not attending the 2014 Winter Olympics.  They published news on the jailed oil tycoons.  They published the Pussy Riots.  The published gay propaganda laws.  Are these really the important diplomatic issues of our times?
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-  President Obama even used Russian interference to de-legitimize last November’s election.  He tried to convince public opinion that Russia’s hacking into our election system changed the outcome.  Manufactured opinion or just fake news?
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-  The Obama administration accused Russia of hacking in to Vermont’s electrical grid.  It was all based on a single Russian computer found to contain “ commercially” available software code and  it was never connected to the electrical grid.  Fake news!
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-  New about Ukraine?  Was it a democratically elected government overthrown by an armed uprising backed by the US that was hoping to establish a NATO naval base on the Black Sea?  Or, was Russia just recapturing its own territory?
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-  President Reagan was a foreign policy thinker, not an ideologue.  He had the ability to set priorities.  What’s important?  He understood what contributed to our biggest threats and what were Russia’s biggest weaknesses.
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-  Many see Putin the way they saw Fidel Castro.  A leader that won’t submit to the world that surrounds him.
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- Putin has become a symbol of national sovereignty in a battle for world globalism.    Did we not experience the same thing in our own last election?
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-  Trump needs to take a Reagan look at Russia.  Set the right priorities.  Ask the first question , “ What’s important”..  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.  Fake news or critical thinking??????
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-  Note :  Request any of the Reviews by number to learn more.
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-   See Hillsdale College Imprimis March 2017
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-  #1954 -   Critical Thinking
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-  #1960  -  Fake News
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-  #1951  -  Government Intelligence, an oxymoron.
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-  #1945  -  Encryption
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----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, April 2, 2017  -----
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