- 4100
- Index of Reviews 4050 to 4100
- This index is of the 50 reviews from
4050 to 4100. Indices of all previous reviews is available
upon request. Writing style is
stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few pages in total. Comments are always welcome. See https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net
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------------------ 4100-
Index of Reviews 4050 to 4100
- 4050
- ELEMENTS -
Periodic Table of chemistry?
There are 92 natural elements. These are those elements listed in the
Periodic Table for Chemistry. We know
the heavier elements above hydrogen ( 1 proton) and helium ( 2 protons) are
produced in the explosions of stars, called supernovae. Hydrogen and helium were produced in the Big
Bang
-
- 4051
- DARK MATTER
- what simulations tell us? Dark Energy is the mysterious force that is
expanding the Universe causing all matter not held by greavity to accelerate
apart. Dark matter is the invisible
material that makes up the vast majority of the universe's mass, it may collect
itself to form atoms.
-
- 4052
- EFFIC IENT ENEREGY
- the better solution? Everyone
participating in energy efficiency is the fastest way and cheapest way to
achieve our energy needs over the next 50 years.
-
- 4053 - DARK
ENERGY - Why is it expanding the Universe? Most astronomical data we have today
confirms the fact (theory in fact) that the Universe is still expanding at an
ever increasing rate. The cause is
suspected to be some type of anti-gravity that is named “ Dark Energy”. We know what gravity is and we expected
gravity to eventually stop the expansion and reverse the Universe into a “ Big
Crunch”.
-
- 4054
- COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND ? The sixth wonder of the
Universe is the Cosmic Background Radiation.
It is everywhere, filling the entire Universe, in all places and in all
directions. You can see it as snow on
your UHF TV by tuning the receiver between stations.
-
- 4055 - GAMMA
RAY BURSTS - what
is the largest? What was the
brightest cosmic explosion of all time?
A jet of particles pierces a star as it collapses into a black hole
during a typical gamma-ray burst. This
jet was created by gamma-ray burst 221009A.
-
- 4056
- UNIVERSE - is
it a blackhole? Is it collapsing into one? The expansion of the universe in its early
days prevented all the matter from collapsing.
If our universe was born with way too much matter it could have slowed
down that expansion. But the fact is that there wasn't enough matter to do so,
and the expansion of the universe was able to dilute the material of the cosmos
enough so that it could never collapse again.
-
- 4057
- EARLIEST GALAXIES
- was this the beginning? The James Webb Telescope (JWST or Webb) has
unveiled hundreds of ancient galaxies that could be among the first members of
the universe. As early as 600 million
years after the Big Bang, these very young galaxies had complex structures and
clusters of star formation.
-
- 4058
- NUCLEAR FORCES - to
undertand atoms? To test the strong
nuclear force, physicists turned to the helium-4 nucleus, which has two protons
and two neutrons. When helium nuclei are excited, they grow like an inflating
balloon until one of the protons pops off.
-
- 4060
- MARS - the
forth planet from the Sun? The Red Planet
is a cold, desert world within our solar system. It has a very thin atmosphere,
but the dusty, lifeless planet is far from dull. Here are some new discoveries in space
exploration.
-
- 4061
- DARK SKIES -
why is it not filled with starlight?
When we look at dark skies we see all those stars sending us their
light. Why does all that light not fill
up the sky like our Sun? I know they are
far away but all that light should eventuall reach us.
-
- 4062 -
MOON - and Earth's rotation? In the prehistoric past, Earth may have been
stuck with 19-hour days for a billion years
and the moon was to blame.
Between 2 billion and 1 billion years ago, a full day lasted five hours
less than it does now because of how close the moon lingered near Earth.
-
- 4063 - GENERAL
RELATIVITY - new ways to
test? The theory of general
relativity (GR), proposed by Einstein over a century ago, remains one of the
most well-known scientific postulates of all time. This theory, which explains
how spacetime curvature is altered in the presence of massive objects, remains
the cornerstone of our most widely-accepted cosmological models.
-
- 4064
- GALAXIES - are
blackholes at the centers? The theory
of general relativity (GR) remains one of the most well-known scientific
postulates of all time. This theory, which explains how spacetime curvature is
altered in the presence of massive objects, remains the cornerstone of our most
widely-accepted cosmological models.
-
-
- 4065 - EARLIEST
STARS- may have been
discovered? JWST may have succeeded in
one of the biggest goals in the entire field of astrophysics. If this is
eventually confirmed as the first true detection of a “Population III star”, it
unlocks a whole new universe of scientific exploration and discovery.
-
- 4066 - GAMMA
RAY BURSTS - how
first discovered? On June 1, 1973,
astronomers around the world were introduced to a powerful and perplexing new
phenomenon called GRBs (gamma-ray bursts). Today sensors on orbiting satellites
like NASA's Swift and Fermi missions detect a GRB somewhere in the sky about
once a day on average. Astronomers think the bursts arise from catastrophic
occurrences involving stars in distant galaxies, events thought to produce new
black holes.
-
- 4067
- GAMMA RAY
BURSTS - how to explain them? Fifty years ago, on June 1, 1973,
astronomers around the world were introduced to a powerful and perplexing new
phenomenon called GRBs (gamma-ray bursts). Today sensors on orbiting satellites
like NASA's Swift and Fermi missions detect a GRB somewhere in the sky about
once a day on average. Astronomers think the bursts arise from catastrophic
occurrences involving stars in distant galaxies, events thought to produce new
black holes.
-
- 4068 - EARTH'S
ORBIT - and salty seas? Nearly 10,000 years ago, Earth came out of
its most recent ice age. Vast, icy swaths of land around the poles thawed,
melting the glaciers that had covered them for nearly 100,000 years. Why, after such a long period of cold, did
the ice age finally come to an end?
-
- 4069
- MYSTERIES IN
ASTRONOMY? ASTRONOMY -
mysteries. No physicist would dare assert that our physical knowledge
of the universe is near completion. To the contrary, each new discovery seems
to unlock a Pandora's box of even bigger, even deeper physics questions. Here are some astronomical mysteries.
-
- 4070 -
EUCLID SPACE TELESCOPE
- observing the expansion of the
Universe. 5 billion years after the Big
Bang, the dynamics of the universe changed: instead of slowing down further,
the expansion of the universe is still accelerating today. This “dark energy”
now dominates the expansion.
-
- 4071 - NEUTRINOS
- discovered by IceCube
Observatory. The first 'ghost
particle' image of Milky Way galaxy are neutrinos detected by IceCube. Our Milky Way galaxy is an awe-inspiring
feature of the night sky, viewable with the naked eye as a horizon-to-horizon
hazy band of stars. Now, for the first time, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
has produced an image of the Milky Way using “neutrinos”, tiny, ghostlike
astronomical messengers, but not photons.
-
- 4072 - UNIVERSE
- new theories for
space-time? The Cosmological models
we are using today are built on a simple, century-old idea, but new
observations demand a radical rethink.
Our ideas about the universe are based on a century-old simplification
known as the cosmological principle. It suggests that when averaged on large
scales, the Cosmos is homogeneous and matter is distributed evenly throughout.
-
- 4073
- GRAVITY WAVES
- detected using Pulsars? Scientists have been hunting for the
gravitational wave background, a faint but persistent echo of gravitational
waves thought to have been set off by events that took place soon after the Big
Bang and the mergers of supermassive black holes throughout the universe.
-
- 4074
- NEW SPACE
TELESCOPES - Depending on what they find, Roman and
Euclid telescopes could confirm that General Relativity and the predominant
model of the cosmos, the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) model, is correct. On
the other hand, they could verify that our models need revision and point the
way toward a grand resolution.
-
- 4075
- SUMMER SOLTICE
- and more mysteries? The mid-year solstice in 2023 falls on 21
June.. Depending on where you are, this
will either be your winter solstice (for those in the southern hemisphere) or
the summer solstice (for our northern hemisphere).
-
- 4076 - MILKY WAY
GALAXY - learn about your home? How
can we see our Galaxy while living inside it? All the stars we see is the Milky Way
Galaxy, but, the milky path across the sky is what gives it its name. The Milky Way is what we see looking at our
galaxy edge-wise.
-
- 4077 - MILKYWAY
GALAXY - from the inside out? The more galaxies you observe the more you
realize that galaxies are like snowflakes, no two are alike. Astronomers are
surmising more every day what our galaxy looks like from the inside out.
-
- 4078
- SPACE TIME - was
Einstein right? Distortions in
space-time could put Einstein's theory of relativity to the ultimate test. Observing time distortions could show whether
Einstein's theory of general relativity accounts for the mysteries of dark
matter and dark energy.
-
- 4079
- OLDEST GALAXIES
- ever detected? James Webb telescope detects the earliest
strand in the 'cosmic web' ever seen.
The Space Telescope has discovered a clump of ancient galaxies that may
be the oldest strand of the "cosmic web" ever detected.
-
- 4080
- OLDEST GALAXY
- discovered by James Webb. A distant swirling galaxy imaged by the
powerful space telescope may look serene but it has a violent past. The serene-looking orange-red galaxy is a
cosmic spiral of gas, dust, and stars that hides a violent past representing
the wreckage of a massive collision between two earlier galaxies that proceeded
around 500 million years ago.
-
- 4081
- EARTH MYSTERIES
- why are we all wet? When the first Earth Day was held in 1970,
geologists were still putting the finishing touches on plate tectonics, the
model that explains how the Earth's surface takes shape. More than 40 years
later, many riddles still remain when it comes to our planet.
-
- 4082
- “EUCLID'S” -
space mission, 2023? July 1st,
2023 the ESA’s Euclid space telescope lifted off from Cape Canaveral in
Florida. This next-generation astrophysics mission will spend the next few
weeks flying to the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange Point, where it will spend the next
six years observing one-third of the sky.
-
- 4083
- GRAVITATIONAL LENSING
- measures galaxy mass? Gravitational lensing events are very rare,
with one galaxy in a thousand unveiling the phenomenon. Since quasars are seen
in about one every thousand galaxies a quasar acting as a lens is one in a
million. The scientists expect to detect hundreds of these lensing quasars with
the ESA-NASA mission Euclid, to be launched this summer with a Falcon-9 SpaceX
rocket.
-
- 4084 - JAMES
WEBB - 2023 planned explorations . The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has
accomplished some amazing things during its first year of operations! Webb completed its first deep field campaign,
turned its infrared optics on Mars and Jupiter, obtained spectra directly from
an exoplanet’s atmosphere, blocked out the light of a star to reveal the debris
disk orbiting it, detected its first exoplanet, and spotted some of the
earliest galaxies in the Universe that existed at Cosmic Dawn
-
- 4085 - BETELGUESE
- brightest ready to
explode? One of the brightest stars
in the night sky might die in a spectacular explosion within our lifetime. The
conjecture is that the red giant star Betelgeuse, the left shoulder of the
constellation Orion also known as Alpha Orionis, may have less than three
hundred years' worth of fuel left in its core.
-
- 4086 - UNIVERSE
TIME - ran slower in the beginning? Time moved '5 times slower' in the early
universe, a mind-bending black hole study reveals. This observation that the
universe appears to run slower in the past was made by scrutinizing the light
emitted by gigantic quasars.
-
- 4087
- DESI - new
astronomical discoveries? DESI
collects spectra, the different frequencies of l-ight that objects in space
emit. That light tells researchers how far away the object is, meaning they can
create a 3D map of the universe.
-
- 4088 -
OLDEST BLACKHOLE - James Webb telescope discovers the oldest
active black hole in the known universe.
Astronomers have discovered a feeding supermassive black hole from when
the universe was less than 600 million years old.
-
- 4089
- NEUTRON STARS
- new Webb discoveries? The James Webb telescope traced an
incredibly bright gamma-ray burst to a kilonova, a dramatic event believed to
forge heavy elements like gold. This
incredibly bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) was traced back to its source, a
violent collision between two neutron stars.
-
- 4090 - COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND - 13.6B years old? Astronomers have a new kind of telescope
called the “Murchison Wide-Field Array” installed in the remote desert of
Western Australia. Potentially this
telescope could look further back in time than the Cosmic Microwave Background,
which is at 370,000 years after the Big Bang.
-
- 4091
- UNIVERSE - What
is the universe made of? Beyond the “Standard-Model theories” have not yet
successfully predicted any new experimental phenomenon or any experimental
discrepancy. After five decades, far
from requiring an upgrade, the Standard Model is worthy of celebration as the
Absolutely Amazing “Theory of Almost Everything”.
-
- 4092 -
COSMIC RAYS and GAMMA RAYS?
Cosmic Rays and Gamma Rays are high energy phenomena that are amazing
things to study. They represent some of
the extremes of the Universe. Cosmic
Rays are not rays at all. They are
actually sub-atomic particles, usually the nuclei or hydrogen or helium
atoms. They obtain their high energy by
traveling so fast, often near the speed of light.
-
- 4093
- ICE AGE
- what caused it? What caused the last ice age to end
around 10,000 years ago? Nearly 10,000
years ago, Earth came out of its most recent ice age. Vast, icy swaths of land
around the poles thawed, melting the glaciers that had covered them for nearly
100,000 years.
-
- 4094
- MESONS - part
of the family of particles? Mesons
are brick layers. They work with
stones. Right? Wrong, that is masons. Mesons is not even in
Webster’s dictionary. You need a science
dictionary. Mesons are sub-atomic
particles. Mesons are not in our every
day world, but they are important for physicists to understand how our world
got to where it is.
-
- 4095
- STARS -
determining their ages? How old
are the stars? Well, they are all
different ages from just born to just dying at 13 billion years old. Our Sun is 4.6 billion years old and will not
die until it is 10 billion years old.
-
- 4096
- EARLIEST GALAXIES
- more than expected? As astronomers push our views of the
Universe further back in time, their telescopes keep uncovering surprises.
-
- 4097 - LIGHT
- how fast does it travel? Light travels vast but space has enormous
distances. By the way Andromeda Galaxy
is the farthest thing you can see with the naked eye. Check it out. It too 2.5 million years to
reach your eyes.
-
- 4098
- PLANETARY NEBULAE
- at center of Milkyway? Astronomers know a great deal about
planetary nebulas, but an arrangement of such clouds in the galactic bulge at
the center of our Milky Way galaxy has still been a puzzle since its discovery
10 years ago, 2013.
-
- 4099
- MILKYWAY GALAXY
- gas clouds at the center? A mysterious alignment of stellar
"ghosts" from dead stars haunts the heart of the Milky Way. They
exist in the form of planetary nebulas, clouds of gas that are expelled by
dying stars at the end of their lives. These can resemble butterflies or
hourglasses with the smoldering remains of the star at their heart.
-
- 4100 - WEBB TELESCOPE - sees
most distant galaxy? As astronomers
push our views of the Universe further back in time, their telescopes keep uncovering
surprises. That’s the case with a supermassive black hole in CEERS 1019, a
distant very early galaxy.
-
-
June
13,2023 Index of Reviews 4050 to 4100 4050
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--- Friday, July 21, 2023
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