Blackholes can be Big and Bright?

--------- #1350 - Blackholes Can Get Big and Bright?

- Attachment: Blackhole image

- We are learning more about Blackholes that occupy the Universe with us. However, they still remain beyond our comprehension. Blackholes come in all sizes. Their creation is really dependent on the ratio of mass to radius. Even the Sun would become a Blackhole if its diameter were squeezed down to about 3 miles. The Earth would become a Blackhole at ¾ inch.

- We have a Blackhole called Sagittarius at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. It is about 4,000,000 times the mass of the Sun, ( 4 million Solar Mass).

- There is a Blackhole in the Constellation Cygnus the Swan. Spot the constellation straight overhead. At about the center of the long neck of the swan. There is Cygnus
X-1. We can not see the Blackhole but we can see what happens around it. There is a blue star nearby that weighs 10 to 20 Solar Mass. This blue star is orbiting something in a tight circle every 5.6 days.

- Using Kepler’s laws for gravity we calculate that the mass at the center must be holding the holding the blue star in its orbit with 8.7 Solar Mass. The radius of orbit about the center is only 20,000,000 miles. ( Mercury is orbiting the Sun at an average radius of 36,000,000 miles.) Using our most powerful telescopes astronomers have found no trace of anything at the center of this circle.

- Until X-ray telescopes too a look. What appeared is a brilliant high-energy X-ray source. The radiation flickers with pulses as short as 1/100^th of a second. The flicker must occur with the entire object increases and decreases in illumination all at once. Light travels 3,000 kilometers in 1/100^th of a second. 1,860 miles in 1/100^th of a second. Therefore the Blackhole’s accretion disk must be less than 1,860 miles across. This is much smaller that the diameter of the Earth. To have over 8 times the mass of the Sun in this small of volume it must be a Blackhole. Calculations have put the size of the Blackhole at 1/20^th the size of the Moon. What is creating the X-rays is the in falling atoms that are orbiting the accretion disk at the Event Horizon of the Blackhole.

- When massive stars run out of nuclear fuel they collapse under the immense gravitational pressure with no radiation pressure to stop the collapse. The smaller they get the more dense they become, the higher the escape velocity needed to leave the surface. When the escape velocity exceeds 186,282 miles per second light itself can not escape.

- Escape Velocity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional to radius.

--------------- Vesc = constant * Mass / radius

- Any proportionality can be turned into an equality with the proper constant. In this case it is “G” the Gravitational Constant.

---------------- (Vesc)^2 = 2 * G * M / r

- If we substitute the values for the constants and put the mass in terms of Solar Mass, and set the escape velocity equal to “c” the speed of light the equation reduces to:

--------------- c^2 = 2* 6.67 *10^-11 * M / 2*10^30 kilograms * r

--------------- r = 3 kilometers * M / Ms

- The radius of a Blackhole accretion disk Event Horizon is simply 3 kilometers times the mass in Solar Masses. In this case it is 3 kilometers times 8.7 Solar Mass = 26 kilometers, or about 16 miles radius.

- Beyond this Event Horizon we enter our incomprehension. The star continues to shrink while it mass and gravity remain unchanged. The star compresses to 3.7 miles diameter, then to the size of a beach ball, an orange, an apple seed, and still further ? We do not know?

- The circling accretion disk that is emitting the X-rays is only 32 miles in diameter. Inside this ring is the unknown.

- Recent discoveries have found Blackholes that weigh 21,000,000,000 Solar Mass. NGC4889 is 336 million lightyears away in the Constellation Coma Berenices.

- Another discovery is NGC3842 that is 9,700,000,000 Solar Mass 331 million lightyears away at the center of a Galaxy Cluster “Abell 1367” in the Constellation Leo the Lion.

- Blackholes are with us. We might as well get used to the idea. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
　
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