--------- #1493 - Puzzles in Astronomy
-
- Astronomers have a challenging job. So many problems to solve. And, these are BIG problems. We know the Universe is BIG. It has been expanding for 13.7 billion years. That is how old the Universe is. But, the visible Universe that we can see is constrained by the speed of light. During the 13.7 billion years from the beginning the light we see has traveled nearly that many light years. What we can see is in the past and over that time it takes the light to get to us the Universe has expanded even further. Calculating the rate of expansion which is accelerating the visible Universe has moved beyond to a radius of 42 billion lightyears radius.
-
- I know, it is hard to wrap your mind around this.
-
- It is likely that there is an even greater Universe beyond this “ visible Universe”. The “ visible Universe is not visible yet because all the light has not had enough time to reach us yet. This part of the Universe is 84 billion lightyears in diameter. To explain the homogeneity and the geometric flatness of the Universe astronomers believe that soon after the Big Bang the Universe experienced Cosmic Inflation that expanded the Universe faster than the speed of light. It was space expanding rather than the matter in the Universe moving. The light in this part of the Universe will never reach us. It is too far away and accelerating too fast. But, that still means there is much more of the Universe out there.
-
- Now, to make the Universe even more challenging within the Universe that we can see there exists 95% of matter and energy that we can’t see. It is called Dark Matter and Dark Energy. This mass-energy effects gravity but it does not interact with electromagnetic energy. It can not be detected with light or any other electromagnetic radiation. We know it is there because of the gravity effects on matter that we can see.
-
- Spinning galaxies could not remain intact if there were not unseen matter providing 10 times more gravity needed to hold things together. 10 times more mass than we can see and detect with any other means.
-
- Light passing past a large Dark Matter mass is bent with gravitational lensing. We can see these effects on images that are in the background of the Dark Matter mass. Again calculations tell us that there is 10 times more matter causing this that we can detect, other than by gravity.
-
- The Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. There must be some form of Dark Energy in the vacuum of space that opposes gravity and causes the expansion to accelerate. Astronomers can use E = mc^2 to calculate the amount of mass and energy in the Universe. Their calculations are that 72.1% is Dark Energy and 23.3% is Dark Matter. The remainder 4.6% is “everything” we can see and detect. 95% is “ Dark” and called dark because it is a puzzle that has yet to be solved.
-
- Another puzzle is the Big Bang itself. Supposedly, it really came out of “ nothing”. If it was truly created out of nothing than there must have been equal amounts of matter and anti-matter that put back together would equal nothing. There must have been equal amounts of positive and negative charges, protons and electrons. There must have been an equal number of north and south magnetic poles to cancel out all magnetic energy. It all must add up to nothing. Was there nothing there before the Big Bang exploded with space and time expanding from the beginning? Are there other Universes out there experiencing the same thing?
-
- Somehow the Universe we know exists with matter outnumbering anti-matter. For every billion anti-matter particles there would have to have been 1 billion plus one matter particle. That is the only way we can explain how we got here.
-
- We also must assume that all the laws of nature are the same everywhere in the Universe. Not only the same but without the slightest change from what we experience or life could not exist. Not only must the laws of nature be friendly to life these laws must exist for billions of years, the time it takes for life to evolve.
-
- We have evidence that the first galaxies formed less than 500 million years after the Big Bang. Galaxies formed from small density fluctuations in the hot primordial gas that formed out of the plasma as it expanded and cooled. Slightly higher densities provided the gravity needed to make denser regions that eventually coalesced into stars and galaxies. Dark Matter had to be present as part of the calculations that predict the Universe we see today.
-
- After the puzzle as to how it all began there is the puzzle as to how it will all end. The Universe is expanding at an ever faster rate. The distances between galaxies is becoming greater and greater. Eventually the distances will be so great their light will never have time to reach us. We will only see the stars that are gravitationally connected to us. And, those stars will be running out of fuel and will extinguish. The rarefied vacuum of space will contain only blackholes and dead stars.
-
- Backholes have an Event Horizon that separates the hole from the surrounding Universe. Anything inside the Event Horizon disappears from the Universe for good. Blackholes themselves are a dark universe. In the end they will exist in a totally dark Universe expanding into infinity.
-
- Enjoy life while you have it. The far distant future does not look so bright.
-
- An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Saturday, June 30, 2012
Saturday, June 30, 2012
Friday, June 29, 2012
Velocity represents two of the mysteries in physic, space and time
-
----------------- #684 - Velocity is Space/Time
-
- Heracleides was a Greek who ,in 350 B.C., figured out that the Earth was spinning on its axis. Everyone on Earth is spinning East. The people on the equator are traveling east at 1038 miles per hour. To find out how fast you are going multiply the cosine of your latitude by 1038 miles per hour.
-
- Santa Rosa is 38 degrees, 20 minutes, and 12 seconds latitude
--------- 122 degrees, 39 minutes, and 38 seconds longitude
--------- 174 feet above sea level
-
- 1038 mph * cosine (38.3 degrees) = 814 miles per hour
-
- Multiply by 1.47 to get feet per second = 1,194 feet in one second. In one second we moved more than the length of 4 football fields. We do not feel it because the motion is constant. The body only perceives acceleration and deceleration, when motion increases or decreases. The sound barrier is 700 mph, or 1,029 feet per second. So we are breaking the sound barrier in velocity and don’t even notice it.
-
- In 250 B.C. Aristarchus of Samos figured out that the Earth was circling the Sun and not the other way around, that everybody else thought. The Earth does not orbit in a perfect circle. It has an elliptical orbit which causes it to travel faster when it is closest to the Sun in January and slowest when it is farthest from the Sun in July. But the average speed is 18.5 miles per second, 66,629 miles per hour. The distance from the Sun is not what causes winter and summer. It is the 23 degree tilt to the Earth on its axis that creates the seasons.
-
- Harlow Sharpley, an American astronomer, figured out that our Solar System is 2/3rds out from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy traveling towards the constellation Hercules at 12 miles per second, or 43,200 miles per hour. But, this turns out to be only our sideways drift. Our Solar System is mainly moving forward toward the bright star Deneb in the constellation Cygnus traveling 135 miles per second, or 486,000 miles per hour. We will get to where Deneb is now in 1,500,000 years. Of course, Deneb will have flown off somewhere else by then.
-
- It is hard to keep these velocities in perspective. Velocity is the ratio of motion in space / to duration in time. If we normalize speeds to always miles per hour it gets a little easier.
-
---------------- a person walking ---------- 4 mph
---------------- a car on the highway------------ 65 mph
---------------- a jet plane ---------------- 600 mph
---------------- Sun’s rotation -------------- 2,231 mph
---------------- Pluto’s orbit --------------- 1,620 mph
---------------- Neptune’s orbit ---------- 12,253 mph
---------------- Uranus’ orbit ---------- 15,290 mph
---------------- Saturn’s orbit ---------- 21,614 mph
---------------- Jupiter’s orbit ---------- 29,236 mph
---------------- Mars’ orbit ---------- 53,979 mph
---------------- Earth’s orbit -------------- 66,629 mph
---------------- Venus’ orbit ---------- 78,341 mph
---------------- Mercury’s orbit -------- 107,088 mph
---------------- Comet Halley ---------- 122,070 mph
---------------- Sun’s orbit ------------- 486,000 mph
-
----------------- Andromeda Galaxy ---------- 288,000 mph
Andromeda is approaching the center of the Milky Way at this speed. Because we are orbiting the center Andromeda is actually approaching us at:
-
---------------- Andromeda Galaxy & us ---------- 670,000 mph
-
---------------- Virgo Cluster of Galaxies ---------- 2,370,000 mph
-
---------------- Coma Cluster of Galaxies ---------- 16,000,000 mph
-
The Coma Cluster is 350,000,000 lightyears away from us.
-
---------------- Cosmic Background Radiation ---------- nearly the speed of light, 186,282 miles per second, 18,628 miles in a tenth of a second ,or in a blink of an eye ---------------- 670,615,200 mph
-
Nothing goes faster than light. Right?
-
Well, no material thing, but space can grow faster than light. The Universe is expanding at 14 mps, or 50,400 mph for each million light years distance. Galaxies are like dots painted on a balloon that is expanding and the dots are all moving apart from each other. So, for a galaxy that is 100 million lightyears away we see it traveling 1,400 miles per second, or 5,040,000 miles per hour, 0.7 % the speed of light.
-
- Ok, let’s say the galaxy is 10 billion lightyears from us. It is traveling 140,000 miles per second, or 504,000,000 miles per hour, or 75% the speed of light. Then we look in the opposite direction and we see another galaxy 10 billion light years distant. The two galaxies are 20 billion light years apart and separating at 1,008,000,000 miles per hour or 1.5 times the speed of light. And, the Universe is only 13,700,000,000 years old so light could not have traveled 20 billion light years in that amount of time in the first place. Are we breaking the laws of Relativity and traveling at faster than the speed of light?
-
- No, we are not traveling faster than light. Distances to objects in the Universe refer to their value TODAY, not the time when their light was emitted. The space between galaxies is getting bigger because the Universe is expanding in all directions. Light traveling through space is being stretched by this expansion. Stretched light means it grows in longer wavelengths, lower frequency. The Big Bang’s Gamma Rays we see today as Cosmic Microwave Background radiation at a much lower frequency and much longer wavelengths than when it was emitted.
-
- An object 10 billion light years away does not mean that it took light 10 billion years to travel that distance. The total distance in lightyears as measured TODAY is greater than the actual time of travel multiplied by the speed of light.
-
The edge of the Observable Universe is actually 45 billion lightyears away even though the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old. Relative velocities do not make sense unless objects are relatively close together and traveling at speeds far less than the speed of light. Calculations in these fastest arenas require Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The expansion of the Universe that is stretching space is not limited to the Theory of Relativity and it can exceed the speed of light without breaking the Theory.
-
- Astronomers have to keep this straight using different definitions for distance. Distance measured by the amount of light entering a telescope is called luminosity distance. The dimmer the object the farther away it is. Distance measured by the angular size of an object seen through a telescope is called angular-diameter distance. The farther away the smaller it looks. These definitions only agree with each other on scales where the separations are smaller than 100 million lightyears. Beyond this short distance limit distances of two objects located in opposite directions relative to us can not be added together to get their distance of separation.
-
- Farther galaxies mean they are traveling faster. The galaxies farther away from us have increasingly higher velocities, which can be calculated to be faster than the speed of light. The speed of light remains constant at 18,682 miles per second, in the blink of an eye. Light from the Moon reaches us in 1.3 seconds. Light from the Sun in 8 minutes. Light travels one foot in about a nanosecond. Light speed remains constant therefore space must lengthen and time must slow down in order for this to happen at the fastest velocities. But, that is another story.
-
----------------------------------------------------------
(1) #628 - Velocity - the Very Slow to the Very Fast
(2) #399 - Students - Sit There Perfectly Still
(3) #648 - Relativity Explained.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Friday, June 29, 2012
----------------- #684 - Velocity is Space/Time
-
- Heracleides was a Greek who ,in 350 B.C., figured out that the Earth was spinning on its axis. Everyone on Earth is spinning East. The people on the equator are traveling east at 1038 miles per hour. To find out how fast you are going multiply the cosine of your latitude by 1038 miles per hour.
-
- Santa Rosa is 38 degrees, 20 minutes, and 12 seconds latitude
--------- 122 degrees, 39 minutes, and 38 seconds longitude
--------- 174 feet above sea level
-
- 1038 mph * cosine (38.3 degrees) = 814 miles per hour
-
- Multiply by 1.47 to get feet per second = 1,194 feet in one second. In one second we moved more than the length of 4 football fields. We do not feel it because the motion is constant. The body only perceives acceleration and deceleration, when motion increases or decreases. The sound barrier is 700 mph, or 1,029 feet per second. So we are breaking the sound barrier in velocity and don’t even notice it.
-
- In 250 B.C. Aristarchus of Samos figured out that the Earth was circling the Sun and not the other way around, that everybody else thought. The Earth does not orbit in a perfect circle. It has an elliptical orbit which causes it to travel faster when it is closest to the Sun in January and slowest when it is farthest from the Sun in July. But the average speed is 18.5 miles per second, 66,629 miles per hour. The distance from the Sun is not what causes winter and summer. It is the 23 degree tilt to the Earth on its axis that creates the seasons.
-
- Harlow Sharpley, an American astronomer, figured out that our Solar System is 2/3rds out from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy traveling towards the constellation Hercules at 12 miles per second, or 43,200 miles per hour. But, this turns out to be only our sideways drift. Our Solar System is mainly moving forward toward the bright star Deneb in the constellation Cygnus traveling 135 miles per second, or 486,000 miles per hour. We will get to where Deneb is now in 1,500,000 years. Of course, Deneb will have flown off somewhere else by then.
-
- It is hard to keep these velocities in perspective. Velocity is the ratio of motion in space / to duration in time. If we normalize speeds to always miles per hour it gets a little easier.
-
---------------- a person walking ---------- 4 mph
---------------- a car on the highway------------ 65 mph
---------------- a jet plane ---------------- 600 mph
---------------- Sun’s rotation -------------- 2,231 mph
---------------- Pluto’s orbit --------------- 1,620 mph
---------------- Neptune’s orbit ---------- 12,253 mph
---------------- Uranus’ orbit ---------- 15,290 mph
---------------- Saturn’s orbit ---------- 21,614 mph
---------------- Jupiter’s orbit ---------- 29,236 mph
---------------- Mars’ orbit ---------- 53,979 mph
---------------- Earth’s orbit -------------- 66,629 mph
---------------- Venus’ orbit ---------- 78,341 mph
---------------- Mercury’s orbit -------- 107,088 mph
---------------- Comet Halley ---------- 122,070 mph
---------------- Sun’s orbit ------------- 486,000 mph
-
----------------- Andromeda Galaxy ---------- 288,000 mph
Andromeda is approaching the center of the Milky Way at this speed. Because we are orbiting the center Andromeda is actually approaching us at:
-
---------------- Andromeda Galaxy & us ---------- 670,000 mph
-
---------------- Virgo Cluster of Galaxies ---------- 2,370,000 mph
-
---------------- Coma Cluster of Galaxies ---------- 16,000,000 mph
-
The Coma Cluster is 350,000,000 lightyears away from us.
-
---------------- Cosmic Background Radiation ---------- nearly the speed of light, 186,282 miles per second, 18,628 miles in a tenth of a second ,or in a blink of an eye ---------------- 670,615,200 mph
-
Nothing goes faster than light. Right?
-
Well, no material thing, but space can grow faster than light. The Universe is expanding at 14 mps, or 50,400 mph for each million light years distance. Galaxies are like dots painted on a balloon that is expanding and the dots are all moving apart from each other. So, for a galaxy that is 100 million lightyears away we see it traveling 1,400 miles per second, or 5,040,000 miles per hour, 0.7 % the speed of light.
-
- Ok, let’s say the galaxy is 10 billion lightyears from us. It is traveling 140,000 miles per second, or 504,000,000 miles per hour, or 75% the speed of light. Then we look in the opposite direction and we see another galaxy 10 billion light years distant. The two galaxies are 20 billion light years apart and separating at 1,008,000,000 miles per hour or 1.5 times the speed of light. And, the Universe is only 13,700,000,000 years old so light could not have traveled 20 billion light years in that amount of time in the first place. Are we breaking the laws of Relativity and traveling at faster than the speed of light?
-
- No, we are not traveling faster than light. Distances to objects in the Universe refer to their value TODAY, not the time when their light was emitted. The space between galaxies is getting bigger because the Universe is expanding in all directions. Light traveling through space is being stretched by this expansion. Stretched light means it grows in longer wavelengths, lower frequency. The Big Bang’s Gamma Rays we see today as Cosmic Microwave Background radiation at a much lower frequency and much longer wavelengths than when it was emitted.
-
- An object 10 billion light years away does not mean that it took light 10 billion years to travel that distance. The total distance in lightyears as measured TODAY is greater than the actual time of travel multiplied by the speed of light.
-
The edge of the Observable Universe is actually 45 billion lightyears away even though the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old. Relative velocities do not make sense unless objects are relatively close together and traveling at speeds far less than the speed of light. Calculations in these fastest arenas require Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The expansion of the Universe that is stretching space is not limited to the Theory of Relativity and it can exceed the speed of light without breaking the Theory.
-
- Astronomers have to keep this straight using different definitions for distance. Distance measured by the amount of light entering a telescope is called luminosity distance. The dimmer the object the farther away it is. Distance measured by the angular size of an object seen through a telescope is called angular-diameter distance. The farther away the smaller it looks. These definitions only agree with each other on scales where the separations are smaller than 100 million lightyears. Beyond this short distance limit distances of two objects located in opposite directions relative to us can not be added together to get their distance of separation.
-
- Farther galaxies mean they are traveling faster. The galaxies farther away from us have increasingly higher velocities, which can be calculated to be faster than the speed of light. The speed of light remains constant at 18,682 miles per second, in the blink of an eye. Light from the Moon reaches us in 1.3 seconds. Light from the Sun in 8 minutes. Light travels one foot in about a nanosecond. Light speed remains constant therefore space must lengthen and time must slow down in order for this to happen at the fastest velocities. But, that is another story.
-
----------------------------------------------------------
(1) #628 - Velocity - the Very Slow to the Very Fast
(2) #399 - Students - Sit There Perfectly Still
(3) #648 - Relativity Explained.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Friday, June 29, 2012
Monday, June 25, 2012
New things about our galaxy
-
--------- #1492 - New things we have learned about our galaxy
- At the center of our galaxy is a massive blackhole. It is 4,000,000 times more massive than our Sun. And, its size is about 15 times the size of our Sun, which is very, very small on galactic scales.
-
- The Earth is 27,400 lightyears away from the center Blackhole. The Blackhole is called Sagittarius A Star. From our vantage point on Earth we can see where the A Star is located. Look to the southern night sky above the horizon at the Constellation Sagittarius. the Constellation is recognized as the outline of a teapot. Above the spout of the teapot is the location of the Blackhole.
-
- We can not see much in visible light because the interstellar medium is filled with gas and dust that blocks our view. New telescopes in orbit above our atmosphere have new capabilities to view the full electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to Gamma rays. Astronomers have a new vision to learn much more about our Milky Way Galaxy.
-
- Astronomers have found 24 smaller galaxies that are along side our giant Milky Way Galaxy.
-
- Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy that appears similar to many spiral galaxies found throughout the cosmos. Our galaxy has a sphere-shaped “bulge” at the center surrounding the massive Blackhole. If the galaxy were a long playing phonograph record viewed edge-on this bulge would be the size of an orange at the center. The diameter of the bulge is 8,000 lightyears. That puts the bulge about 24,400 lightyears from us.
-
- Running through the bulge is a “ bar” of stars and planets. The bar is a dense elongated concentration of stars in the shape of a cylinder. It could be represented by a thick straw punched through the center of the orange in the plane of the phonograph. The tube like clump of stars is rotating as a cylinder, like a toilet roll. At either end of the bar is a great stream of stars pouring off to create the pinwheel shape of the galaxy.
-
- The galaxy is rotating stars and planets traveling at 559,250 miles per hour. Even at these break-neck speeds our Solar System takes 230,000,000 years to complete one rotation. We have completed the trip 22 times since the birth of the galaxy. However, our 2,000 years of human history have hardly moved at all by comparison.
-
- The spiral arms look like water streams coming from a lawn sprinkler. However, a better analogy to explain the spiral arms is a “density wave”. More like a stream of cars on a 3-lane highway that is reduced to 2-lane and back to 3-lanes again. The spiral arms are those greater concentration, or density of stars.
-
- The spiral density regions are rotating at half the speed of the rotating stars. Stars behind the region of greater density and gravity are pulled forward into the region and speed up. Stars leaving the spiral arm of greater gravity are pulled backward and slow down. Astronomers do not know what causes these density waves in spiral galaxies.
-
- Astronomers are having problems getting physics to explain all the motions found in the bulge, the bar, and the spiral arms. The evidence suggests many galaxy collisions to create such diversity of motion. As if that were not challenging enough physics tells us that what we see is only 10% of what is there.
-
- The physics that explains our solar system works perfectly. Planets orbiting a mass of our Sun are a balance between centripetal acceleration, (velocity)^2 / radius, and gravitational acceleration, Gravitational Constant * mass / radius^2.
-
---------------------- v^2 / R = G * M / R^2
-
- This equation works perfectly on our Solar System, but it does not work on galaxies. Solving for mass in this equation:
-
---------------------------- M = v^2 * R / G
-
- The equation tells us that mass should increase with radius, the distance from the center of the galaxy. However, the rotational velocities of the stars remain constant with distance. We should reach a point where the enclosed mass does not increase with distance. That would find the edge of the galaxy.
-
- Beyond the edge the rotational velocities should decrease. The galaxy edge is not found in these measurements. The stars, dust, and gas in the disk , the stellar halo, all this can not explain the mass in the calculation. There must be additional mass that we cannot see. 90% of the mass must be “ Dark Matter”.
-
- Could Dark Matter be explained with planets, Brown Dwarf stars, blackholes, neutrinos, or some exotic particles yet to be discovered? We do not know? We leave it as a puzzle for you to figure out. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Monday, June 25, 2012
Thursday, June 21, 2012
Puzzle to find the different ages
--------- #1490 - What are their ages?
-
- Can you figure out how old Jenn is in this case. We know Debbie is 44. Debbie is twice as old as Jenn was when Deb was as old as Jenn is now. How old is Jennifer now?
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Do not read below this line if you want to try to solve the problem on your own. The answer and the solution are below for those who need a hint.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- The problem with ages can be solved by realizing that the difference in the ages always remains a constant. Let’s call the constant = “k”. Debbie’s age - Jenn’s age = k
-
- However, the ratio of the ages or the percentages of age comparison is constantly changing from one time to another. For example: When me and my brother were ages 2 and 4 , I was twice as old as he was, 200%.
-
- However, when I was 52 and he was 50 I was only 4% older than he was, 2 / 50 = 4%
-
- We have 2 time frames, now and some other time identified as “when”. Let’s start with the first time frame. Debbie is 44 now. The question is what is Jenn’s age now, in the first time frame?
-
------------------- Debbie(1) = 44
------------------- Jenn (1) = ?
------------------ Debbie - Jenn = the constant = k
------------------ D1 - J1 = k
------------------ 44 - J1 = k
-
-------------------- Now let’s work with the second time frame: , When Deb was as old as Jenn is now. We are at time (2) and Debbie(2) = Jenn (1)
-
------------------------- D2 = J1
------------------ Debbie(2) is twice as old as Jenn(2) when …. Deb(2) = 2 * (Jenn (2))
------------------ Therefore , Jenn(2) is half as old as Debbie (1),
-------------------- Jenn(2) = 0.5 * 44 = 22
------------------------- J2 = 22
-
- The constant, k, remains the same in the second time frame, and D2 = J1:
-
--------------------- Debbie(2) - Jenn(2) = k
--------------------- J1 - 22 = k
-------------------- k = k , the difference between their ages remains constant regardless of time frame
-------------------- J1 - 22 = 44 - J1
------------------- 2 * J1 = 66
------------------- J1 = 33
-
- When Debbie was 44 years old, Jenn was 33 years old.
-
- Now that you have the secret on how to calculate ages, I will give you one more to work on:
-
- When Jenn was in high school their combined ages summed to 44 years. Debbie was twice as old as Jenn was when Debbie was half as old as Jenn will be when Jenn is 3 times as old as Debbie was when Debbie was 3 times as old as Jenn. How old was Jenn and Debbie at that time Jenn was in high school?
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) To learn the answer, as soon as I figure out how it is done, I will be glad to share.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Here is the answer to the above ages calculations puzzle: Debbie is 27.5 years old and Jennifer is 16.5 years old and still in High School.
-
- Split up the problem into the 4 different time frames (1) through (4):
-
-When Jenn (J1) was in high school their combined ages summed to 44 years.
-
---------------------- D1 + J1 = 44
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
----------------------- D1 = 2 * J2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
-------------------- D2 = ½ * J3
-
-Jenn J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
---------------------- J3 = 3 * D4
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
----------------- D4 = 3 * J4
-
- Next we define the difference in their ages as “k”, since it is always constant regardless of the time frame.
-
------------------- D4 - J4 = k
------------------- J4 = (D4 - k)
-
- Next work backwards through each time frame until we get back to the start where :
-
------------------ D4 + J4 = 44 years.
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
------------------ D4 = 3 * J4 = 3 * (D4 - k)
------------------ D4 = 3 * k / 2
-
- Jenn (J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
- Next: -------- J3 = 3 * D4
------------------- J3 = 9 * k / 2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
- Next: -------- D2 = J3 / 2
------------------- D2 = 9 * k / 4
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
- Next: ---------- D1 = 2 * J2
------------------- J2 = D2 - k = 9 * k / 4 - 4 * k / 4 = 5 * k / 4
----------------------D1 = 5 * k / 2
-
- Next solve two simultaneous equations for “k“:
-
--------- ----------- D1 = J1 + k
--------------------- J1 = D1 - k = 5 k / 2 - 2 k / 2 = 3k /2
--------------------- D1 + J1 = 44
--------------------- 5 k / 2 + 3 k / 2 = 44 = 88 / 2
---------------------- 8 k / 2 = 88 /2
----------------------- k = 11
-
- The difference in Debbie and Jenn ages is 11 years. The sum of their ages is 44 years. Solve these two simultaneous equations:
-
----------------- D1 - J1 = 11
---------------- D1 + J1 = 44
----------------- 2 D1 = 55
----------------- D1 = 27.5 years
----------------- J1 = 16.5 years
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- To double check their ages at the various time frames, here is how the puzzle was created:
-
------------------ D4 + J4 = 44 years. ------------ 27.5 + 16.5 = 44
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
------------------ D4 = 3 * J4 = 3 * (D4 - k) --------- 16.5 - 5.5 = 11
------------------ D4 = 3 * k / 2
-
- Jenn (J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
- Next: -------- J3 = 3 * D4 ------------- 60.3 - 49.5 = 11
------------------- J3 = 9 * k / 2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
- Next: -------- D2 = J3 / 2 ------------ 24.75 - 13.75 = 11
------------------- D2 = 9 * k / 4
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
- Next: ---------- D1 = 2 * J2 ---------------- 27.5 - 16.5 = 11
------------------- J2 = D2 - k = 9 * k / 4 - 4 * k / 4 = 5 * k / 4
----------------------D1 = 5 * k / 2
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Thursday, June 21, 2012
-
- Can you figure out how old Jenn is in this case. We know Debbie is 44. Debbie is twice as old as Jenn was when Deb was as old as Jenn is now. How old is Jennifer now?
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Do not read below this line if you want to try to solve the problem on your own. The answer and the solution are below for those who need a hint.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- The problem with ages can be solved by realizing that the difference in the ages always remains a constant. Let’s call the constant = “k”. Debbie’s age - Jenn’s age = k
-
- However, the ratio of the ages or the percentages of age comparison is constantly changing from one time to another. For example: When me and my brother were ages 2 and 4 , I was twice as old as he was, 200%.
-
- However, when I was 52 and he was 50 I was only 4% older than he was, 2 / 50 = 4%
-
- We have 2 time frames, now and some other time identified as “when”. Let’s start with the first time frame. Debbie is 44 now. The question is what is Jenn’s age now, in the first time frame?
-
------------------- Debbie(1) = 44
------------------- Jenn (1) = ?
------------------ Debbie - Jenn = the constant = k
------------------ D1 - J1 = k
------------------ 44 - J1 = k
-
-------------------- Now let’s work with the second time frame: , When Deb was as old as Jenn is now. We are at time (2) and Debbie(2) = Jenn (1)
-
------------------------- D2 = J1
------------------ Debbie(2) is twice as old as Jenn(2) when …. Deb(2) = 2 * (Jenn (2))
------------------ Therefore , Jenn(2) is half as old as Debbie (1),
-------------------- Jenn(2) = 0.5 * 44 = 22
------------------------- J2 = 22
-
- The constant, k, remains the same in the second time frame, and D2 = J1:
-
--------------------- Debbie(2) - Jenn(2) = k
--------------------- J1 - 22 = k
-------------------- k = k , the difference between their ages remains constant regardless of time frame
-------------------- J1 - 22 = 44 - J1
------------------- 2 * J1 = 66
------------------- J1 = 33
-
- When Debbie was 44 years old, Jenn was 33 years old.
-
- Now that you have the secret on how to calculate ages, I will give you one more to work on:
-
- When Jenn was in high school their combined ages summed to 44 years. Debbie was twice as old as Jenn was when Debbie was half as old as Jenn will be when Jenn is 3 times as old as Debbie was when Debbie was 3 times as old as Jenn. How old was Jenn and Debbie at that time Jenn was in high school?
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) To learn the answer, as soon as I figure out how it is done, I will be glad to share.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Here is the answer to the above ages calculations puzzle: Debbie is 27.5 years old and Jennifer is 16.5 years old and still in High School.
-
- Split up the problem into the 4 different time frames (1) through (4):
-
-When Jenn (J1) was in high school their combined ages summed to 44 years.
-
---------------------- D1 + J1 = 44
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
----------------------- D1 = 2 * J2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
-------------------- D2 = ½ * J3
-
-Jenn J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
---------------------- J3 = 3 * D4
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
----------------- D4 = 3 * J4
-
- Next we define the difference in their ages as “k”, since it is always constant regardless of the time frame.
-
------------------- D4 - J4 = k
------------------- J4 = (D4 - k)
-
- Next work backwards through each time frame until we get back to the start where :
-
------------------ D4 + J4 = 44 years.
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
------------------ D4 = 3 * J4 = 3 * (D4 - k)
------------------ D4 = 3 * k / 2
-
- Jenn (J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
- Next: -------- J3 = 3 * D4
------------------- J3 = 9 * k / 2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
- Next: -------- D2 = J3 / 2
------------------- D2 = 9 * k / 4
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
- Next: ---------- D1 = 2 * J2
------------------- J2 = D2 - k = 9 * k / 4 - 4 * k / 4 = 5 * k / 4
----------------------D1 = 5 * k / 2
-
- Next solve two simultaneous equations for “k“:
-
--------- ----------- D1 = J1 + k
--------------------- J1 = D1 - k = 5 k / 2 - 2 k / 2 = 3k /2
--------------------- D1 + J1 = 44
--------------------- 5 k / 2 + 3 k / 2 = 44 = 88 / 2
---------------------- 8 k / 2 = 88 /2
----------------------- k = 11
-
- The difference in Debbie and Jenn ages is 11 years. The sum of their ages is 44 years. Solve these two simultaneous equations:
-
----------------- D1 - J1 = 11
---------------- D1 + J1 = 44
----------------- 2 D1 = 55
----------------- D1 = 27.5 years
----------------- J1 = 16.5 years
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- To double check their ages at the various time frames, here is how the puzzle was created:
-
------------------ D4 + J4 = 44 years. ------------ 27.5 + 16.5 = 44
-
- Debbie (D4) was 3 times as old as Jenn (J4):
-
------------------ D4 = 3 * J4 = 3 * (D4 - k) --------- 16.5 - 5.5 = 11
------------------ D4 = 3 * k / 2
-
- Jenn (J3) is 3 times as old as Debbie (D4) was when:
-
- Next: -------- J3 = 3 * D4 ------------- 60.3 - 49.5 = 11
------------------- J3 = 9 * k / 2
-
-Debbie (D2) was half as old as Jenn (J3) will be when :
-
- Next: -------- D2 = J3 / 2 ------------ 24.75 - 13.75 = 11
------------------- D2 = 9 * k / 4
-
- Debbie (D1) was twice as old as Jenn (J2) was when:
-
- Next: ---------- D1 = 2 * J2 ---------------- 27.5 - 16.5 = 11
------------------- J2 = D2 - k = 9 * k / 4 - 4 * k / 4 = 5 * k / 4
----------------------D1 = 5 * k / 2
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Thursday, June 21, 2012
Wednesday, June 13, 2012
Astronomers study the darkness too?
--------- #1491 - Globular Nebulae are dark silhouettes surrounded by star light.
-
- Astronomers are looking at stars and galaxies in the night sky. The stars are the sources of light in the Universe. It seems unusual that astronomers can also be studying dark objects in the night sky.
-
- The Globules are dark clouds in space that are often silhouetted by light emissions in the background. The dark clouds are called Bok Globules after the Dutch-American astronomer Bart Bok.
-
- Astronomers have located about 100 of these globules in the Milky Way Galaxy. However, they expect there are 10,000’s more whose silhouettes we just can not see.
-
- Most globules are about 30,000 AU in diameter. An AU is an astronomical unit of distance that is the distance between the Earth and the Sun, 93 million miles. So, these globules are 30,000 times larger then the orbit of the Earth. Our entire Solar System is 60 AU across.
-
- Globules appear as dark clouds , however, these are very, very light clouds. The air we breath is 100,000,000,000 times denser then these clouds. But, if you were inside one of these globules it would be totally dark. No star light would penetrate far into the cloud of gas and dust grains.
-
- Two of the most famous globules are the Horsehead Nebula, ( B33) and the Eagle Nebula ( M16)
-
- These nebulae globules are star forming regions that astronomers are studying. Stars form from the fragmentation and eventual collapse of interstellar molecular clouds. The collapse of clouds is usually caused by shockwaves from nearby supernova explosions.
-
- The Bok Globule Bernard 68 is in the Constellation Ophiuchus, The Serpent Bearer, and is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 years old. It is 350 lightyears from Earth. The temperature of the cloud has been measured to be 10 Kelvin. The surrounding interstellar medium is 50 Kelvin.
-
- Bernard 68 is oscillating like a beating heart which is believed to have been caused by being hit by something. The globule is denser towards the center than on the edges which suggest it is slowly collapsing into a star. Calculations are that in another 100,000 years B68 will be a low mass Red-Dwarf star.
-
- Other globules suggest that multiple star formations are common. Star formations may take a few million years. The outward push of heated gas balances the inward pull of gravity. The core can reach a few thousand Kelvin causing molecules of hydrogen to break down into individual atoms of hydrogen. Gravity will eventually win, a protostar will form, and nuclear fusion will light up the star. A star is born.
-
- Globules are chemically rich. The gas inside the globules freezes into dust grains. An analogy would be blowing your breath on a cold window and the frost will form on the window. Ultraviolet radiation will break down the dust grains into molecules that can come back together to form new compounds. Laboratories that try to simulate this process have created protein molecules and even cell membranes. If it can happen in the lab maybe it can happen in space.
-
- Some of the compounds that have been identified in globules include methanol, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
-
- This is exciting stuff to study. Astronomers are building more sensitive spectroscopy equipment in the hopes of detecting complex organic molecules. Globules are good for study and hopefully easier to understand that the giant molecular clouds that form hundreds of star clusters.
-
An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Wednesday, June 13, 2012
- Astronomers are looking at stars and galaxies in the night sky. The stars are the sources of light in the Universe. It seems unusual that astronomers can also be studying dark objects in the night sky.
-
- The Globules are dark clouds in space that are often silhouetted by light emissions in the background. The dark clouds are called Bok Globules after the Dutch-American astronomer Bart Bok.
-
- Astronomers have located about 100 of these globules in the Milky Way Galaxy. However, they expect there are 10,000’s more whose silhouettes we just can not see.
-
- Most globules are about 30,000 AU in diameter. An AU is an astronomical unit of distance that is the distance between the Earth and the Sun, 93 million miles. So, these globules are 30,000 times larger then the orbit of the Earth. Our entire Solar System is 60 AU across.
-
- Globules appear as dark clouds , however, these are very, very light clouds. The air we breath is 100,000,000,000 times denser then these clouds. But, if you were inside one of these globules it would be totally dark. No star light would penetrate far into the cloud of gas and dust grains.
-
- Two of the most famous globules are the Horsehead Nebula, ( B33) and the Eagle Nebula ( M16)
-
- These nebulae globules are star forming regions that astronomers are studying. Stars form from the fragmentation and eventual collapse of interstellar molecular clouds. The collapse of clouds is usually caused by shockwaves from nearby supernova explosions.
-
- The Bok Globule Bernard 68 is in the Constellation Ophiuchus, The Serpent Bearer, and is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 years old. It is 350 lightyears from Earth. The temperature of the cloud has been measured to be 10 Kelvin. The surrounding interstellar medium is 50 Kelvin.
-
- Bernard 68 is oscillating like a beating heart which is believed to have been caused by being hit by something. The globule is denser towards the center than on the edges which suggest it is slowly collapsing into a star. Calculations are that in another 100,000 years B68 will be a low mass Red-Dwarf star.
-
- Other globules suggest that multiple star formations are common. Star formations may take a few million years. The outward push of heated gas balances the inward pull of gravity. The core can reach a few thousand Kelvin causing molecules of hydrogen to break down into individual atoms of hydrogen. Gravity will eventually win, a protostar will form, and nuclear fusion will light up the star. A star is born.
-
- Globules are chemically rich. The gas inside the globules freezes into dust grains. An analogy would be blowing your breath on a cold window and the frost will form on the window. Ultraviolet radiation will break down the dust grains into molecules that can come back together to form new compounds. Laboratories that try to simulate this process have created protein molecules and even cell membranes. If it can happen in the lab maybe it can happen in space.
-
- Some of the compounds that have been identified in globules include methanol, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
-
- This is exciting stuff to study. Astronomers are building more sensitive spectroscopy equipment in the hopes of detecting complex organic molecules. Globules are good for study and hopefully easier to understand that the giant molecular clouds that form hundreds of star clusters.
-
An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
June 12 Mayan End of the World, on their calendar?
--------- #1488 - End of the world according to Mayan Calendar
-
- According to the Mayan “ long count” linear calendar, today, June 5, 2012 is predicted to be the end of the world. ( At least I voted before this happened)
-
- The earliest recorded historical date that is known for certainty is May 28, 586 B.C. We know this because there was an historical battle between the Lydians ,who were the allies of the Greek Spartans ( Not the Herbert Slater Spartans ), and the Medes, who were ruled by the Persian king Cyrus.
-
- These enemies had been locked in a war for 5 years. One day during their face to face confrontation a solar eclipse occurred. This was taken as a sign of the god’s disapproval and the Lydians and Medes agreed to end their fighting then and there.
-
- Astronomers can accurately calculate when this eclipse occurred. They know that at that location it took place on May 28, 586 B.C.
-
- Now the B.C., birth of Christ, part of that date is much less certain. In fact, December 25th was not decided as the right day until 440 A. D. , after the death of Christ. December 25th was selected because it coincided with the birth day of Mithias, the Persian sun-god and it was during the festival of the Pagans of Yule.
-
- In 534 A.D. Dionysius Exiguus created the system we use today counting the years from the birth of Christ, we are 2,012 years since the birth of Christ. Unfortunately he slipped up on his calculations and did not get the math right. Attempts to correct things and get as close as possible put the birth of Christ at 6 B.C. But, for sure it occurred before the death of Herod the Great in 4 B. C.
-
-
-
- Now, I am just waiting for the asteroid to hit! An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, June 5, 2012Calendars are curious with today being the end of the world according to the Mayans and I just happened to stumble on to it the same day. That is something I did not want to miss in my lifetime. It least it did not happen on Friday the 13th. If a month begins on a Sunday it will always have a Friday the 13th in it. And, every month in recorded history has had at least one Full Moon in it, except one. That happened in February 1865. I missed it.
- According to the Mayan “ long count” linear calendar, today, June 5, 2012 is predicted to be the end of the world. ( At least I voted before this happened)
-
- The earliest recorded historical date that is known for certainty is May 28, 586 B.C. We know this because there was an historical battle between the Lydians ,who were the allies of the Greek Spartans ( Not the Herbert Slater Spartans ), and the Medes, who were ruled by the Persian king Cyrus.
-
- These enemies had been locked in a war for 5 years. One day during their face to face confrontation a solar eclipse occurred. This was taken as a sign of the god’s disapproval and the Lydians and Medes agreed to end their fighting then and there.
-
- Astronomers can accurately calculate when this eclipse occurred. They know that at that location it took place on May 28, 586 B.C.
-
- Now the B.C., birth of Christ, part of that date is much less certain. In fact, December 25th was not decided as the right day until 440 A. D. , after the death of Christ. December 25th was selected because it coincided with the birth day of Mithias, the Persian sun-god and it was during the festival of the Pagans of Yule.
-
- In 534 A.D. Dionysius Exiguus created the system we use today counting the years from the birth of Christ, we are 2,012 years since the birth of Christ. Unfortunately he slipped up on his calculations and did not get the math right. Attempts to correct things and get as close as possible put the birth of Christ at 6 B.C. But, for sure it occurred before the death of Herod the Great in 4 B. C.
-
-
-
- Now, I am just waiting for the asteroid to hit! An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, June 5, 2012Calendars are curious with today being the end of the world according to the Mayans and I just happened to stumble on to it the same day. That is something I did not want to miss in my lifetime. It least it did not happen on Friday the 13th. If a month begins on a Sunday it will always have a Friday the 13th in it. And, every month in recorded history has had at least one Full Moon in it, except one. That happened in February 1865. I missed it.
Birthday puzzle
-
--------- #1487 - Birthday Puzzle
-
- How did I know it was Sam’s birthday yesterday? It was easy.
-
- I asked Sam NOT to tell me anything except the final number off his calculator. I said take the number of the month you were born, January = 1 , February = 2, …….. June = 6 , but don’t tell me.
-
- Just multiply that number by 5 and add a 6 . ( 6*5 + 6 = 36).
-
- Ok, now don’t tell me but multiply that number by 4 and add 9 ( 36*4 + 9 = 153).
-
- Ok, now don’t tell me but multiply that number by 5 ( 153 * 5 = 765)
-
- Now don’t tell me but add the number for the day you were born ( 765 + 4 = 769).
-
- Ok , now tell me what is the number. He says 769. I subtract 165 ( 769 - 165 = 604) and I tell Sam based on the number you gave me, 769, I know you were born on June 4th. ---------- 604 is June 4.
-
- Always subtract 165 and you will get the right answer.
-
- If you want to know why this always works let me know and I will tell you.
--------- #1487 - Birthday Puzzle
-
- How did I know it was Sam’s birthday yesterday? It was easy.
-
- I asked Sam NOT to tell me anything except the final number off his calculator. I said take the number of the month you were born, January = 1 , February = 2, …….. June = 6 , but don’t tell me.
-
- Just multiply that number by 5 and add a 6 . ( 6*5 + 6 = 36).
-
- Ok, now don’t tell me but multiply that number by 4 and add 9 ( 36*4 + 9 = 153).
-
- Ok, now don’t tell me but multiply that number by 5 ( 153 * 5 = 765)
-
- Now don’t tell me but add the number for the day you were born ( 765 + 4 = 769).
-
- Ok , now tell me what is the number. He says 769. I subtract 165 ( 769 - 165 = 604) and I tell Sam based on the number you gave me, 769, I know you were born on June 4th. ---------- 604 is June 4.
-
- Always subtract 165 and you will get the right answer.
-
Are there planets floating freely in outer space?
--------- #1486 - Free-floating planets adrift in space?
-
- We have 8 planets in our Solar System. There may have been more orbiting our Sun at one time and maybe a few escaped during the chaos of planetary evolution. Some may have just been far outside in the Kuiper Belt and the Sun’s gravity just let go of them.
-
- We lost Pluto by committee. A group of astronomers decided Pluto could no longer be a planet in our Solar System. It now must be referred to as a Dwarf Planet in the Kuiper Belt of comets. The reason is that there were bigger Dwarf Planets further out in orbit around the Sun than Pluto. We either had to call them planets too or demote Pluto to a Dwarf.
-
- But, what happens to planets that do loose contact with their star. If a planet looses gravitational contact with its star its velocity and momentum carries it off to freely float in space. There is lots of space out there. It is not as if planets would be bumping into each other. Are there planets drifting freely in free space? Astronomers think there are.
-
- There is strong evidence that hundreds of billions of these free-floating planets, un-tethered for any star, are wandering through the Milky Way Galaxy. Un-tethered planets are the natural result of the inevitable chaotic gravitational interactions that evolve in every solar system.
-
- Surveys suggest that there are twice as many rogue planets as there are stars in the galaxy. Planets are far easier to make than they are to keep. Solar systems often become unstable with planets flung out of their orbits and place of birth.
-
- These rogue planets are being detected using a technique called “ micro-lensing. When telescopes focus on a particular star using very sensitive light meters and an unbound planet passes in front of the star the micro gravitational lensing temporarily increases the brightness of the background light source star. By determining the peak brightness from two different perspectives, an Earth telescope and a space telescope, astronomers can determine how far away the planet is. The duration of the brightening correlates with the mass of the planet that is acting as a lens.
-
- A Jupiter- size planet will create a micro-lens brightening that last less than 2 days. A Brown Dwarf star would micro-lens brightness for weeks. The height of the brightening light curve tells astronomers how on-target the alignment is between the light source, the planet lens, and the observations from Earth. A perfect alignment will create a circular brightening ring called the Einstein Ring, which was predicted by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity.
-
- Micro-lensing events are rare because they rely on a chance alignment of a background star and a passing planet. Astronomers must monitor a large number of stars over a longer period of time in order to find this transient stellar brightening event.
-
- However, astronomers have surveyed the brightness of 50,000,000 stars over 2 years. They have detected 474 microlensing events. 10 of these lasted less than 2 days indicating a Jupiter-size planet. Their analysis suggests that 75% of new objects detected are floating freely through space. You would think these would be cold, dark, rocks, or gas not suitable for any life. Astounding predictions are that blanketed by a thick hydrogen atmosphere and warmed by radioactivity and geothermal sources these rogue planets could support life.
-
- Objects larger than planets but too small to become stars are called Brown Dwarfs. 100’s of these Brown Dwarfs have been found in the Galaxy. They have been classified into 3 types: “L” Dwarf stars have surface temperatures of 2,600 F. They are not massive enough to have enough gravity, to have enough pressure, to have a high enough temperature, to start hydrogen fusion into helium. Our Sun’s surface temperature is 8,000F. “T” Dwarf stars are cooler, 1,700 F. “Y” Dwarf star are the coolest, < 350 F and some have been found as cool as 80 F.
-
- An announcement will be made shortly , stay tuned.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, June 5, 2012
- We have 8 planets in our Solar System. There may have been more orbiting our Sun at one time and maybe a few escaped during the chaos of planetary evolution. Some may have just been far outside in the Kuiper Belt and the Sun’s gravity just let go of them.
-
- We lost Pluto by committee. A group of astronomers decided Pluto could no longer be a planet in our Solar System. It now must be referred to as a Dwarf Planet in the Kuiper Belt of comets. The reason is that there were bigger Dwarf Planets further out in orbit around the Sun than Pluto. We either had to call them planets too or demote Pluto to a Dwarf.
-
- But, what happens to planets that do loose contact with their star. If a planet looses gravitational contact with its star its velocity and momentum carries it off to freely float in space. There is lots of space out there. It is not as if planets would be bumping into each other. Are there planets drifting freely in free space? Astronomers think there are.
-
- There is strong evidence that hundreds of billions of these free-floating planets, un-tethered for any star, are wandering through the Milky Way Galaxy. Un-tethered planets are the natural result of the inevitable chaotic gravitational interactions that evolve in every solar system.
-
- Surveys suggest that there are twice as many rogue planets as there are stars in the galaxy. Planets are far easier to make than they are to keep. Solar systems often become unstable with planets flung out of their orbits and place of birth.
-
- These rogue planets are being detected using a technique called “ micro-lensing. When telescopes focus on a particular star using very sensitive light meters and an unbound planet passes in front of the star the micro gravitational lensing temporarily increases the brightness of the background light source star. By determining the peak brightness from two different perspectives, an Earth telescope and a space telescope, astronomers can determine how far away the planet is. The duration of the brightening correlates with the mass of the planet that is acting as a lens.
-
- A Jupiter- size planet will create a micro-lens brightening that last less than 2 days. A Brown Dwarf star would micro-lens brightness for weeks. The height of the brightening light curve tells astronomers how on-target the alignment is between the light source, the planet lens, and the observations from Earth. A perfect alignment will create a circular brightening ring called the Einstein Ring, which was predicted by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity.
-
- Micro-lensing events are rare because they rely on a chance alignment of a background star and a passing planet. Astronomers must monitor a large number of stars over a longer period of time in order to find this transient stellar brightening event.
-
- However, astronomers have surveyed the brightness of 50,000,000 stars over 2 years. They have detected 474 microlensing events. 10 of these lasted less than 2 days indicating a Jupiter-size planet. Their analysis suggests that 75% of new objects detected are floating freely through space. You would think these would be cold, dark, rocks, or gas not suitable for any life. Astounding predictions are that blanketed by a thick hydrogen atmosphere and warmed by radioactivity and geothermal sources these rogue planets could support life.
-
- Objects larger than planets but too small to become stars are called Brown Dwarfs. 100’s of these Brown Dwarfs have been found in the Galaxy. They have been classified into 3 types: “L” Dwarf stars have surface temperatures of 2,600 F. They are not massive enough to have enough gravity, to have enough pressure, to have a high enough temperature, to start hydrogen fusion into helium. Our Sun’s surface temperature is 8,000F. “T” Dwarf stars are cooler, 1,700 F. “Y” Dwarf star are the coolest, < 350 F and some have been found as cool as 80 F.
-
- An announcement will be made shortly , stay tuned.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Tuesday, June 5, 2012
Monday, June 4, 2012
Why can't we find the Dark Matter?
--------- #1485 - Where is the Dark Matter??
-
- Astronomers and physicists are trying hard to find Dark Matter. Astronomers have convincing evidence that the entire Universe is made up of matter and energy, time and space with 73% of the energy being used to fill space and expand the Universe at 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears of space. Residing in the space is concentrated energy called matter, 23% of which we can not see. 4% of matter-energy we can see. The 4% is all that we know and love, the rest is all “ Dark”.
-
- When astronomers use light to detect what is in the Universe they come up far short, only 4% of what they find interacts with electromagnetic energy. So, astronomers are trying to use gravity to detect what is out there. Dark Matter and Dark Energy do interact with gravity.
-
- So, just looking at matter alone 85% is Dark Matter, 23% out or 27%. You would think with that much out there we should be able to find it. Astronomers think that Dark Matter is made up of particles that we have yet to discover. We have discovered the fundamental particles like electrons and quarks that make up protons and neutrons. We have discovered neutrinos and the force carrying particles like gluons and bosons. Dark Matter must be another one of these fundamental particles. To make up so much of the matter out there they must be massive particles. They must be weakly interactive because they do not interact with electromagnetic energy. Call them “ WIMPS” for weakly interactive massive particles.
-
- WIMPS due interact with gravity. We should still be able to detect them. One way they are detected is in studying the rotation of galaxies. Something is holding galaxies together and that is gravity. The center of galaxies are the most dense and therefore provide the strongest source of gravity. Stars rotating around the center with a shorter radius should be traveling faster than the stars out at the edge of the galaxy with a radius of thousands of lightyears distance.
-
- Our Solar System for example contains the Sun with 99% of the mass and planets like Mercury that has rotational velocity at 48 kilometers / second versus Saturn that has a rotational velocity of 10 kilometers per second. Orbital velocities are directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to radius of their orbit , v^2 = G*M / r. The outer stars should be orbiting at a slower velocity than the inner stars. However, that is not the case. The orbiting velocities seem to be constant out to the edge of the galaxy.
-
- In order to explain this with our physics we conclude that there is no central mass. There must be a halo of invisible mass that completely surrounds the galaxy. Let’s try to find it around the Milky Way. Astronomers have explored out to 13,000 lightyears and have found no evidence that Dark Matter is there.
-
- Astronomers ought to be able to detect the gravitational effects of Dark Matter mass. Light passing from a distant star should be warped or bent as it passes by this mass. It is called gravitational micro-lensing. Distant stars should vary in brightness as the lensing effect passes in front of the traveling light beam. So far, no effect of Dark Matter has been detected.
-
- Astronomers have also studied over 400 red giant stars that hover above the galactic plane supposedly in the Dark Matter halo. Again, the effects of gravity from Dark Matter has not been detected.
-
- The microlensing effect is a difficult measurement to make and there could be other explanations as to why we do not see the results expected. For one, the calculations assume the Dark Matter halo is spherical. If it were cigar shaped, or squashed beach ball shaped, the Dark Matter could still exist inside the calculations. We can not tell for sure because we do not know the Dark Matter distribution.
-
- The Earth is orbiting the Milky Way center every 225 million years. We should be passing through the Dark Matter particles. Physicists are trying to detect these fleeting particles by putting measurements deep underground. The mass of Earth around the measurements is to separate surface noise and random particles that are buzzing around the surface. Here are some of the experiments in process. Google them to learn more:
-
------------------- CDMS, is the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search using germanium / silicon detectors in an old mine shaft in Soudan, Minnesota
-
------------------ CoGeNT is a wedge germanium detector that is in the same mine. The hope is that these detectors should capture a WIMP as it is passing through the Earth. Remember the WIMP is unaffected by the electromagnetic forces that hold the atoms together. It must collide with another fundamental particle to be detected.
-
------------------ XENON 100 is a detector using liquid xenon beneath Gans Sasso Mountain in Italy.
-
----------------- CRESST is in the same location using calcium Tung state crystals as detectors.
-
----------------- DAMA is still another detector using sodium iodide.
-
- Detections have occurred but confirmation remains illusive. Dark Matter is still eluding us. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Monday, June 4, 2012
- Astronomers and physicists are trying hard to find Dark Matter. Astronomers have convincing evidence that the entire Universe is made up of matter and energy, time and space with 73% of the energy being used to fill space and expand the Universe at 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears of space. Residing in the space is concentrated energy called matter, 23% of which we can not see. 4% of matter-energy we can see. The 4% is all that we know and love, the rest is all “ Dark”.
-
- When astronomers use light to detect what is in the Universe they come up far short, only 4% of what they find interacts with electromagnetic energy. So, astronomers are trying to use gravity to detect what is out there. Dark Matter and Dark Energy do interact with gravity.
-
- So, just looking at matter alone 85% is Dark Matter, 23% out or 27%. You would think with that much out there we should be able to find it. Astronomers think that Dark Matter is made up of particles that we have yet to discover. We have discovered the fundamental particles like electrons and quarks that make up protons and neutrons. We have discovered neutrinos and the force carrying particles like gluons and bosons. Dark Matter must be another one of these fundamental particles. To make up so much of the matter out there they must be massive particles. They must be weakly interactive because they do not interact with electromagnetic energy. Call them “ WIMPS” for weakly interactive massive particles.
-
- WIMPS due interact with gravity. We should still be able to detect them. One way they are detected is in studying the rotation of galaxies. Something is holding galaxies together and that is gravity. The center of galaxies are the most dense and therefore provide the strongest source of gravity. Stars rotating around the center with a shorter radius should be traveling faster than the stars out at the edge of the galaxy with a radius of thousands of lightyears distance.
-
- Our Solar System for example contains the Sun with 99% of the mass and planets like Mercury that has rotational velocity at 48 kilometers / second versus Saturn that has a rotational velocity of 10 kilometers per second. Orbital velocities are directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to radius of their orbit , v^2 = G*M / r. The outer stars should be orbiting at a slower velocity than the inner stars. However, that is not the case. The orbiting velocities seem to be constant out to the edge of the galaxy.
-
- In order to explain this with our physics we conclude that there is no central mass. There must be a halo of invisible mass that completely surrounds the galaxy. Let’s try to find it around the Milky Way. Astronomers have explored out to 13,000 lightyears and have found no evidence that Dark Matter is there.
-
- Astronomers ought to be able to detect the gravitational effects of Dark Matter mass. Light passing from a distant star should be warped or bent as it passes by this mass. It is called gravitational micro-lensing. Distant stars should vary in brightness as the lensing effect passes in front of the traveling light beam. So far, no effect of Dark Matter has been detected.
-
- Astronomers have also studied over 400 red giant stars that hover above the galactic plane supposedly in the Dark Matter halo. Again, the effects of gravity from Dark Matter has not been detected.
-
- The microlensing effect is a difficult measurement to make and there could be other explanations as to why we do not see the results expected. For one, the calculations assume the Dark Matter halo is spherical. If it were cigar shaped, or squashed beach ball shaped, the Dark Matter could still exist inside the calculations. We can not tell for sure because we do not know the Dark Matter distribution.
-
- The Earth is orbiting the Milky Way center every 225 million years. We should be passing through the Dark Matter particles. Physicists are trying to detect these fleeting particles by putting measurements deep underground. The mass of Earth around the measurements is to separate surface noise and random particles that are buzzing around the surface. Here are some of the experiments in process. Google them to learn more:
-
------------------- CDMS, is the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search using germanium / silicon detectors in an old mine shaft in Soudan, Minnesota
-
------------------ CoGeNT is a wedge germanium detector that is in the same mine. The hope is that these detectors should capture a WIMP as it is passing through the Earth. Remember the WIMP is unaffected by the electromagnetic forces that hold the atoms together. It must collide with another fundamental particle to be detected.
-
------------------ XENON 100 is a detector using liquid xenon beneath Gans Sasso Mountain in Italy.
-
----------------- CRESST is in the same location using calcium Tung state crystals as detectors.
-
----------------- DAMA is still another detector using sodium iodide.
-
- Detections have occurred but confirmation remains illusive. Dark Matter is still eluding us. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Monday, June 4, 2012
Sunday, June 3, 2012
Our Milky Way's Gamma Ray bubbles and jets?
--------- #1482 - Our Milky Way’s Gamma Ray Bubbles.
-
- If you travel far out into space and look back at the Milky Way Galaxy edge-on with a camera that detects light in the Gamma Ray frequency range your image includes two enormous “ bubbles”, “tear drops” above and below the galaxy center. And, there are two jets shooting up at a 15 degree angles to the perpendicular. How to explain this ?
-
- Our Milky Way Galaxy is relatively quiet and not consider an “active galaxy”. We know there is a Blackhole at the center of the Galaxy. It is called Sagittarius A* and it weighs 4,000,000 Solar Mass. That is enormously massive but small compared to other active galaxies. Other active galaxies have super massive blackholes that are billions of Solar Mass. These Blackholes are still consuming material, stars, planets, interstellar gas and dust. As this material is annihilated at the edge of the Blackhole twin jets shoot off in opposite directions at the poles of rotation.
-
- The Gamma Ray Bubbles at the rotation poles of our Milky Way Galaxy are evidence that our galaxy was more active in the past.
-
- The jets and bubbles extend 27,000 lightyears above and below the galactic plane. The Gamma Ray bubbles are perpendicular to the galactic plane, however, the jets are tilted at an angle of 15 degrees. This tilt is likely the result of the Blackhole’s accretion disk being tilted in its rotation.
-
- The Blackhole’s accretion disk can warp as it spirals in toward the Blackhole’s spinning event horizon. The magnetic field created by the electric charges in the spinning disk accelerate the charged jet material out the spin axes of the Blackhole. The jets are produced by a plasma of electric charged particles, electrons and nuclei ions, that are squirted out from the axes following a corkscrew magnetic field that is tightly focused.
-
- The Gamma Ray Bubbles are created by a “ solar wind of sorts” of hot material blowing outward from the spinning accretion disk. As a result the bubbles are much broader than the narrow jets that are focused by the magnetic field.
-
- The Gamma Ray radiation is created when electrons moving near the speed of light collide with low energy light. The energy of light is directly proportional to the oscillation frequency. Gamma Rays have more energy than ultraviolet light because they have higher frequency. Ultraviolet light has more energy than red light. The collisions are of high energy and generate high energy photons in the Gamma Ray frequency range.
-
- Astronomers are studying these recently discovered phenomena with great interest. They hope to learn more about the evolution of galaxies? When was our galaxy last active? How much material falling into the central Blackhole would make our galaxy active again?
-
- Astronomers estimate that it would take 10,000 Solar Mass of material to make the Blackhole active again. Today, it appears to have a scant amount of material to feed on. However, there is a sizeable gas cloud on a collision course with the galaxy center. Astronomer’s hope to see the collision happen and to learn the results as the gas intercepts the event horizon of the Blackhole.
-
- There is a Blue-White star, named S2, that orbits within a whisker of the Blackhole swinging by at 2% of the speed of light. Traveling at 5,000 kilometers per second. S2 is blue-white bright and therefore a young star no more than 10,000,000 years old. What will happen when this star gets eaten by the Blackhole?
-
- We have seen thermonuclear flare ups occur on other stars. V838 Monocerotis star is 20,000 lightyears away and on February, 2002, it had an enormous flare up that was millions of time more luminous that our Sun. The flare up repeated in March and again in April. How can 3 successive flare ups of this magnitude occur in sequence? Are stars colliding? Did this single star swallow 3 giant planets? Is this predictable behavior of an end-of-life for a giant star?
-
An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned. Astronomers have a lot to learn.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) To learn more : Picture was taken by the Fermi Space Telescope, google it.
(2) Read about Gamma Rays in reviews” #1323, #1238, #1158, # 26 and about Gamma Ray Bursts reviews # 711, # 1267 , #1160, # 542 available upon request.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Sunday, June 3, 2012
- If you travel far out into space and look back at the Milky Way Galaxy edge-on with a camera that detects light in the Gamma Ray frequency range your image includes two enormous “ bubbles”, “tear drops” above and below the galaxy center. And, there are two jets shooting up at a 15 degree angles to the perpendicular. How to explain this ?
-
- Our Milky Way Galaxy is relatively quiet and not consider an “active galaxy”. We know there is a Blackhole at the center of the Galaxy. It is called Sagittarius A* and it weighs 4,000,000 Solar Mass. That is enormously massive but small compared to other active galaxies. Other active galaxies have super massive blackholes that are billions of Solar Mass. These Blackholes are still consuming material, stars, planets, interstellar gas and dust. As this material is annihilated at the edge of the Blackhole twin jets shoot off in opposite directions at the poles of rotation.
-
- The Gamma Ray Bubbles at the rotation poles of our Milky Way Galaxy are evidence that our galaxy was more active in the past.
-
- The jets and bubbles extend 27,000 lightyears above and below the galactic plane. The Gamma Ray bubbles are perpendicular to the galactic plane, however, the jets are tilted at an angle of 15 degrees. This tilt is likely the result of the Blackhole’s accretion disk being tilted in its rotation.
-
- The Blackhole’s accretion disk can warp as it spirals in toward the Blackhole’s spinning event horizon. The magnetic field created by the electric charges in the spinning disk accelerate the charged jet material out the spin axes of the Blackhole. The jets are produced by a plasma of electric charged particles, electrons and nuclei ions, that are squirted out from the axes following a corkscrew magnetic field that is tightly focused.
-
- The Gamma Ray Bubbles are created by a “ solar wind of sorts” of hot material blowing outward from the spinning accretion disk. As a result the bubbles are much broader than the narrow jets that are focused by the magnetic field.
-
- The Gamma Ray radiation is created when electrons moving near the speed of light collide with low energy light. The energy of light is directly proportional to the oscillation frequency. Gamma Rays have more energy than ultraviolet light because they have higher frequency. Ultraviolet light has more energy than red light. The collisions are of high energy and generate high energy photons in the Gamma Ray frequency range.
-
- Astronomers are studying these recently discovered phenomena with great interest. They hope to learn more about the evolution of galaxies? When was our galaxy last active? How much material falling into the central Blackhole would make our galaxy active again?
-
- Astronomers estimate that it would take 10,000 Solar Mass of material to make the Blackhole active again. Today, it appears to have a scant amount of material to feed on. However, there is a sizeable gas cloud on a collision course with the galaxy center. Astronomer’s hope to see the collision happen and to learn the results as the gas intercepts the event horizon of the Blackhole.
-
- There is a Blue-White star, named S2, that orbits within a whisker of the Blackhole swinging by at 2% of the speed of light. Traveling at 5,000 kilometers per second. S2 is blue-white bright and therefore a young star no more than 10,000,000 years old. What will happen when this star gets eaten by the Blackhole?
-
- We have seen thermonuclear flare ups occur on other stars. V838 Monocerotis star is 20,000 lightyears away and on February, 2002, it had an enormous flare up that was millions of time more luminous that our Sun. The flare up repeated in March and again in April. How can 3 successive flare ups of this magnitude occur in sequence? Are stars colliding? Did this single star swallow 3 giant planets? Is this predictable behavior of an end-of-life for a giant star?
-
An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned. Astronomers have a lot to learn.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) To learn more : Picture was taken by the Fermi Space Telescope, google it.
(2) Read about Gamma Rays in reviews” #1323, #1238, #1158, # 26 and about Gamma Ray Bursts reviews # 711, # 1267 , #1160, # 542 available upon request.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Sunday, June 3, 2012
Friday, June 1, 2012
June 5 Venus crosses in front of the Sun?
--------- #1480 -
-
- Venus has not crossed the face of the Sun since 1882 when it did last time in 2004. It will transit the Sun again in 2012, June 5th. We are fortunate in the U.S. to be on the sun-facing side when this happens. The Venus transit will not happen again until 2117, someone needs to take notes for me. I will miss this one.
-
- (See footnote 1 for the years of Venus’ transits). On Tuesday, June 5, Venus will cross from one edge of the Sun to the other. It will take 5.7 hours. You will need a welder’s mask or eclipse glasses to witness it.
-
- There is a lot of interesting math involved. One is to learn the distance from the Earth to Venus. We use the “ small angle formula” to do the calculations.
-
------------------------------------ angle arc seconds = 206,265 Diameter / Distance
-
------------------------------------ angle in radians = 57.2958 Diameter / Distance
-
- This equation works because for very small angles the cosine = 1 and the sine and tangent = the angle. And, one complete circle is 2*pi radians = 360 degrees. 1 radian = 57.3 degrees. One arc second of angular diameter is a tennis ball 8 miles away.
-
- The Moon is about ½ angular degree. The Sun is about the same size in the sky as evidenced by a total eclipse. The angular degree of the Sun is o.5244 degrees. The diameter of the Sun is 139,000 kilometers.
-
------------------ 0.5244 angular degrees * 3600 = 1888 arc seconds.
-
- The diameter of Venus as it transit’s the Sun is 58.6 arc seconds , which about 3% of the total transit distance. The diameter of Venus is 12,600 kilometers. Using the equation above to calculate the distance to Venus:
-
------------------------- Distance = 206,265 / 58.6 * 12,600 kilometers.
------------------------ Venus Distance = 44.3 million kilometers
------------------------ Venus Distance = 27.6 million miles.
-
--------------------- Earth is 149.6 million kilometers from the Sun
-------------------- Venus is 108.2 million kilometers from the Sun
-------------------- Distance from Earth to Venus when they are lined up with the Sun = 149.6 - 108.2 = 41.4 kilometers.
-
- How long does it take Venus to transit completely across the face of the Su as viewed from the Earth? How fast is Venus and Earth traveling?
-
- If we assume the planets orbit in perfect circles the travel distance is 2 * pi * radius. The time is one year to complete one orbit.
-
--------------- Earth travels = 2 * pi * 149.6 million km = 940 million km, or 584 million miles.
-
--------------- Earth year = 365.24 days * 24 * 3600 = 31.6 million seconds.
-
---------------- Earth speed = distance / time = 940 / 31.6 = 29.7 km / sec, or 66,543 miles per hour.
-
--------------- Venus travels = 2* pi * 108.2 million km = 680 million km
-
--------------- Venus year = 224.7 days * 24 * 3600 = 19.4 million seconds.
-
----------------- Venus speed = 680 / 19.4 = 35 km / sec, or, 78,410 miles per hour.
-
- The difference in the speed of Venus to the speed of the Earth = 35 - 29.7 = 5/3 km/sec.
-
- Traveling at 5.3 km / sec how long does it take to cross the diameter of the Sun, 139,000 km?
-
---------------- Time = Distance / time = 139,000 / 5.3 = 26,264 seconds
-
---------------- Time to travel diameter = 7.3 hours.
-
- The transit on June 5, 2012 does not cross a perfect diameter. The transit time across the cord of the circle is 24,000 seconds or 6.7 hours. Don’t miss it. It will not happen again until 2117.
---------------------------------------------------------
- (1) Years Venus transit across the Sun occurs: 1631, 1629, 1761, 1769, 1874, 1882, 2994, 2012, 2117, 2125, 2247, 2255, 2360, 2368. Occurring in the months of June and December.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Friday, June 1, 2012
- Venus has not crossed the face of the Sun since 1882 when it did last time in 2004. It will transit the Sun again in 2012, June 5th. We are fortunate in the U.S. to be on the sun-facing side when this happens. The Venus transit will not happen again until 2117, someone needs to take notes for me. I will miss this one.
-
- (See footnote 1 for the years of Venus’ transits). On Tuesday, June 5, Venus will cross from one edge of the Sun to the other. It will take 5.7 hours. You will need a welder’s mask or eclipse glasses to witness it.
-
- There is a lot of interesting math involved. One is to learn the distance from the Earth to Venus. We use the “ small angle formula” to do the calculations.
-
------------------------------------ angle arc seconds = 206,265 Diameter / Distance
-
------------------------------------ angle in radians = 57.2958 Diameter / Distance
-
- This equation works because for very small angles the cosine = 1 and the sine and tangent = the angle. And, one complete circle is 2*pi radians = 360 degrees. 1 radian = 57.3 degrees. One arc second of angular diameter is a tennis ball 8 miles away.
-
- The Moon is about ½ angular degree. The Sun is about the same size in the sky as evidenced by a total eclipse. The angular degree of the Sun is o.5244 degrees. The diameter of the Sun is 139,000 kilometers.
-
------------------ 0.5244 angular degrees * 3600 = 1888 arc seconds.
-
- The diameter of Venus as it transit’s the Sun is 58.6 arc seconds , which about 3% of the total transit distance. The diameter of Venus is 12,600 kilometers. Using the equation above to calculate the distance to Venus:
-
------------------------- Distance = 206,265 / 58.6 * 12,600 kilometers.
------------------------ Venus Distance = 44.3 million kilometers
------------------------ Venus Distance = 27.6 million miles.
-
--------------------- Earth is 149.6 million kilometers from the Sun
-------------------- Venus is 108.2 million kilometers from the Sun
-------------------- Distance from Earth to Venus when they are lined up with the Sun = 149.6 - 108.2 = 41.4 kilometers.
-
- How long does it take Venus to transit completely across the face of the Su as viewed from the Earth? How fast is Venus and Earth traveling?
-
- If we assume the planets orbit in perfect circles the travel distance is 2 * pi * radius. The time is one year to complete one orbit.
-
--------------- Earth travels = 2 * pi * 149.6 million km = 940 million km, or 584 million miles.
-
--------------- Earth year = 365.24 days * 24 * 3600 = 31.6 million seconds.
-
---------------- Earth speed = distance / time = 940 / 31.6 = 29.7 km / sec, or 66,543 miles per hour.
-
--------------- Venus travels = 2* pi * 108.2 million km = 680 million km
-
--------------- Venus year = 224.7 days * 24 * 3600 = 19.4 million seconds.
-
----------------- Venus speed = 680 / 19.4 = 35 km / sec, or, 78,410 miles per hour.
-
- The difference in the speed of Venus to the speed of the Earth = 35 - 29.7 = 5/3 km/sec.
-
- Traveling at 5.3 km / sec how long does it take to cross the diameter of the Sun, 139,000 km?
-
---------------- Time = Distance / time = 139,000 / 5.3 = 26,264 seconds
-
---------------- Time to travel diameter = 7.3 hours.
-
- The transit on June 5, 2012 does not cross a perfect diameter. The transit time across the cord of the circle is 24,000 seconds or 6.7 hours. Don’t miss it. It will not happen again until 2117.
---------------------------------------------------------
- (1) Years Venus transit across the Sun occurs: 1631, 1629, 1761, 1769, 1874, 1882, 2994, 2012, 2117, 2125, 2247, 2255, 2360, 2368. Occurring in the months of June and December.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Friday, June 1, 2012
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