--------------------- #1502 - Atoms with Protons, with Quarks, with Preons?
- The ancients in Greece first proposed the atom as the smallest indivisible particle that makes up matter in the natural world. Science later discovered the electron which turned out to be the basis for chemistry. Later, the nucleus of atoms were discovered to contain protons and neutrons. Then, more recently protons and neutrons were found to each contain 3 Quarks. Today, do you suppose we will find that Quarks contain even more elementary particles?
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- In today’s Standard Model of Particle Physics Quarks are considered “ fundamental particles”, point like in size with a spin of ½. Spin ½ means that they have a “quantum” spin. It is either +½ or -½ . It is like the magnetic moment of spin is either the north pole or the south pole. There is nothing in between. Here are the sizes we are talking about:
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------------------------- Hydrogen atom --------------- 1.1*10^-10 meters
------------------------- Proton ------------------------- 1.7 * 10^-15 meters
------------------------- Quark -------------------------- less than 10^-18 meters
-------------------------- Preon -------------------------- smaller still.
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- Could the Quark be composed of these even smaller “fundamental particles”, Preons?
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- No evidence measured to date will give us the answer. But, that does not stop physicists from imagining such particles and developing the theories for there existence. They have even given them a name, “ Preons”.
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- Here is how the theory might work and still match the Standard Model:
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----------------------------- STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS -----------
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------------------- 12 Fermions ------------------------------ 4 Bosons plus the Higgs
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--------------- 6 Quarks and 6 Leptons -------------------- 5 Force Carriers
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- Lowest Energy Generation of Quarks and Leptons:
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--------------------------------------------------- Charge --- Mass in million electron volts.
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-------------------------------- Up Quark ------ +2/3 ----------------- 2.3
------------------------------- Down Quark --- -1/3 ----------------- 4.8
------------------------------- Electron --------- -1 -------------------- 0.511
------------------------------ Electron Neutrino -- 0 ------------------ less than 0.000002
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- Boson, Force Carriers Energy Levels:
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--------------------------- Photon ----------------- 0 ------------------ massless
--------------------------- Gluon ------------------ 0 ------------------ massless
-------------------------- Z Boson ----------------- 0 ---------------- 91,188
------------------------- W Boson ----------------- + - 1 ------------ 80,385
------------------------- Higgs Boson ----------- 0 --------------- 125,000
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- If there are two types of Preons one having a charge of +1/3 and the other being neutral. And, an anti-Preon exists at a charge of -1/3, then this Standard Model can be constructed with each Quark containing 3 Preons and each Boson containing 2 , or, 6 Preons. Here is what the table would look like:
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- Fermions
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--------------------------------------------------- Charge --- Mass in million electron volts.
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--------------------------------------------------- +1/3 Preon -----------Neutral Preon
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-------------------------------- Up Quark ------ 2 ------------------------- 1
------------------------------- Down Quark --- 1 anti ------------------ 2 neutral anti-
------------------------------- Electron ------= 3 anti -------------------- 0
------------------------------ Electron Neutrino - 0 ----------------------- 3
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- Boson, Force Carriers
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--------------------------- Photon ----------------- 1+1 anti ------------------ 0
--------------------------- Gluon ------------------ too complicated -------
-------------------------- Z Boson ----------------- 3 +3 anti --------------- 0
------------------------- W Boson ----------------- 3 -------------------------- 0
------------------------- Higgs Boson ----------- too complicated -------
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- You can see how it would work for Quarks and Leptons to be made up each of 3 Preons having an electric charge of + 1/3.
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- The future for hunting for structure within Quarks and Leptons is brighter than ever. The Large Hadron Collider in CERN , Switzerland, has already produced a year’s worth of collision data of protons and anti-protons colliding at 7,000 million electron volts. This year it will increase collision energies to 8,000 million electron volts. And, in 2015 to 14,000 million electron volts. Physicists are busy hunting through the debris.
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- Physics is busy finding the smallest elementary particles. Preons to make up Quarks, Quarks to make up Protons, Protons to make up atoms, atoms to make up molecules, molecules to make up chemistry, chemistry to make up biology, biology to start with a breath of air, learn the alphabet, learn their numbers, grow in knowledge to read this review and figure this stuff out.
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- There is still more stuff to figure out. The Standard Model does not include gravity. We have no mathematical method of deriving the masses we have discovered. They are all obtained from experiments. The theory for the Higgs Boson started over 50 years ago; experimental evidencewas found just this summer. Another announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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707-536-3272, Tuesday, October 23, 2012
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