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--------------------- #1511 - Sterile Neutrinos in Particle Physics.
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- All observations and measurements in physics to date support the Standard Model of Particle Interactions. According to the model the entire Universe is made up of only:
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----------------------------- 4 forces
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---------------------------- 12 particles
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---------------------------- The 4 forces are : electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear , and gravity.
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---------------------------- The 12 particles make up all of matter. They are 3 each of Up and Down Quarks, electrons, and neutrinos. If you count Anti-matter then it is 24 particles. But, Anti-matter rarely exists as part of our natural world. So now we are up to 28 “fundamental particles” that make up our Universe as we know it. These “fundamental particles” may be made up of even smaller particles yet to be discovered. See Review # 1502 to learn about “ Preons”. If the Higgs Boson is discovered that brings the total to 30 particles. See Review #1498 to learn about the Higgs.
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- The Standard Model is missing a couple of key players:
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-------------- (1) It says nothing about gravity having a force particle. If it does it will be called a “ graviton”. But, no gravitons have been discovered to exist to date.
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-------------- (2) It does not explain why particles have inertia and mass. If the Higgs Boson is discovered in the CERN, Switzerland, Large Hadron Collider that may be the particle that creates the Higgs Field and creates mass for all the particles that have mass. Photons and Gluons are massless so they would not be interacting with the Higgs Field. The other particles have the amount of mass depending on how strongly they interact with this field.
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-------------- (3) There may be a third undiscovered particle called the “ Sterile Neutrino”. The sterile neutrino would interact with the gravity and none of the other forces.
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- Gravity is the weakest of the four known forces. If the sterile neutrino only interacts with this extremely weak force it may be nearly uncoupled to all the matter in the Universe. Maybe it could even move in and out of 4-dimensional spacetime. Maybe sterile neutrinos are the key to entering the extra-dimensions, the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, or 11th dimension. Who knows?
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- Ordinary neutrinos are part of the Standard Model. There are 3 of them and they have very small mass, nearly massless.
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--------------------- electron neutrino
--------------------- muon neutrino
--------------------- tau neutrino
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- All three types of neutrinos have only left-handed spin. This remains a mystery because all the other fundamental particles have both left-handed and right-handed spins. They have two quantum spins, spin-up and spin-down. Sterile neutrinos may exist with only right-handed spins, keeping the Universe in balance. Physics always looks for symmetry in the Universe.
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- Because, in theory, sterile neutrinos only interact with gravity they may explain Dark Matter that makes up 23% of the composition of the Universe.
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- A theory supporting sterile neutrino existence has evidence in the smoothing out of clumps of matter in the early Universe. These clumps began as quantum fluctuations in the plasma of fundamental particles and radiation that filled space soon after the Big Bang.
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- The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is an image of this plasma structure that existed after 380,000 years of expansion. One explanation as to why the image is so smooth is that neutrinos, because they hardly interact with matter, simply sped off into space smoothing out the difference between one part of the Universe and the other part. These neutrinos contributed to the total energy of the Universe but did not contribute to the structure.
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- The distances between galaxies may be explained with sterile neutrinos. Particles pushing outwards from the clumps of subatomic particles created pressure waves that spread out like ripples from raindrops falling on a pond. Such ripples could only spread as long as the universe was so hot that electrons and protons remained separated. When the Universe cooled enough for subatomic particles to combine into atoms , the pond effectively froze, leaving a ring with a radius of 500,000 lightyears around each clump.
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- Since the ripples were pressure waves where there was more matter, more galaxies formed on the ring and also in the original clumps. As the Universe expanded the rings did too. This made astronomers think that galaxies should be clustered about 500,000 lightyears apart in today’s structure of galaxies. Actual observations to date put galaxy clusters at 480,000 lightyears apart. The 20,000 lightyears difference might be explained by sterile neutrinos
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- Sterile neutrinos added to the mix would mean the Universe expanded at a faster rate, forcing the pond to freeze sooner. The ripples would have been smaller bringing galaxies closer together.
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- No one has yet found a sterile neutrino. But, physics is actively looking. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
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707-536-3272, Tuesday, November 13, 2012
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