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----------------------- # 1608 - Neutrinos
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- In 1930 Wolfgang Pauli said,. “ I have done a terrible thing. “ “ I have postulated a particle that an not be detected.” He postulated the particle because his equations describing radioactivity were missing a small packet of energy of neutral charge. It became known as the “neutrino”, a little neutral one. It was not detected as a real particle until 1956.
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- In 2013 neutrinos can be routinely detected.
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- Neutrinos are created in radioactive decay.
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- They are neutral charge. Not influenced by electric or magnetic forces.
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- Neutrinos do not make up atoms.
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- Their mass is less than 1/ 1,000,000 that of an electron. The exact mass is unknown.
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- They can transform themselves between 3 different “flavors“. Electron, Muon, and Tau.
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- Neutrinos are called “ left-handed” in ½ spin.
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- Handedness is a variant of electric charge. It determines how a particle interacts with the Weak Nuclear Force, the force responsible for radioactive decay.
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- Only left-handed particles interact with the Weak Nuclear Force.
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- All neutrinos are put in the classification of “ leptons because of their ½ spin in their angular momentum. Electrons also have ½ spin and are also leptons.
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- Neutrinos do not interact wit the Strong Nuclear Force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of atoms.
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- Because neutrinos do not carry an electric charge they do not interact with the Electromagnetic Force that holds electrons in atoms.
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- Left-handed neutrinos interact with Gravity and the Weak Nuclear Force. Right-handed neutrinos do not interact with the Weak Nuclear Force. But, we do not know if right-handed ones exist. Because the Weak Nuclear force is limited in range to the size of the nucleus of an atom neutrinos can pass through matter with very little, to no effects.
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- Anti-matter is the same as matter but with the opposite electric charge. Electrons have a -1 charge, anti-electrons ( positrons), are the same particle with a +1 charge. Neutrinos are neutral charge so they could be particles that are their own anti-matter. This fact could have something to do with why the Universe has matter dominated over anti-matter. Works for us, or we would not be here, but, no theory has foretold how this might work.
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- Neutrinos come in 3 flavors: Electron Neutrinos, Muon Neutrinos , and Tau Neutrinos. There may be more, a 4th flavor, in theory, but, not yet discovered, called the Sterile Neutrino. Presently physicists know only that at least two of these neutrino species have non-zero mass. (Remember photons have zero mass and anything that has zero mass must travel at the speed of light, where time is zero.)
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- The 4th flavor of neutrino that comes out of the math but not yet detected, the Sterile Neutrino, would interact with Gravity and none of the other forces. This may be the source of Dark Matter in the Universe. 85% of the matter in the Universe is Dark Matter.
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- Although neutrinos are virtually massless, and nearly invisible, their sheer numbers could make them consequential players in the Universe. There is expected to be 10^89 neutrinos in the Universe. That is a large number, 1 followed by 89 zeros. I won’t do it here.
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- By measuring how matter is distributed in the Universe physics may be able to infer how massive neutrinos are. Examining gravitational lensing in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation may be a way to do this.
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- If the distribution of Dark Matter is confined to sharp-edged structures separated by voids then neutrino masses are small.
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- If the edges are blurred than neutrino masses are large.
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- We know about the neutrinos that are created in the fusion furnace of our Sun. The Sun produces 65 billion neutrinos per second that reach the surface of the Sun is 3 seconds. Photons reach the surface in 2 million years , then, reach the Earth in 8 minutes. Photons get bounced around by charged particles. Neutrinos are neutral and are unaffected. Neutrinos reach the Earth just slightly slower than photons.
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- A sugar cube is 1 cubic centimeter. Picture 5,000,000 neutrinos passing through the cube every second. Think of photons and how the space fills with light. Think of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation that is nearly uniform with photons at 2.725 Kelvin. The Neutrino Background radiation should be a uniform 1.95 Kelvin. The wavelength of 1,064,220 nanometers, ( red light is 700 nanometers wavelength). A frequency of 281,701,582,380 cycles per second oscillation. Space should be filled on average with 300 neutrinos per cubic centimeter.
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- Your body contains 20 milligrams of Potassium 40, a natural radioactive element. As a result your body is emitting 340,000,000 neutrinos every day. Please don’t stand too close. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
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- See other Reviews about neutrinos. #1219 is about Icecube Neutrinos. Also there are reviews #1589, #1139, #732 and # 630 available upon request.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Thursday, November 14, 2013
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