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- M87 is a giant elliptical galaxy at the center of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. At its center is a 6,000,000,000 Solar Mass Blackhole. It is 50, 000,000 light-years away from us.
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-. The Chandra Space Telescope can see in X-rays. It measures temperatures at 1 to 2 million degrees Kelvin near the center of M87. The Virgo Cluster contains more than 1,000 galaxies. It is the nearest cluster of galaxies to us.
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-. M87 is populated by older, low mass stars, giving it a reddish color. It has a surprising low amount of new star formation? How does the cluster keep the gas so hot that star formations cannot coalesce. For stars to coalesce the temperature must cool down so gravity can start bringing material together. There must be a secret energy source? Maybe it is a Blackhole that creates periodic outbursts preventing surrounding gas from cooling.
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-. A small matter falling into the blackhole fuels periodic explosions, creating powerful jets that shine in radio wavelengths. These jets extend out thousands of light years. Most of their energy being kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion,
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------------------------- K.E. = ½ mass * ( velocity )^2.
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-. When these jets encounter interstellar gas they cause the gas to move, to heat up, and to create shockwaves. The shockwaves pileup about 42,000 light years from the Blackhole traveling 120 % the speed of sound.
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- These periodic outbursts are occurring roughly every 10 million years. Chandra X-ray surveys are revealing the same thing is occurring in many other galaxies and galaxy clusters. Super massive black holes at the center of galaxies appear to be able to regulate themselves. Each provides just the right amount of energy to keep activities relativity stable.
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-. We weigh super massive black holes the same way we weigh almost everything else in the Universe. We measure orbital velocities and orbital radius. And , we use the math coming from Isaac Newton. The mass encompassed by a radius equals:
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--------------------------------- M = r * v^2 / G
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-. Ionize gas orbiting galaxy M87 orbits at a velocity of 800 kilometers per second, 1,800,000 miles per hour. The radius is 60 light-years, 5.6 * 10^17 meters. The gravitational constant, G = 6.67 *10^-11 m^3 / ( kg* sec^2)
---------------------------------- M = 5.6*10^17 * (8*10^5)^2 / 6.67 * 10^-11
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---------------------------------- M = 5.4*10^39 kilograms
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--------------------------------- 1 Solar Mass = 2 * 10^30 kilograms
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------------------------------ M = 2.7 *10^9 Solar Mass
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-. Current calculations have determine this number to be 6 billion Solar Mass for the mass of the black hole at the center of M87. ( Much more than the 2.7 billion calculated above).
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- There is a star, “R136a1“, that is believed to be the most massive star at 215 Solar Mass. This star is part of the 30 Dorado Cluster, inside the Tarantula Nebula, inside the Large Megellanic Cloud. Supernova 1987A occurred in this region, one of the few supernovae ever witnessed near our galaxy.
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-. There are other super massive stars in in the running. R144 is a binary star. A binary system is critical to being able to measure the mass of a star. Kepler's laws of motion states that the square of the orbital period is equal to the cube of the orbital radius. Isaac Newton added the math needed to complete the calculation for a binary star system.
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-------------------------------- p^2 4 * pi^2 a^3 / G * ( M + m )
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-------------------------------- 4 * pi^2 / G = 5.9 ^10^11
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-------------------------------- “m” is much, much smaller than “M”
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------------------------------- M = (5.9*10^11) a^3 / p^2
-. Applying his equation to R144 results in a combined mass of 200 to 300 Solar Mass inside the radius of orbit.
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-. Super massive stars die at a young age. R136a1 has an estimated age of 1,500,000 years, and, has already lost 20 % of its mass, 50 Solar Mass.
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-. A star of 8 Solar Mass will shed its outer layers and remain White Dwarf star. A star greater than 8 Solar Mass will explode as a supernova.
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-. When a super massive star collapses into a blackhole an enormous Gamma Ray Burst of energy explodes with the collapse. (Action equals reaction and, all energy is conserved, energy simply converts from one form to another.) Astronomers have detected Gamma Ray Bursts that are 13.2 billion light-years away. That light arrived Earth in 2009 but it lasted only 30 seconds.
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-. Astronomers believe the very first stars were super massive stars. The composition would be 75 % hydrogen and 25 % helium because the heavier elements were not created until later when supernovae explosions were around to create them. Virtually every element on Earth today was fused in a star’s supernova core , a long time ago.
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-. A White Dwarf star reflects the products of the star’s final nuclear burning stage. A
1 Solar Mass White Dwarf star will be mostly carbon, as a Sun size star fuses helium into carbon in its final stage of life. A White Dwarf star of 1 Solar Mass would collapse to the size of the Earth. Which is the size of a typical sunspot. A teaspoon of this dense material would weigh as much as a truck.
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-. A more massive White Dwarf star would actually be smaller and more dense. A 1.3 Solar Mass White Dwarf star would be one half the size of the Earth. The limit on White Dwarf mass is 1.4 Solar Mass. At this point gravity overpowers electrons and smashes them into the nuclei creating neutrons, a Neutron Star is born.
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- A star of 20 Solar Mass would explode and leave behind a Neutron Star. A star more massive than 20 Solar Mass would collapse into a Blackhole.
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-. The Neutron star of 1.4 solar mass is only 10 kilometers in radius. It's density is immense. It is essentially a giant atomic nuclei made almost entirely of neutrons. The gravity is so immense the escape velocity at its surface is one half the speed of light. A paperclip would weigh as much as Mount Everest. Neutron stars have been found that are spinning 625 revolutions per second.
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-. When a burned-out star’s mass exceeds 20 Solar Mass it collapses into a Blackhole, a bottomless pit in space-time. The space-time grows infinitely curved until it enters a point called the Singularity. The Event Horizon is a radius around the Blackhole where the gravity is so strong it bend light beams back on themselves. No light can escape. Nothing escapes. The radius is:
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---------------------------------- r = 2 * G * M / c^2
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------------------------------------ G = 6.67*10^-11
------------------------------------ c^2 - 9 * 10^18
------------------------------------- Ms = 2*10^30
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------------------------------------- r = 3 * M / Ms
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-. If we change the units to “Solar Mass” instead of kilograms and “r” is in kilometers this equation simplifies.
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- So, 10 Solar Mass Blackhole would have Event Horizon radius of 30 kilometers, 18 miles,
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-. There are super massive Blackholes and there are super massive stars that are not yet blackholes. Our Milky Way galaxy has 200,000,000,000 stars. Only a few dozen are believed to exist as super massive, that is over 100 times more massive than our Sun, millions of times more luminous, and a lifetime of only a few million years, because they burn through their fuel so rapidly.
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-. A star the size of our Sun takes 50,000,000 years to form out of interstellar gas and dust. The super massive star might take only 100,000 years to form.
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-. Eta Carinae is a super massive star just 7,500 light-years away, with a mass of 100 Solar Mass. It is a dumbbell in shape because in the year1843 it threw off 10 Solar Mass of material. Maybe in 2014 it will explode again. In announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
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---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Thursday, April 3, 2014 ---
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