- 1109 - What
Forces Control Everything? Science has got everything down to 4 forces
and 26 constants but that is still not simple enough. We need more discoveries. "There has got to be less to it." The theory of everything still escapes
us.
-
-
--------------------------------------- 1109
- What Forces Control Everything?
-
- A force is a
push or a pull. So, a force is something
that moves something. Not really, no
force is needed if something is moving at a constant velocity in a straight
line. But, a force is needed to
accelerate something, to “change” its velocity, or, to change it from moving in
a straight line.
-
- Energy is a
force acting over a distance. (E = F*d)
So, to move something through space takes energy. The force of gravity has potential energy
that can quickly change into kinetic energy if you step off a cliff. The electric force is between electric
charges. The magnetic force is between
magnetic poles. But, combine these two
and you get electromagnetic radiation which is light. Then you have the next two nuclear forces
holding atoms and molecules together.
-
- There are
only four forces, or maybe three, or maybe more if new ones like Dark Energy
get discovered as a force. Forces like
energy are not continuous. They seem
like it, but, at the smallest level they occur in quantum, i.e. discrete steps.
-
- The force
carrier for electromagnetic energy is the quantum called the photon. The photon carries radio, microwave,
infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays. The photon carries the force between
electrons and protons that hold atoms together.
The photon is massless and can only exist when moving at 186,000 miles
per second.
-
- Gravity is thought to have a quantum called
the graviton, but it is yet to be discovered beyond theory. The graviton is also massless and travels at
the speed of light.
-
- The other two
forces occur inside the nucleus of the atom.
The Strong Nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in an area
of 10^-15 meters. Protons have positive
charges and they should be repelling each other, but, the strength of the
Strong force is 137 times stronger than the electric force, so the nucleus
holds together.
-
- But, not always. There is the Weak Nuclear force that is
1/100,000th the strength of the Strong Nuclear Force which is enough
to randomly cause radioactive decay inside the nucleus changing neutrons into
protons.
-
- The force
carriers for the Strong force are quantum called Gluons. But, unlike photons that have unlimited
range, the Gluons have a range of only 10^-15 meters, which is the diameter of
the nucleus. In the case of the Weak
Nuclear force the range is even smaller, 10^-17 meters, or 0.1% the diameter of
a proton.
-
- The force
carriers for the Weak force are quantum called W and Z Bosons. Both the photon and graviton are
massless. The Gluons and W and Z Bosons
are very massive and that is what limits their range.
-
- The
difference between the photon and the graviton is the photon has a “spin” of 1
and the graviton has a spin of 2. “spin”
is the angular momentum of the particle which also only occurs at quantum
increments.
-
- The biggest
difference is the graviton is extremely weak.
The strength of the photon compared to the Strong force is 1 / 137. The strength of the graviton compared to the
Strong force is 1/ 6*10^39, that is 1 /
6 followed be 39 zeros. You can compare
how weak the force of gravity is by picking up a paper clip with a refrigerator
magnet, defying gravity of the entire Earth pulling against it.
-
- The Gluon is
the exchange particle that mediates the forces between the Quarks that make up
the protons and neutrons inside the nucleus.
There are 3 Quarks in each proton and in each neutron. The Gluon is massive, it weighs 100,000
electron volts. ( mass as weight = energy / c^2, expressed in electron volts /
c^2). The range of the Gluon as a
force carrier is only 10^-15 meters.
-
- The
electromagnetic force carried by the photon travels at the speed of light and
has the range to reach the edges of the Universe. However, the strength falls off as the square
of the distance it travels. For example,
the force between two electric, or magnetic, charges , Q1 and Q2 is
proportional to the strength of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
-
-------------------------------- Force
= Constant * Q1 * Q2 / r^2
-
- The Weak
Nuclear force uses W and Z Bosons as the force carriers. These Bosons are exceedingly massive,
80,000,000 electron volts. Their
strength is 1/100,000 the strength of the Gluons and the Strong force. Their range is even smaller, only 10^-17
meters. You would not expect the Weak
force to have much effect in the outside world.
But, you would be surprised.
-
- This little force can change a proton into a
neutron and vise versa. It is the force
that cause radioactive decay in the heavy elements. This is called Beta Decay and it occurs when
a neutron changes into a proton, or, actually, at the more fundamental level,
when a heavier Down Quark changes into a lighter Up Quark.
-
- This effect alone is responsible for the plate
tectonics and volcano activity on our planet.
The volcanic activity on the planet is caused by the radioactive decay
of uranium and thorium deep inside the Earth.
-
- The Sun too
is powered by this Weak interaction that can transmute a proton into a neutron
to form deuterium to create fusion inside the Sun. The Weak force becomes necessary to create
all the heavier elements in the Periodic Table. There is power in Weakness.
-
- The masses of
all these particles and force carriers are considered “Fundamental Constants”
because they never change and are the same everywhere in the Universe ( as far
as we know).
-
--------------------------- 6 constants are the masses for the 6 Quarks
-
--------------------------- 6 more constants for a total of 12 are the
masses of the 6 Leptons. Leptons are the
electron, the muon, the tau, and the 3 neutrinos.
-
- These masses
are expressed in kilograms, or in electron volts per the speed of light
squared. The speed of light is in meters
/ second. All of these units are simply
arbitrary and man-made.
-
- Science does
not like this idea of expressing Fundamental Constants in arbitrary units. Max Planck realized that since they were
arbitrary he could select any units he wanted.
So, he selected units that made the Fundamental Constants equal to one.
-
--------------------------- G = c
= h =
k = 1
-
- By choosing
the right values for the units of mass, length, and time, instead of kilograms,
meters, and seconds, you get Planck mass, Planck length, and Planck time. And the Gravitational Constant (G), the
Constant speed of light (c), the Planck’s Constant of Action (h), and the
Boltzman’s Constant (k) all equal to 1.
Here are the Planck units that result:
-
--------------------------- mass
= 2*10^-8 kilograms
-
------------------------- length
= 2*10^-35 meters
-
------------------------ time
= 5*10^-44 seconds.
-
- Besides the
12 masses of the particles there are the 4 Coupling Constants of the forces.
-
------------------------ Strong
= 1
-
------------------------ Electromagnetic = 1
/137
-
------------------------ Weak
= 10^-6
-
------------------------ Gravity
= 10^-39
-
- These
Fundamental Constants are completely dependent on experiments and the units
used in the measurements. They are
unlike the Mathematical Constants, like pi, the natural logarithm “e”, and the
Golden Ratio. These math constants can
be derived.
-
- The force
that controls the structure of the atom and molecules is 1 / 137 and is called
the Fine Structure Constant. It is
measured to be 1 / 137.03599... That is
the number, but, nobody knows how to derive it.
It just is.
-
----------------------
Fine Structure Constant = 2*pi*e^2 / h * c.
-
--------------------
Fine Structure Constant = the electron charge squared divided by the
product of Planck's Constant of Action per wavelength and the Constant speed of
light.
-
---------------------
Find Structure Constant = 1 / 137.03599...
-
- The
Electromagnetic Coupling Constant, the Strong Force Coupling Constant and the
Gravitational Constant bring the total from 12 to 15 Fundamental
Constants. The Weak Force Coupling
Constant can be calculated from the other two so it is not included as
“Fundamental”.
-
- But, the
interaction of the W and Z Bosons with the quarks creates 4 more numbers that
are Fundamental Constants. Called
Cabibbo-Kobayash-Maskawa matrix math.
This is math analogous to a specifying of a vector in 3 dimensions plus
a spin of either clockwise or counter clockwise to get 4 numbers to specify the
behavior. This brings the total to 19
Constants. The neutrinos get their mass
for interaction with the Higgs Boson so we get 4 more Constant numbers called
the Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix math.
This brings the total to 23.
-
- The mass of
the Higgs Boson and the Constant Coupling Factor of the Higgs field get us to
25 Fundamental Constants. This is in theory
only since the Higgs has just been discovered.
Science hopes to discover more in the Large Hadron Collider, the
particle accelerator that just turned on in CERN, Switzerland.
-
- Then, number
26 is Einstein’s Cosmological Constant that was developed in the General Theory
of Relativity. This could be the
Constant that is causing the expansion of the Universe, also called Dark
Energy, yet to be discovered.
-
- In conclusion
we have 4 forces that control everything.
With these we have 12 particles of matter and particles of force
carriers. And, we have Constant Coupling
factors between these fundamental force carriers.
-
- We theorize it all started with the Big Bang
which was a Constant * Temperature , (k*T), which was equal to 10^29 electron
volts, which was equal to Planck’s Constant of Action / Planck’s time, (h/t).
-
----------------------------- k*T
= h / t =
10^29
-
- “t” is Planck’s time which is the time it takes
for light to travel across a Planck Length.
G is the Gravitational Constant. “h” is Planck’s Constant of Action per
wavelength, (h/2*pi). “c” is the
Constant Speed of light.
-
--------
(Planck Time)^2 = G * h / c^5 = 5.4*10^-34 seconds
-
----------( Planck Length)^2 =
G*h/c^3 = 1.6*10^-35 meters
-
---------
(Planck Time)^2 *c^2 = G * h /
c^3 = 1.6*10^-35 meters
-
---------- Planck Area
= 2.6*10^-70 meters^2
-
----------
(Planck Mass)^2 = h*c / 8^pi*G = 1.1 * 10^-8 kilograms
-
- Science has
got everything down to 4 forces and 26 constants but that is still not simple
enough. We need more discoveries. "There has got to be less to it." The theory of everything still escapes
us.
-
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------------------------- Wednesday, June 6, 2018
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