Thursday, September 20, 2018

Energy Expanding Universe.



- 2105 -  Energy Expanding Universe.  Universe is expanding at 49,306 miles per hour per million lightyears distance.  .  Eventually at the edges of the Universe the separation speed exceeds the speed of light.  Then light from those galaxies at the edge will never reach us.
-
-

-
---------------------------  2105  -  Energy Expanding Universe.
-
-  The Universe is expanding at 49,306 miles per hour per million lightyears distance. 
This is a units conversion from what astronomers measure the expansion to be between 67 kilometers per second per Megaparsec and 73 km/sec/Mpc.  A megaparsec is 3.262 million lightyears.
-
-  That expansion rate says that as distances increase every million light years the separation of galaxies is increasing at the rate of another 49,306 miles per hour.  Eventually at the edges of the Universe the separation speed exceeds the speed of light.  Then light from those galaxies at the edge will never reach us.  They go out of sight.
-
-  The two different expansion rates were arrived at using two different measurement techniques. -
-  We need to know how far away the galaxy is and how fast it is moving.  All of these galaxies are receding away from us which means the wavelength of light is being stretched wider and wider.  The wavelength is stretching towards the red end of the light spectrum. 
-
-  This redshift allows us to calculate receding velocity.  To calculate distance we use the fact that the light is getting dimmer the farther away the light source is.  This is luminosity per distance the light has travelled. 
-
-  So if we know the original luminosity we can calculate the distance it is away from us by measuring the luminosity we receive. 
-
-  A particular light source called a White Dwarf  that collapses into a Neutron Star at the same point of compressing gravity.  The resulting burst of light is the same each time it occurs.  First we measure the light intensity at a distance we know.  After that we can calculate a further distance because we have a luminosity we know. 
-
-  Another method uses Cepheid Variable stars that pulsate periodically with a period that is related to their luminosity.  Start with Cepheids that are close enough to be at known distances then we can use these as "standard candles" to calculate distances for those further away. 
-
-  These distance measurements made beginning in the 1990's were concluding that the Universe is expanding at an ever increasing rate.  What is causing this accelerating expansion?  It must be some unknown energy.  Let's call it Dark Energy. 
-
-  In order to make the math work in explaining this rate of expansion astronomers had to assume the Dark Energy must make up 69% of all the mass-energy in the Universe.
-
-  This repulsive effect of Dark Energy permeates throughout all of space.  It is steadily accelerating the expansion of the Universe.  The ultimate result will be that all matter drifts apart.  Clouds of dust and gas will become too diffuse to ever collapse under the force of gravity.  New stars can never form again.  The ultimate Universe will be a cold, dark,  and desolate place. 
-
-  After 5 billion years of expansion since the Big Bang the repulsive force of Dark Energy is overpowering the attractive force of gravity. 
-
-  Either there is a new component of the Universe having these exotic physical properties or, Einstein' s Theory of Gravity is missing something.  Most astronomers think Einstein's math is correct and we still need to discover the source of Dark Energy, sometimes called vacuum energy that is expanding the Universe.  The conclusion must be that empty space is not really empty. 
-
-  "Empty Space"  must be made of virtual particles that pop in and out of existence so fast  that our measurements cannot detect them.  These virtual particles are somehow a manifestation of the time - energy uncertainty principle in a vacuum that creates this negative pressure.  They push instead of pull.  They are an anti-gravity force.
-
-   Dark energy is the biggest discovery we don't understand.  It is 69% of the Universe.  We do not understand Dark Matter either.  It s 26% of the Universe.  What we do understand is normal matter that is 4% hydrogen and helium, 0.5% stars and planets, 0.3% neutrinos, and 0.03%  the heavy elements that make up the Periodic Table of Elements that is everything we know and understand.    
-
-  That 0.03% is pretty insignificant.  But, that is the makeup of who is writing and reading this Review.   It is so great that we have so much more to learn.  How lucky can you get.
-
--  OTHER  REVIEWS  ABOUT  DARK  ENERGY:
-
-  1896  -  Planck measurements were made of the slightest temperature variations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.  These measurements include the polarization of his ancient light that originated 380,000 years after the Big Bang.  
-
-  Astronomers begin to see space to be a spider web tapestry very similar to the neurons and nodes in the human brain.  To try to understand astronomy is to stretch your brain.  Once stretched it will never return to its previous size.
-
-  1800  -  When the Universe first formed it was two competing forces the expansion of light radiation and the compression of gravity.  There are sound waves in this expansion that have a wavelength of 480,000.000 lightyears.  
-
-  1749  to 660  -  This Review lists eleven more reviews that explore Dark Energy.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Thursday, September 20, 2018   -------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





No comments:

Post a Comment