- 2105 -
Energy Expanding Universe.
Universe is expanding at 49,306 miles per hour per million lightyears
distance. . Eventually at the edges of the Universe the
separation speed exceeds the speed of light.
Then light from those galaxies at the edge will never reach us.
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-
-
--------------------------- 2105 - Energy Expanding
Universe.
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-
The Universe is expanding at 49,306 miles per hour per million
lightyears distance.
This is a units conversion from what
astronomers measure the expansion to be between 67 kilometers per second per
Megaparsec and 73 km/sec/Mpc. A
megaparsec is 3.262 million lightyears.
-
-
That expansion rate says that as distances increase every million light
years the separation of galaxies is increasing at the rate of another 49,306
miles per hour. Eventually at the edges
of the Universe the separation speed exceeds the speed of light. Then light from those galaxies at the edge
will never reach us. They go out of
sight.
-
-
The two different expansion rates were arrived at using two different
measurement techniques. -
- We need to know how far away the galaxy is and
how fast it is moving. All of these
galaxies are receding away from us which means the wavelength of light is being
stretched wider and wider. The
wavelength is stretching towards the red end of the light spectrum.
-
-
This redshift allows us to calculate receding velocity. To calculate distance we use the fact that
the light is getting dimmer the farther away the light source is. This is luminosity per distance the light has
travelled.
-
-
So if we know the original luminosity we can calculate the distance it
is away from us by measuring the luminosity we receive.
-
- A
particular light source called a White Dwarf that collapses into a Neutron Star at the same
point of compressing gravity. The
resulting burst of light is the same each time it occurs. First we measure the light intensity at a
distance we know. After that we can
calculate a further distance because we have a luminosity we know.
-
-
Another method uses Cepheid Variable stars that pulsate periodically
with a period that is related to their luminosity. Start with Cepheids that are close enough to
be at known distances then we can use these as "standard candles" to
calculate distances for those further away.
-
-
These distance measurements made beginning in the 1990's were concluding
that the Universe is expanding at an ever increasing rate. What is causing this accelerating
expansion? It must be some unknown
energy. Let's call it Dark Energy.
-
-
In order to make the math work in explaining this rate of expansion astronomers
had to assume the Dark Energy must make up 69% of all the mass-energy in the
Universe.
-
-
This repulsive effect of Dark Energy permeates throughout all of space. It is steadily accelerating the expansion of
the Universe. The ultimate result will
be that all matter drifts apart. Clouds
of dust and gas will become too diffuse to ever collapse under the force of
gravity. New stars can never form again. The ultimate Universe will be a cold,
dark, and desolate place.
-
-
After 5 billion years of expansion since the Big Bang the repulsive
force of Dark Energy is overpowering the attractive force of gravity.
-
-
Either there is a new component of the Universe having these exotic
physical properties or, Einstein' s Theory of Gravity is missing
something. Most astronomers think
Einstein's math is correct and we still need to discover the source of Dark
Energy, sometimes called vacuum energy that is expanding the Universe. The conclusion must be that empty space is not
really empty.
-
-
"Empty Space" must be
made of virtual particles that pop in and out of existence so fast that our measurements cannot detect them. These virtual particles are somehow a manifestation
of the time - energy uncertainty principle in a vacuum that creates this
negative pressure. They push instead of
pull. They are an anti-gravity force.
-
- Dark
energy is the biggest discovery we don't understand. It is 69% of the Universe. We do not understand Dark Matter either. It s 26% of the Universe. What we do understand is normal matter that
is 4% hydrogen and helium, 0.5% stars and planets, 0.3% neutrinos, and 0.03% the heavy elements that make up the Periodic
Table of Elements that is everything we know and understand.
-
-
That 0.03% is pretty insignificant.
But, that is the makeup of who is writing and reading this Review. It is so great that we have so much more to
learn. How lucky can you get.
-
-- OTHER
REVIEWS ABOUT DARK
ENERGY:
-
- 1896
- Planck measurements were made of the slightest
temperature variations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. These measurements include the polarization of
his ancient light that originated 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
-
- Astronomers
begin to see space to be a spider web tapestry very similar to the neurons and nodes
in the human brain. To try to understand
astronomy is to stretch your brain. Once
stretched it will never return to its previous size.
-
- 1800
- When the Universe first formed it was two competing
forces the expansion of light radiation and the compression of gravity. There are sound waves in this expansion that have
a wavelength of 480,000.000 lightyears.
-
- 1749
to 660 - This Review
lists eleven more reviews that explore Dark Energy.
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
---
Some reviews are at:
--------------
http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--
email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--------------------- Thursday, September 20,
2018 -------------------------
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