- 3676 - DARK ENERGY - is there another explanation? Our cosmos contains three-dimensional black holes with two-dimensional event horizons. According to this reasoning, if our universe is an event horizon, it must have originated from a fourth-dimensional black hole.
---------------- 3676 - DARK ENERGY - is there another explanation?
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------------- See Review 3675 to learn about the “cosmic inflation theory“.
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- This is the “Lambda Cold Dark Matter” (Lambda-CDM) theory, which is the current accepted standard for how the universe began and evolved, the ordinary matter we encounter every day only makes up around five percent of the universe’s density, with dark matter comprising 27 percent, and the remaining 68 percent made up of dark energy, a so-far “theoretical force” driving the expansion of the universe.
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- Some have questioned whether “dark energy” exists at all, citing computer simulations that found that by accounting for the changing structure of the cosmos, the gap in the theory, which dark energy was proposed to fill, vanishes.
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- Published in 1915, Einstein’s general theory of relativity forms the basis for the accepted origin story of the universe, which says that the Big Bang kicked off the expansion of the universe about 13.8 billion years ago.
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- The problem is, the equations at work are incredibly complicated, so physicists tend to simplify parts of them so they’re a bit more practical to work with. When models are then built up from these simplified versions, small holes can snowball into huge discrepancies.
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- Einstein’s equations of general relativity that describe the expansion of the universe are so complex mathematically, that for a hundred years no solutions accounting for the effect of cosmic structures have been found, we know from very precise supernova observations that the universe is accelerating, but at the same time we rely on coarse approximations to Einstein’s equations which may introduce serious side effects, such as the need for dark energy, in the models designed to fit the observational data.
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- Dark energy has never been directly observed, and can only be studied through its effects on other objects. Its properties and existence are still purely theoretical, making it a ‘placeholder plug’ for holes in current models.
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- The mysterious force was first put forward as a driver of the universe’s accelerated expansion in the 1990s, based on the observation of Type Ia supernovae. Sometimes called “standard candles,” these bright spots are known to shine at a consistent peak brightness, and by measuring the brightness of that light by the time it reaches Earth, astronomers are able to figure out just how far away the object is.
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- A comparison of three models of universal expansion is:
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-------------------- the “Lambda-CDM model“, including dark energy;
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-------------------- the new “Avera model“, which accounts for the structure and doesn’t require dark energy;
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------------------- the “Einstein-de Sitter model“, which also doesn’t include dark energy
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- The discrepancy that dark energy was “invented” to fill might have arisen from the parts of the theory that were glossed over for the sake of simplicity. The researchers set up a computer simulation of how the universe formed, based on its large-scale structure. That structure apparently takes the form of “foam,” where galaxies are found on the thin walls of each bubble, but large pockets in the middle are mostly devoid of both normal and dark matter.
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- The simulation of how gravity would affect matter in this structure and rather than the universe expanding in a smooth, uniform manner, different parts of it would expand at different rates. The overall average rate of expansion is still consistent with observations, and points to accelerated expansion. The end result is the “Avera model“.
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- The theory of general relativity is fundamental in understanding the way the universe evolves, we do not question its validity; we question the validity of the approximate solutions.
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- Findings rely on a mathematical conjecture which permits the differential expansion of space, consistent with general relativity, and they show how the formation of complex structures of matter affects the expansion. These issues were previously swept under the rug but taking them into account can explain the acceleration without the need for dark energy.
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- Another alternative theory is that our Universe exists inside a “4th-Dimensional blackhole“. Our universe is so vast that it appears impossible for anything else to exist. Experts are beginning to suspect that our universe might exist inside a fourth-dimensional black hole.
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- Our cosmos began as a singularity, a point in space that was endlessly hot and dense. Black holes in our universe may have the same characteristics. Black holes are created when enormous stars die and collapse into an impossibly dense mass from which even light cannot escape. The space limit where light cannot leave and no object can return as the “event horizon“.
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- Obviously, this sounds familiar, since the cosmos can be seen as its own event horizon. In the first trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe started to expand at a rate faster than the speed of light. Prior to this time, space did not exist, hence the universal speed restriction did not exist either. The expansion of the cosmos slows over time.
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- Einstein’s theory of relativity states that enormous objects “warp” space-time, hence the space-time around a black hole is curved. Seeing black holes would be almost impossible if not for the light and heat that are pulled into them. The more matter a black hole swallows, the larger it and its event horizon will get.
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- As the black hole expands, the rate at which matter falls decreases. To an onlooker, extreme gravity makes it seem as though nothing is moving. According to the theory of relativity, from the viewpoint of someone sucked into a black hole, time seems normal.
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- Our cosmos contains three-dimensional black holes with two-dimensional event horizons. According to this reasoning, if our universe is an event horizon, it must have originated from a fourth-dimensional black hole.
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- Calculating what occurs at the “singularity” of a black hole is impossible, which is why we get infinities, while the event horizon can be calculated using current knowledge and equations. The matter falls into the black hole, and the event horizon encodes it. As the black hole grows, so does the event horizon, so the surface area is just the right size to hold all the information for all the stuff that has fallen since the big bang.
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- This information is the “universe’s information“. Surprisingly, the math adds up and provides solutions to crucial puzzles about our universe and black holes. It is difficult to conceive our universe being inside another cosmic black hole.
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- The black hole idea appears to make sense and fill in the missing parts that scientists and experts have been pursuing for a lifetime, leading us to assume that the universe is far larger and weirder than we had previously believed. The more we learn the more we don’t understand?
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September 11, 2022 DARK ENERGY - is there another explanation? 3676
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--------------------- --- Tuesday, September 13, 2022 ---------------------------
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