An atomic clock:
------------------------------ 3600 - Index of Astronomers Reviews
These reviews are available via blog or email. Business, economics, marketing one to 300 then Astronomy reviews up to 3700 Go to http://jdetrick.blogspot.com.
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- The purpose is to learn pearls of wisdom efficiently, it takes 8 hours to read a book, write a review of pearls discovered, email is miraculous way to pass it along, a 10 minute read at 98% efficiency. Delete button is perfect solution any time you want. Reading reviews is as close to perpetual motion efficiency as you can get and still obey the laws of physics. Pass along to any young mind that is interested. Jim
------------------------- See “000AstronomyIndex” for index of all reviews up to 2900:
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- 2899 - COMETS - from outside our solar system? 2I/Borisov was an interstellar comet that visited our solar system last year, 2019. Astronomers have revealed the unusual chemical composition inside this comet. This strange ingredient has provided new clues about where this traveling space rock originated.
- 2901 - PROBABILITY WAVE FUNCTION - The Wave Function in quantum physic is a math description if a quantum system, like an atom. It is a complex, valued probability, amplitude that lists possible results of a measurement at the atomic level and that deals with uncertainties in time and space. .
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- 3299 - COMETS - Vesta and Bern.-Bern. - An enormous comet, possibly the largest one ever detected, is barreling toward the inner solar system with an estimated arrival time of 10 years from now.
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- 3300 - PHYSICS - wave - particle duality? The experiments that disproved our notions of reality involved two particles linked together as a single wave. Measurements on one particle affect the physical properties of the other particle, even though they can be far apart. This is known as “spooky action at a distance” and is a consequence of “quantum entanglement“.
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- 3500 - PHYSICS - periodic table for astronomers? Scientists have created the Periodic Table for astronomers? How is it different? Do you remember about learning the periodic table in high school? Remember memorizing all the elements according to their atomic numbers, properties, and classifications as metals, non-metals, just to pass the chemistry testfound using an experiment that would fit on a small kitchen countertop.
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- 3599 - HUBBLE - 3D Dash telescope? The largest near-infrared image ever taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, enabling astronomers to map the star-forming regions of the universe and learn how the earliest, most distant galaxies originated.
- 3600 - BLACKHOLES - more than we can imagine? In was just a number of years ago that we discovered Black Holes really existed. Now astronomers estimate that 100 million black holes roam among the stars in our own Milky Way galaxy. And, the center of our galaxy has a mammoth blackhole.
- 3601 - COMETS - Pummel Earth, Earth Strikes Back? Comets and asteroids are basically the same thing, debris orbiting the Sun, zipping around the Solar System like us. Except, comets are softer and tend to have been formed farther out from the Sun. Asteroids are harder rocks and tend to have formed closer into the Sun.
- 3602 - STARDUST - Catching a Comet’s Tail. “Stardust” was the first mission to explore a comet and return samples. It is the second mission to bring back samples from space. The first being Apollo that brought back rock samples from the Moon.
- 3603 - EARTHSHINE - detects life? Astronomers are trying to detect life on Earth. Actually, it is just for practice. What astronomers really want to do is to detect life on other planets or moons. On Exoplanets that exist in other solar systems outside our own. Astronomers have already discovered over 5,000 planets outside our Solar System.
- 3604 - BROWN DWARF PLANETS - before becoming a star? Brown Dwarfs were only discovered a few years ago. Much more needs to be learned to understand their origins. Learning more will help us understand the origins of stars as well as planets.
- 3605 - - UNIVERSE - how fast is it expanding? For several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe.
- 3606 - PLANCK TIME - how small can it get? The Planck time is an incredibly small interval of time that emerges naturally from a few basic quantities in theoretical physics. When it was discovered by Max Planck at the end of the 19th century, it seemed to be no more than a scientific curiosity. But today it plays a tantalizing role in our understanding of the Big Bang and the search for a theory of quantum gravity.
- 3607 - MILKY WAY GALAXY - new developments? Milky Way Galaxy has at least one major collision that happened early in the Milky Way’s development. History of the Milky Way:
- 3608 - PULSAR - shoots beams of antimatter? Astronomers have imaged a beam of matter and antimatter that is 40 trillion miles long with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. The record-breaking beam is powered by a pulsar, a rapidly rotating collapsed star with a strong magnetic field.
- 3609 - ANTIMATTER - discovered by x-ray telescopes? Astronomers have imaged a beam of “matter and antimatter” that is 40 trillion miles long with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. The record-breaking beam is powered by a pulsar, a rapidly rotating collapsed star with a strong magnetic field.
- 3610 - SUNSPOTS - activity in 2022? Astronomers have known since 1775 that solar activity rises and falls according to a roughly 11-year cycle, but recently, the sun has been more active than expected, with nearly double the sunspot appearances predicted. The sun's activity is projected to steadily climb for the next few years, reaching an overall maximum in 2025 before decreasing again.
- 3611 - SUNSPOTS - affects on satellites? There is a lot of complex physics that we still don't fully understand going on in the upper layers of the atmosphere where it interacts with the solar wind. This interaction causes an upwelling of the atmosphere. That means that the denser air shifts upwards to higher altitudes.
- 3612 - GAIA Space Telescope - data is pouring in? The “Gaia space mission” will make the largest, most precise three-dimensional map of our Milky Way Galaxy by surveying more than a thousand million stars. Gaia will monitor each of its target stars about 70 times over a five-year period.
- 3613 - MERCURY - we sent a messenger to learn? Our space probe, “BepiColombo“, just flew passes the planet Mercury. But, it is going too fast to stop. It is scheduled to make six more passes around the Sun before settling down in Mercury orbit
- 3614 - BLACKHOLES - at the center of Milky Way Galaxy? The supermassive black hole at our galaxy's core, Sagittarius A*, is modest in size with only 4,150,000 solar-masses. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) recently released a dramatic submillimeter image of it as seen illuminated by its glowing environment.
- 3615 - SOLAR STORMS - we are loosing sarellites? There is a lot of complex physics that we still don't fully understand going on in the upper layers of the atmosphere where it interacts with the solar wind. This interaction causes an upwelling of the atmosphere. That means that the denser air shifts upwards to higher altitudes.
- 3616 - SUNSPOTS - and global warming? Is there a correlation between solar magnetic activity and weather here on Earth? Since 1710 to today sunspot activity has steadily increased to a maximum we have today. And, over the last 100 years the global average temperatures have risen 0.6 degrees C.
- 3617 - SPACE X - satellites in a solar storm? Space weather forecasters are developing models that would help satellite operators prepare for bad “space weather“. But there is a problem, we lack measurements at altitudes where Earth's atmosphere meets outer space. SpaceX is now stepping in to help fill the gaps after its firsthand experience with an unexpected solar storm earlier this year.
- 3619 - EARTH’s - oxygen through the Ages? Animal life has at least 4 things it needs: food, drink, reproduction, and breaths. All but the breathing can be put off for days, weeks.
- 3620 - PHOTONS - a full range of energy? The photons are electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths and frequencies ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. The visual radiation is just small part of this electromagnetic spectrum. We normally do not think those same photons are moving through the air powering your cell phone.
- 3621 - HIGGS BOSON - what have we learned? Physicists are just at the beginning of their efforts to understand the Higgs field, whose unique nature makes it “behave like a portal to new physics”.
- 3622 - UNIVERSE - expanding how fast? No matter how clearly in your mind you’re capable of envisioning an empty Universe with nothing in it, that picture simply does not conform to reality. Insisting that the laws of physics remain valid is enough to do away with the idea of a truly empty Universe.
- 3623 - ASTEROIDS - saga of Bennu and Ryugu? December 3, 2018, was NASA’s first mission to return a sample from an ancient asteroid arrived at its target, the asteroid Bennu. This mission, the Origins is a seven-year long voyage set to conclude upon the delivery to Earth of at least 2.1 ounces (60 grams) and possibly up to almost four and a half pounds of sample. It promises to be the largest amount of extraterrestrial material brought back from space since the Apollo.
- 3624 - JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE - what makes it unique? The most powerful space telescope ever built, “James Webb” is set to deliver its first full-color scientific images to the world July 2, 2022. Here is some key facts about this telescope:
- 3625 - SPACEx SATELLITES - launching like fire works? SpaceX launched 46 satellites and landed the returning rocket on a ship at sea on July 10, 2022. A two-stage Falcon 9 rocket topped with 46 of SpaceX's Starlink internet satellites was launched from California's Vandenberg Space Force Base.
- 3626 - - JAMES WEBB - first light agenda? NASA released the first official images from Webb on July 12, 2022. James Webb will soon turn its gaze on many objects in our own solar system. Although the telescope was built to observe distant galaxies, it will also allow scientists to observe our solar system in completely new ways.
- 3627 - JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE - first observations? James Webb Space Telescope is an infrared observatory orbiting the Sun 1 million miles from Earth to find the first galaxies that formed in the early universe and to see stars forming planetary systems.
- 3628 - UNIVERSE - puzzles to be solved? Extremes in our Universe are the boundary conditions we can either observe or theorize. Here are some of the fastest, the coldest, the rarest, the densest, extremes we can find. Enjoy life while you have it. The far distant future does not look so bright.
- 3629 - JAMES WEBB FAR FIELD - looking back in time. July, 2022, the world got its first glimpse of that most ancient light from the James Webb Space Telescope, the most sophisticated and ambitious deep-space viewing tool yet assembled. It is looking at this 13 billion year old light.
- 3630 - ASTEROID BENNU - learn from a visit? - We sent a satellite to visit the asteroid “Bennu“. It was not the space rock we expected to find. When the satellite arrived it unleashed an unexpected explosion trying to touch down on asteroid.
- 3631 - JAMES WEBB - what have we learned? James Webb is our next-generation space telescope. The $10 billion Telescope (JWST or Webb) is NASA's largest and most powerful space science observatory. It will search the cosmos to uncover the history of the universe's first galaxies and the formation of stars and planets.
- 3632 - ASTRONOMY - viewed in the infrared. Herschel’s infrared observations are greatly helping astronomers in their ambitious endeavor of assembling the complex history of how stars and galaxies formed and evolved in the universe. Now we have the James Webb infrared capability that will improve our vision by a factor of 100 times.
- 3633- JAMES WEBB - lessons learned, so far? On July, 2022, our understanding of the Universe changed forever as the first science images from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) were released to the world.
- 3634 - JAMES WEBB - what can it see? The $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or Webb) is searching the cosmos to uncover the history of the universe's first galaxies and the formation of stars and planets.
- 3635 - WEBB - first galaxy? - During some of the James Webb Space Telescope’s first scientific observations astrophysicists discovered the oldest galaxy ever observed.
- 3636 - EARTH’S BIOLOGY - more life to be found? Scientists need to keep a wide-open mind about what could be lurking within the deep world. We see only what we look for. If we don't look for something, we miss it. How did life start anyway?
- 3637 - JAMES WEBB - earliest discoveries? - A new generation of astronomy is officially underway. The best is yet to come, each new observation exposes a new portion of our shared cosmic story for the very first time. The Universe, to everyone studying it, will never be the same again. Here is some of what we have already learned:
- 3638 - METEORITES - bringing the materials for life? The Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa2 recently brought the asteroid Ryugu down to Earth. NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe is due to touch down with samples of the near-Earth asteroid Bennu in 2023. These will be analyzed to learn if they contain the ingredients for life.
- 3639 - INSIGHT - rover on Mars? Despite its draining 2022 power, NASA’s “InSight” Mars lander is determined to squeeze as much science as it can until the very last moment. Its solar panels are caked with dust and the batteries are running out of juice, but InSight Mars lander continues to soldier forth collecting more science about the Red Planet until its very last beep.
- 3640 - PERSEVERANCE - rover on Mars? Scientists with NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover mission have discovered that the bedrock their six-wheeled explorer has been driving on since landing in February likely formed from red-hot magma. The discovery has implications for understanding and accurately dating critical events in the history of Jezero Crater, as well as the rest of the planet.
- 3641 - GALAXIES - explode to measure distance? Gamma-ray Bursts are explosions of stars inside galaxies. These explosions can help astronomers measure vast distances across the Universe. Now that the James Webb Space Telescope is operational, astronomers can study some of the most faint and distant galaxies ever seen.
- 3642 - EARTH’S - shortest day? Our planet had been observed to be spinning more slowly and taking longer to complete a day. As a result, with every passing century, Earth has been taking a few milliseconds longer to complete a spin. This long-term trend has been reversing. The Earth seems to be speeding up and taking progressively less time to complete its spin meaning days are shortening.
- 3643 - MAGNETARS - how neutron stars are magnetic? - The Insight-HXMT x-ray telescope was used to make a direct measurement of the strongest magnetic field in the known universe. The magnetic field belongs to a “magnetar” currently in the process of cannibalizing an orbiting companion.
- 3644 - GALAXY - most distant galaxy? The most distant phenomenon observed is the “cosmic microwave background” (CMB) which is the ‘afterglow’ of the Big Bang. The light from the CMB comes from approximately 400,000 years after the Big Bang and has been observed by various instruments over the years, most notably the Planck satellite which launched in 2009.
- 3645 - RYUGU - sample from asteroid returns? On December 6, 2020, 5.4 grams of material from the near-Earth asteroid “162173 Ryugu” was returned to Earth on the Japanese space craft, “Hayabusa 2“.
- 3646 - PHOTONS - are particles of light energy? A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It is the basic unit of all light. Photons are always in motion and, in a vacuum, travel at a constant speed to all observers of 2.998 x 108 meter / second, or 186,000 miles per second.
- 3647 - EARTH - there still are mysteries? You would think we would know by now everything there is to know about our planet. But, there are still Earth's biggest unsolved mysteries.
- 3648 - METEOR - flyby, or catch it? A "potentially hazardous" asteroid the size of a blue whale is set to zip past Earth on Friday, August 12, 2022. The asteroid, “2015 FF“, has an estimated diameter between 42 and 92 feet, or about the body length of an adult blue whale. It will zoom past the Earth at 20,512 mph.
- 3649 - SUN - solar storms? When space weather reaches Earth, it triggers many complicated processes that can cause a lot of trouble for anything in orbit. The sun is always releasing a steady amount of charged particles into space. This is called the “solar wind“.
- 3650 - PULSARS - extreme neutron stars? Pulsars are special kinds of stars. Pulsars are spherical stars that are about the size of a large city twelve miles diameter, but, contain more mass than the sun. Scientists are using pulsars to study extreme states of matter, search for planets beyond Earth's solar system and measure cosmic distances.
- 3651 - DARK MATTER - not as predicted? Astronomers have discovered the earliest known dark matter and it is not behaving as predicted. Scientists used the radiation residue of the Big Bang to measure dark matter around extremely distant galaxies.
- 3652 - Calculating Milky Way’s blackhole. Black Holes are both simple and complex. We can calculate their mass, radius, lifetime, energy consumption using simple algebra. At the same time, their immense gravity causes space to bend, lengths to shorten, time to slow and mass to increase.
- 3653 - Black Holes are Everywhere. Several years ago astronomers were not even certain that Black Holes even existed. The indirect evidence was inconclusive then. Yet, the preponderance of indirect evidence today has astronomers convinced that Black Holes are everywhere.
- 3654 - NIGHT SKY - why is the night sky dark? If the Universe is truly infinite and there are really an infinite number of stars out there, then in every direction we look in the night sky we should see a star. We don’t. There is a lot of darkness out there.
- 3655 - SUN - solar flares and ejections. A plume of "dark plasma" hurled from the sun will be engulfed to form a "cannibal" coronal mass ejection which will sideswipe the Earth on Thursday, August 18, 2022, causing a strong “G3 geomagnetic storm“.
- 3656 - CLIMATE CHANGE - do humans affect it? Depending on the earth's position to the sun at any given time, climate conditions are going to vary dramatically, and even create drastic abnormalities that defy everything that humans thought they knew about how the earth worked.
- 3657 - SCIENCE - what’s happened the last 70 years? For the past century, there have been countless of developments and advancements in the world. Scientists and researchers have continued to discover new things and expand our understanding and knowledge of the natural phenomena happening around us.
- 3658 - FARTHEST GALAXIES - how did it all begin? July 13, 2022, was a momentous day. It marked the first images released from the telescope, a set called the “Early Release Observations“. Many call it the first day in a new era of astronomy. Since then, astronomers have been digging into the images and data to learn more about the Universe.
- 3659 - EINSTEIN’S - simple equation big meaning? Einstein’s famous equation E = mc^2 means that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. It also means that any amount of mass is equal to energy divided by the speed of light squared. This little equation is central to the theory of special relativity, and also explains how nuclear fusion and fission can generate energy.
- 3660 - NUCLEAR BATTERIES - will save the economy? One of the best options for the sustainable future will have to wait to see if the manufacturers can find a way of dealing with production costs and low energy output, and get their diamond-based batteries onto the market cost-effectively and accessibly.
- 3661 - DARK MATTER - what is it? - We know more about what dark matter is not than what it is. Increasingly sensitive detectors are lowering the possible rate at which dark mark matter particles can interact with normal matter.
- 3662 - SUN - how dangerous can it be? We have sun spots, solar flares, or Sun’s Coronal mass ejections depending on ho big of an explosions occurs on the Sun. And, in what direction the ejections are pointing. Someday a big one might be pointing directly at us.
- 3663 - ASTRONOMY - has some myths followed By facts? Some of the things we believe or that seem obvious are not exactly facts. Here are some examples we have found in space exploration. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. You would think that Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system? Do black holes suck matter into their cores?
- 3664 - STARS - why are they all about the same size? In wildly different environments, stars end up roughly the same? When you look at a region of the sky where stars are born, you see a cloud of gas and dust and a bunch of stars. In most places, the stars all end up being about the same mass.
- 3665 - EXOPLANET - covered in water? As of August , 2022, there are 5,125 confirmed exoplanets in 3,794 planetary systems, with 829 systems having more than one planet. Most of these were discovered by the Kepler space telescope. There is much anticipation about discoveries coming from the new James Webb Telescope.
- 3666 - JAMES WEBB - observes distant galaxies? Recent 2022 observations by the James Webb Space Telescope have not disproved the big bang theory. The latest Webb observations do reveal some strange and unexpected things about the universe that may adjust that theory.
- 3667 - METEORS - life building blocks? Friday, August 12, 2022. The asteroid, “2015 FF“, has an estimated diameter between 42 and 92 feet, or about the body length of an adult blue whale, and it will zoom past the Earth at 20,512 mph.
- 3668 - ASTROPHYSICS - a timeline of discovery? “What is Astrophysics”? Astrophysics is defined as the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space.
- 3670 - HIGGS BOSON - ten years since first discovery? - It has been ten years since the Higgs boson’s discovery in 2012. But many of its properties remain mysterious.
- 3671 - SUN - how its planets formed? Our Sun is the source of life on Earth. Its calm glow across billions of years has allowed life to evolve and flourish on our world. This does not mean our Sun doesn’t have an active side. Do we need to worry?
- 3672 - THERMOCOUPLES AND HEAT PUMPS. Thermocouples are simple devices consisting of two different metals in contact at two different places. If one contact is at a hotter temperature than the other an electric current flows. Even more amazing is that it works backwards too. If electricity flows from one contact to the other than heat is transferred. It can act as a heat pump or a refrigerator, or a thermometer.
- 3673 - - GRAVITY - a constant in the Universe? Gravity has remained constant for the entire age of the Universe. For the past 100 years astronomers have known that the Universe has been expanding since the Big Bang. For the first eight billion years, the expansion rate was relatively consistent since it was held back by the force of gravitation.
- 3674 - PULSARS - how they help astronomers? Pulsars are stars. They are spherical, compact stars that are about the size of a large city but contain more mass than the sun. Scientists are using pulsars to study extreme states of matter, search for planets beyond Earth's solar system and measure cosmic distances.
- 3675 - COSMIC INFLATION - a Fine Tuning Problem? The initial conditions had to be just right to get the Universe we got. This is referred to as the “ Fine Tuning Problem”. Or, sometimes the “ Anthropic Principle” which is that if the initial conditions were any different we would not be here to observe them.
- 3676 - DARK ENERGY - is there another explanation? Our cosmos contains three-dimensional black holes with two-dimensional event horizons. According to this reasoning, if our universe is an event horizon, it must have originated from a fourth-dimensional black hole.
- 3677 - URANUS - where diamond rain is formed? Researchers mimicked the extreme temperatures and pressures found deep inside ice giants like Neptune and Uranus and, for the first time, observed diamond rain as it formed.
- 3678 - CELLS - You Are As Young As You Feel? None of us have bodies that are over 9 years old. Really, that’s true! And, the entire surface area of our bodies are already dead. Here are some interesting things to know about the cells in your body.
- 3679 - NUCLEAR FUSION - energy from the stars? The key to understanding how fusion generates energy in stars is Albert Einstein's infamous equation explaining how energy equals mass times the speed of light squared (E=mc²). This tells us that matter and energy are interchangeable, while the term c² tells us that a little mass creates a lot of energy. c^2 = 9 * 10^16 meters^2 / second^2.
- 3680 - GRAVITATIONAL LENSING - can bend a light beam? When Albert Einstein developed the equation for E = m *c^2 in 1905 he showed energy and mass to be equivalent. He realized at the time that light was energy and like mass it would be pulled by the force of gravity. Gravity would bend a light beam that passed by a large enough mass.
- 3681 - COSMIC RAYS - where do they come from? Cosmic rays are charged particles like independent protons or electrons. Scientists have been trying to solve this vexing problem regarding the “weather in outer space”. At unpredictable times, these high-energy particles bombard the Earth and objects outside the Earth's atmosphere with radiation that can endanger the lives of astronauts and destroy satellites' electronic equipment.
- 3682 - MARS - was there water on Mars? Was there ever water on Mars? Some sand on Mars is green, showing that it was once wet. Green sand might sound like a strange thing to find on the Red Planet.
- 3683 - VENUS - volcanoes created a greenhouse? With increased interest in Venus and space probes on the slate to explore that planet, we may have a window into the history of that planet’s volcanism. Putting that all together may reveal the history of that blasted world.
- 3684 - METEORS & ASTEROIDS - how many have landed? Most recovered meteorites originated from the Moon or from Mars. Recovering meteorites for astronomers is the next best thing to going there. Meteors themselves are a disappointment because they flash in the night sky and burn up. If is makes it all the way to the surface it is called a “meteorite“. It becomes something for astronomers to study.
- 3685 - BETELGEUSE - a star ready to explode? By plotting changes in the brightness of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse we witness the titanic mass ejection of a large piece of its visible surface. The escaping material cooled to form a cloud of dust that temporarily made the star look dimmer, as seen from Earth.
- 3686 - IRON - needed for life? Life on Earth needed iron. Will it be the same on other worlds? A lot has to go right for a planet to support life. Miracle too rich to comprehend. Some of the circumstances that allow life to bloom on any given planet stem from the planet’s initial formation.
- 3687 - MICROBES - where life started? The deep ocean life community had a single origin at some point in life’s 4,000,000,000 year history. Fossils show that surface life has changed enormously over billions of years, but slow-motion deep life may retain much of its primitive characteristics.
- 3688 - NEUTRON STARS - how strange can they get? - Large stars explode in cataclysmic explosions called supernovas and leave behind “neutron stars“. These incredibly dense objects are only a few miles across but can weigh a few times the mass of the sun. They are made almost entirely of pure neutrons, making them essentially “kilometers-wide atomic nuclei“.
- 3689 - MAGNETARS and MASERS - For the first time, astronomers have definitively spotted a flaring “magnetar” in another galaxy. These ultra-magnetic stellar corpses were thought to be responsible for some of the highest-energy explosions in the nearby universe. But until this burst, no one could prove it.
- 3690 - SUNSPOTS - what causes spots on the Sun? The sun is a great ball of fiery, electrically charged gas. As the sun advances through its regular 11-year solar cycle, electromagnetic activity on the star's surface gets more and more chaotic. This turbulence inevitably leads to the appearance of sunspots which are dark, planet-size regions that form in the sun's lower atmosphere as a result of intense magnetic disturbances.
- 3691 - COSMIC RAYS - where do they come from? The light from the sun is scattered in the Earth's atmosphere and spreads evenly across the entire sky. Cosmic rays are also scattered on their way to Earth, through interactions with cosmic magnetic fields. All we can see from Earth is an evenly illuminated image; the origin of the radiation remains hidden.
- 3692 - PHOTONS - Let there be light? Light travels 182, 282 miles per second. However, that speed is in a vacuum, light travels through transparent medium at lower speeds. When a photon hits an object it can be reflected or absorbed. The transfer of energy from the photon to the object is proportional to its frequency.
- 3693 - COSMIC RAYS - mystery under computer simulations? Scientists hope to develop a theoretical model that describes the transition from cosmic rays from our own Galaxy to a fraction coming from distant galaxies and compare it with observations.
- 3694 - ASTEROID - Ryugu. Situated 300,000,000 kilometers from Earth this asteroid circles the sun every 16 months. It has been described as little more than an assemblage of gravel, likely made from the debris of several other asteroids.
- 3695 - DIAMONDS - how they form on Earth? Before diamonds can begin growing deep underground in Earth's mantle, they need a little zap from an electric field. In lab-based experiments, scientists mimicked conditions in the mantle, the layer just beneath Earth's crust, and found that diamonds grew only when exposed to an electric field, even a weak one of about 1 volt.
- 3696 - STARS - largest to the smallest? From our perspective, the sun looks massive. However, if you zoom out to the far reaches of our galaxy, the sun no longer looks like such a giant. As far as stars go, our sun dwarfs the rest of the stars in the sky. But if you zoom out to the far reaches of our galaxy, the sun no longer looks like such a giant. In fact, it's an average in size star.
- 3697 - OLDEST GALAXIES - the start of the Universe? Ancient galaxy , first-generation star, was so massive that its final explosion blasted every single atom of the star’s mass into space, leaving nothing behind except the star’s chemical fingerprint, smeared across the center of its host galaxy.
- 3698 - STARS - the oldest star? The period when the first stars flared to life is still a bit of a mystery to physicists, at least when it comes to specific details. Even with an extremely powerful telescope like the James Webb Space Telescope, the universe’s oldest stars are nearly impossible targets.
- 3699 - SOLAR FLARES - the Sun has hiccups? Emergency responders dealing with the tragic aftermath of Hurricane Ian in Florida and the Carolinas may have suffered extra setbacks on Sunday, October 2, 2022, as a major solar flare disrupted radio communications. The Sun has hiccups.
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March 1 ,2022 3600
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