COSMOLOGY - Energy flows, Chaos ensues.

-  2697 -  COSMOLOGY  -  Energy flows, Chaos ensues.  Stuff happens.  Does statistical force create Nature?  -  God made Nature having this “natural instability” .  Energy always flows.  Chaos ensues.  Instabilities create “ phase changes”.    Is it simply the theory of large numbers.  If the numbers and alternatives are large enough anything can happen.
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-------------------------  2697  -  COSMOLOGY  -  Energy flows, Chaos ensues. 
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-  Everything in our world, every atom in our bodies is made of elements found in the Periodic Table of elements.  There are 92 elements in Nature ranging from the lightest , Hydrogen, with one proton and one electron to one of the heaviest, Uranium, with 92 protons and 92 electrons.
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-  Your body is mostly water, made of Hydrogen and Oxygen, H2O, Oxygen with 8 protons and Carbon with 6 protons.
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-  The two lightest elements, Hydrogen and Helium, were born in the Big Bang.  All the rest of the elements were made with fusion in the center core of the stars.  The early stars were like our Sun but much larger, maybe 100 Solar Mass.  So the elements in our bodies are essentially the by-products of nuclear fusion.
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-  The intense temperatures and pressures at the core of these large stars molded the elements that were heavier than Helium.  When the fusion furnace ran out of fuel, there were no lighter elements to fuse into heavier elements, the fusion stopped, the star collapsed with no radiation to hold it up, the collapse to the core reacted as a rebound causing the star to explode outward with enormous force.
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-  The violent death of a star is called a “ supernova“.  The explosion spreads these heavier elements into space.  They have enough gravity to form clouds of atoms and molecules.  Gathered up by relentless gravity they eventually create another star causing the whole process to repeat.
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-  The heavier elements in the bones of your body ( Calcium ) required a few cycles of these supernovae explosions.  The Big Bang started 13.8 billion years ago.  Our Earth has been around for 4.6 billion years ago.  The Sun was another fusion furnace formed by gravity and the planets were formed by the atoms in the Accretion Disk that was orbiting our Sun.
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-  Somehow life swept up a sub-set of these atoms to make the elements becoming our mortal selves.  It all came from the exploding dust of the stars.
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-  What could explain this extraordinary complexity forming out of this total simplicity.  Energy flows.  Chaos ensues.  Quarks form protons while the Universe accelerates its continued expansion.  Gravity is losing the game.  Dark Energy is winning accelerating expansion ever faster.
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-  God made Nature having this “natural instability” .  Energy always flows.  Chaos ensues.  Instabilities create “ phase changes”.  Like water vapor ( simplicity ) can go through energy flows to produce snowflakes ( complexity ).  No two snowflakes discovered to date are exactly alike.  Snowflakes are complexity in trillions and trillions of alternatives.
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-  The Big Bang started with an instability called a “ false vacuum” which decayed into an “ordinary vacuum”  ( I have no idea what this means, but  ? )  The hot plasma of charged particles, Quarks with positive charges,  and Gluons, force particles that could somehow hold positive like charges together to form protons.  The plasma also contained electrons and neutrinos.  Today we call this soup the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
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-  When the Universe expanded and cooled enough Quarks bound together to produce protons and neutrons.  Another phase transition with neutral atoms, protons and electrons coming together, and the Universe became “ transparent”.  Light could escape and photons were released to spread electromagnetic energy throughout all of space.
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-  Gravity pulled clouds of atoms together to form stars and galaxies.  The next instability occurred when Hydrogen and Helium fused at the core of stars releasing energy that lasted for billions of years.  Our Sun is 5 billion years old.  It should last for 10 billion years.  When the fuel runs out the larger stars release their energy in supernovae explosions.
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-  Planets like Earth have instabilities and energy flows too.  Gravity has pulled the heavier elements into the core.  Water and air as lighter elements are left on the surface.  The heat from the Sun makes energy flow from the equator to the poles.  These energy flows create chemical laboratories.  Complexity ensues in this chemistry.
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-  Somehow this complexity and energy flow transformed from chemistry to biology.
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-  Today we know that there are at least as many planets as there are stars.  All are dealing with the same or similar instabilities, complexities, that are constantly evolving.  Could life simply be a “ statistical force” within all this complexity?    Is it simply the theory of large numbers.  If the numbers and alternatives are large enough anything can happen.
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-  Just like rolling 5 die.  Enough rolls taken will produce 5 sixes.  It is simply the result of statistical force.  It is hard to comprehend.  All this came from star dust. Where did the star dust come from?
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-    I am trying to comprehend it?  Where did I come from?  But, somehow I am here writing this?????
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-------------------------------   Request these Reviews to learn more :
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-  2112  -  Cosmological Constant.  We know the Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating rate.  We have to fudge Einstein’s equations in order to explain this. 
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-  1855 -  Cosmic Energy Flows.  Astronomy studying flows and statistics.  Do statistical forces create nature?  Are we just the product of large numbers?
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-  1854 -  How do we know Cosmic Inflation happened?  Like a human baby after conceptions its cells are doubling daily.  After 9 months that is 274 doublings which would weight more than all the matter in the Universe. Somehow the mother knows better and slows the growth down to end at 8 to 10 pounds. 
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-  1853  -  What caused Cosmic Inflation?  There is still not a clear explanation for why or how it happened.
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-  1852  -  How do we measure Cosmic Inflation?  Measurements put us at 13.8 billion years old with 95% Dark Energy and Dark Matter speckled with galaxies that grew from gravity from random microscopic fluctuations.  We are in the remaining 5% trying to understand the rest of this stuff.
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-  1775  -  Cosmic Evolution.  There is irony in the arrogance implied in our figuring this stuff out.  At the same time it gives us the humility that there is much more to learn.
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-  1771  -  Life is complex.  Cosmology is a form of intellectual time travel.  The Observable Universe extends 250 billion trillion miles in every direction.  There is a limit to the faster you go the heavier you get.
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-  1697  -  The story beginning to end.  Space began stretching out and carrying matter along with it.  If the current rate of expansion was always constant the Universe would be 14.7 billion years old.  It was not.  Gravity slowed expansion during the first 5 billion years.

-  1602  -  Cosmology tells us the composition of the Universe. 

-  1601  -  Cosmology for Dummies.  How far has light traveled since the beginning of the Universe?   How did the Universe’s perpetual motion all start ?  Running time and expansion backwards we arrive at a densely compressed space filled with radiation energy and subatomic particles.
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-  1215  -  What has happened the past ten cosmological decades?  The Earth is living in the 45,000,000 century.  The evenly matched competition between gravity and entropy allows the Su  to exist for 15,000,000,000 years.
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-  1208  -  The evolution of the Universe.  A vacuum of empty space contains 10^-26 kilograms of energy per cubic meter.  This is too small to explain acceleration. 
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 -  767  -  Einstein’s cosmology.  The sum total of the photons in the  atoms in your feet and in the ground means you are standing on a light beam. 
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-  759  -  The history of  cosmology.  By 1998 astronomers are convinced that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating. 
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-  713  -  The Cosmological Constant.  The constant expansion rate today is 0.046107 miles per hour per lightyear.  The Cosmological Constant is just one of dozens of Natural Constants fine tuned for life to exist.
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-  50  Cosmology - What then physics is telling us?
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-  14 -  The Universe is flat.  The density is very close to the critical density where the Universe is neither expanding or contracting.  It is in a very sensitive and unstable condition.  The Universe should  have grown to extremes by now.  What’s going on?
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-   It is strange astronomy.  I’ll leave you with that.
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-  April 5, 2020                                 1849                                         2697
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 ---------------------   Sunday, April 05, 2020         -------------------------
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NEWTON - Isaac was quarantined ?

-  2696 -  NEWTON  -  Isaac was quarantined ?  Thanks to the “Newton Project“, we can see the notes that Newton took during his time in isolation in 1665.  The section  titled “On Colours”  consists of 64 experiments and observations about light.
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------------------------------  2696 -  NEWTON  -  Isaac was quarantined ?
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-  You don’t need to make a great discovery in quarantine , but Isaac did.  Isaac Newton made some of his most important physics discoveries while in quarantine during the bubonic plague in the 1660s.
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-  This comes from my own self-isolation during the COVID-19 crisis.  So you can use this time in quarantine to unlock your creative / intellectual potential too!
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-   Isaac did not fall sick himself, or have to tend to sick loved ones. Also, he likely had others taking care of things like cooking and cleaning, being a well-off on a farm 1665.
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-  Here is some of the physics he discovered while isolating. I hope this is some inspiration for you to do the same. 
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-  Besides seeing  apples fall from the tree and discovering gravity and inventing calculus,  Newton spent a lot of time in isolation playing with prisms. These formed the basis of his first paper on optics, and later his book “Opticks“, on the fundamental nature of light.
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-   As astronomy is based entirely on observing light (with the very recent exception of gravitational waves), Newton even coined the word “spectrum.”
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-  The “Newton Project“, published the notes that Newton took during his time in isolation.  The section  titled “On Colours”  consists of 64 experiments and observations about light.
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-   In the 1600s, there was no clear picture of light and color. People had observed that prisms, angled pieces of glass, turned white light into a colorful beam. One of the going hypotheses was that the prism “corrupted” the white light and produced colors.
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-  Newton’s first great innovation was simply to shine the colorful light onto a sheet a bit farther from the prism. In his first prism experiment in “Of Colours“, he held the prism near a hole in the wall, and let the sunlight pass through the prism and land on a sheet of paper.
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-  He noted that “The colours should have been in a round circle were all the rays alike refracted,” but instead he observed an oblong shape that appeared red on one end and blue on the other. This showed that prisms not only create colors but separate them from each other, and that refraction is directly related to the color of the light.
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-  Newton took this a step farther in one of the final prism experiments of the notebook. He lined up three prisms and let light pass through all of them onto a wall . On the edges, he observed pure red and pure blue light. However, in between these, the wall shone white. This meant that the colours “blended together” into white, so the light was not permanently corrupted by the prisms; rather, the colored light from different prisms could be recombined into white light.
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-  These experiments were important precursors to what is known as “Newton’s Experimentum Crucis“, or crucial experiment. This was outlined in his first publication, “A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton “, containing his “New Theory about Light and Colors” in Philosophical Transactions in 1671/1672.
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-  In the experiment, Newton let sunlight pass through a hole in the wall. He placed a prism in front of the beam, and then blocked all but a small amount of the light that passed through this prism with a board . After letting this light beam spread out over 12 feet, he again only let a small amount of light through board , which he passed through a second prism.
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-  Newton allows only the lower part of the initial beam, the redder part of the spectrum, to pass through the hole. It ends up at a point on the far wall. Newton then rotates prism . This shifted the part of the beam that fell on the hole to be the bluer part, so now blue light passes through hole onto prism.
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-  The final beam now hit a point ! The initial color of light clearly determined the final refraction angle, independently of the thickness of the prisms, and of the angle of incidence. Refraction must be due to the properties of light itself.
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-  In Newton’s words, “Light consists of Rays differently refrangible.” He goes on to state that this is “ not by any virtue of the glass, or other external cause, but from a predisposition, which every particular Ray hath to suffer a particular degree of Refraction.”
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-  This experiment along with Newton’s related work,  revolutionized our understanding of light, all thanks to a toy prism he bought at a local fair.
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-  Newton’s notes on color in quarantine end with him staring at the sun and pressing a blunt needle against the back of his eye to try to understand vision. What is this with astrophysicists and self-inflicted wounds while self-isolating?
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-  So really, no pressure on the be-a-genius-in-quarantine.   Just thought you should have a goal.
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----------------------  See other reviews about light:
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- 2684 -   LIGHT -  keeps getting stranger?  We have wave- particle duality, photon entanglement and anti-matter, matter asymmetry as three courses in our college of future study.   Entanglement bothers me the most.  My imagination can wade through the other two, but not that one.  It is just too weird for me to comprehend.  Entanglement in the brain?  Here is a Review ror you to try it.
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-  This Review lists ten more Reviews about light, all available upon request.:
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-  April 4, 2020                                                                                  2696                                                                                                                                                 
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-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
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---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
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 ---------------------   Saturday, April 4, 2020  -------------------------
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MERCURY - closest planet to the Sun?

-  2695  -  MERCURY  -  closest planet to the Sun?    Messenger Spacecraft is orbiting Mercury so we can calculate the planet’s mass.   On  May 26, 2012, the Messenger spacecraft is in orbit.  The math to put it in orbit was developed in the 16th century.
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-------------------------  2695  -  MERCURY  -  closest planet to the Sun?
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-   Tycho Brahe used the newly developed telescope to accurately measure the orbits of the planets.  He died in 1601 and his assistant Johannes Kepler inherited his data that he had collected.  Kepler spent 20 years analyzing the data.  He concluded that to match the data planets had to be in elliptical orbits about the Sun and not the perfect circular orbits that the consensus at the time believed.
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-  His mass analysis concluded that equal time intervals were swept by the radius vector from the Sun to the planet as the planet orbited the Sun.
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-  Kepler’s third law in math was that the time it takes for a planet to make one full revolution around the Sun is proportional to:
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-------------   Time^2 / Radius^3  =  Constant.  R is half the major axis of the Ellipse.
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-  If factors are proportional they can be turned into an equality with the right Constant of Proportionality.  Isaac Newton did the math to accomplish this for Kepler’s laws.  He first assumed that the orbit were ellipses.  He knew that a stable orbit was a balance of forces.
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-  The force of gravity obeyed the inverse square law. The force varied inversely as the square of the distance between the masses.
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-------------------------  Gravity Force  =  Constant /  Radius^2
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--------------------------  F  =  Constant / R^2
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-------------------------  Acceleration of object in circular orbit = velocity^2 / Radius
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-------------------------  a  =  v^2 / R
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------------------------  Newton had is own law of motion =  Force  =  mass * acceleration
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-------------------------  F  = m*a
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--------------------------  Substituting:   F  =  m * v^2  /  R
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--------------------------  Setting forces equal  --------    Constant / R^2  =  m* v^2 /  R
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-------------------------  Solving for v^2  =  Constant * R /  m * R^2
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----------------------  Calculating the period of an orbit  =  T  =  circumference / velocity
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------------------------  T    =   2 * pi * R  /  v
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------------------------  T^2  =  4 * pi^2 * R^2  /  v^2
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-----------------  Substituting v^2  --------  T^2  =  ( 4*pi^2 * m  /  Constant)  *  R^3
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-  This was Kepler’s 3rd law of orbits because with a constant mass the factor :
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----------------------  ( 4*pi^2 * m  /  Constant) ,  is simply another constant.
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----------------------  T^2  /  R^3  =  Constant
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-  Newton defined the Constant of Proportionality with the Gravitational Constant , G. 
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-----------------------  T^2  /  R^3  =  4 * pi^2  /  G  * m
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---------------------  G  =  6.67*10^-11 meters^3  /  (kilograms * seconds^2)
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--------------------  T^2  /  R^3  =  (5.91*10^11)  * m
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-  We will use this equation to solve for the mass of Mercury, but, first let’s try it out on the International Space Station that we know is orbiting at 6,738 kilometers radius.  And we know the mass of the Earth is 5.9 *10^24 kilograms.
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------------------  T^2  =  5.91 ( 6.738*10^6)^3   /   5.9*20*10^24  =  30,640,000 seconds
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-------------------  T  =  92.3 minutes.
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-  The International Space Station circles the Earth about every 90 minutes.  You can see it.  The scheduled pass over’s for your area are found on the web.
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-  Now we have confidence to use this math on the planet Mercury  On April 25, 2011 the Messenger spacecraft completed one orbit in 12 hours and 2 minutes.  The radius of the orbit was 10,124 kilometers.
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---------------  T^2  /  R^3  =  5.91*10^11  / m
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----------------   m  =  5.91*10^11  *  ( 10.124 * 10^6  meters )^3  /  (43.32*10^3 seconds)^2
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----------------  m  =  3.27*10^23 kilograms
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---------------  Another orbit on September 14, 2011
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----------------  R  -  10,085 kilometers
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----------------  T  =  11 hours , 58 minutes
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----------------  m  =  3.27 * 10^23 kilograms
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-  A third orbit on May 25, 2012, yesterday:
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----------------  R  -  7,715 kilometers
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----------------  T  =  28,800 seconds
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----------------  m  =  3.27 * 10^23 kilograms
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-  The elliptical orbits around Mercury are changing but the mass remains constant.  The radius, velocity, and period all adjust to keep the equation constant working according to the laws of physics.
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-  My astronomy textbook had the mass of Mercury at 3.3 * 10^23 kilograms.  Mercury is just 5.5% the mass of the Earth.  The old guys had it right. 
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-   Mercury smallest, densest, fastest planet.  Here are some more messages from Mercury.  The Messenger Spacecraft has been in orbit around Mercury since March 18, 2011.  Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and it is the smallest and densest planet.
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-   You would think it was the hottest (806F), but, Venus gets that honor due to its greenhouse gases (854F).
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-  Mercury is 3,000 miles in diameter and slightly larger than our Moon which is 2,159 miles diameter.  There are two other moons in the Solar System that are larger, Ganymede and Titan.
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-  Mercury is mostly rock and metal.  The purpose of this calculation is to try to learn the proportions of each that make up the core and the crust of the planet.
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-   Messenger spacecraft’s orbits have allowed astronomers to calculate the mass of the planet.  The mass of Mercury is 3.31 * 10^23 kilograms.  Earth is 60 *10^23 kilograms (18 times more massive).
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-  This is counter-intuitive, however , even though Mercury’s temperature rises to 806F it is the fastest cooling planet.  This is because of the ratio of its surface area to its volume.  By “cool” we mean the internal heat escapes into space from the surface until both are at the same temperature.
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-  Mercury cooled much faster than Earth because it is a much smaller planet.  The total amount of heat contained in a planet depends on its volume.  However, the amount that escapes into space only happens at the surface.  The total time it takes a planet to lose its internal heat is directly proportional to the surface area to volume ratio.
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---------------------------  Ratio  =  surface  / volume
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---------------------------  Surface area   =  4 * pi* r^2
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-------------------------  Volume  =  4/3 * pi * r^3
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-------------------------  Ratio  =  (4 * pi* r^2 ) /   (4/3 * pi * r^3)  =  3 / r
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-  Because the radius is in the denominator larger objects have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.  Smaller objects cool faster.  Crushed ice will cool your drink faster than larger ice cubes.
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----------------------------  Radius of Mercury  =  1,506 miles
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----------------------------  Mercury Ratio   =  3 / 1506
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----------------------------  Radius of Earth  =  3,963 miles
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----------------------------  Earth Ratio  =  3 / 3963
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-   Comparing the two ratios:
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---------------------  Mercury Ratio  /  Earth Ratio  =  (3 / 1506)  /  (3 / 3963)  =  2.6
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-  This comparison tells us that mathematically Mercury has cooled 2 ½ times faster than the Earth.
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-  Gravity separates material by density, the heavier material sinks to the bottom.  The result is layers of different material spread through the planet like onion skins.  The denser material like iron sank to the center of the planet when everything was molten.
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-  Because Mercury cooled rapidly the tectonic and volcanic activity was able to cease after only 1 billion years.  Earth is 4.5 billion years and it still has some of this activity.  In addition to their cooling ratio, bigger planets simply contain more heat.
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-   But, in the case of Mercury ancient craters remain intact.  There is little out gassing and low gravity means gas escapes into space easily leaving almost no atmosphere to cause erosion.  ( A 100 pound high school student on Mercury would weigh only 38 pounds).
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-  Extreme heat and no atmosphere also means there is no rain or snow to cause erosion.  As a consequence the geological activity on Mercury’s surface looks very much like the Moon’s.
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-  The mass of Mercury is 3.31*10^23 kilograms.  To calculate the density we take the ratio of mass to volume.  The radius is 2,425 kilometers average.   Volume = 4*pi*r^3.   Therefore the average density is 5,542 kilograms / meter^3.
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-  If we assume an iron rich core has a density of 7,800 kg/m^3.  And, we assume the crust being mostly rock has a density of 3,000 kg/m^3, how big would the core be to have the average density we have measured?
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------------------  Outer radius of Mercury  =  2,425 kilometers
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--------------------  Inner radius of the core  =  Rc
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-------------------  Core mass   +   Crust mass  =  Planet mass
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---------  Core Density * Volume  +  Crust Density * Volume  =  3.31 * 10^23 kilograms
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-------------------  7800 kg/m^3 * (4/3 *pi*Rc^3)  +  3000 kg/m^3 ( 4/3 * pi * (2.425*10^6)^3   -  (4/3*pi*Rc^3)   =   3.31*10^23 kg
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------------------------  Rc^3  =  7.55*10^18 m^3
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------------------------  Rc  =  1,960 kilometers
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-----------------  The total radius is 2,425 kilometers, so the core is 81% of the planet.
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-----------------  The crust is 289 miles thick which is 19% of the planet.
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-  Mercury should have a solid iron core, yet, it has a small magnetic field   ( 10% that of Earth’s)  which means there is a liquid iron core to cause electric currents to flow and a magnetic field to be generated. 
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-  To explain this astronomers conclude that Mercury’s extreme elliptical orbit and the extreme tidal forces being so close to the Sun heat up the planet through stretching and friction.  There have been many surprises as we learn more about Mercury. 
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-  April 3, 2020                                 1478          1479                       2695             
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-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Friday, April 3, 2020  -------------------------
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SUPERCOMPUTERS - the needed revolution

-  2693 - SUPERCOMPUTERS  -  the needed revolution?  Supercomputers in the hands of students and engineers will bring America a new needed industrial revolution.  The idea that services and finance economies could support and sustain our great nation is a myth.  America has to produce value to be strong.  We have been outsourcing our strengths be cause we were happy with the easy life and forgot the sacrifice and investment we needed to get us there.  We need it again if we are going to have a future.  America has lost its “ values”.
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--------------------------  2693 - SUPERCOMPUTERS  -  the needed revolution ?
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-  Supercomputers in the hands of engineers is the next Industrial Revolution in the United States.  It will be when we put “super computers ‘ in the hands of college students and engineers.  New manufacturing will emerge with 3D printing, automation, and computer simulations designing the entire process and product line all the way to the consumer.
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-  The U.S. National Debt is a squandering of opportunities.  The U.S. consumers doted on themselves rather that saving for the future.  Politicians were the worst offenders and manufacturers went along.
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-  Americas next revolution to restore our economy lies in using super computers to produce valuable products and processes, then have the production reside in America.  High technology employment will result making high paying jobs available for the knowledge worker. 
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-  Educated workers will be more important than ever.  Knowledge workers need to be designed into the system.  Workers continuously maintain and improve the process, not robots.
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-  We are already using super computers to design airplanes ( Boeing ) , to model the dynamics of a Blackhole ( astronomy ), to forecast the weather, to simulate cancer radiation therapy.    (See Review 1416 that describes this software available free on the internet).
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-  Simulation of designs on super computers save time and money shortening the “ time-to-market” for new products and innovations.  The entire manufacturing , logistics, and point of sale feed back can be designed in to the manufacturing simulation.
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-   Knowledge workers will use statistics and quality control techniques to continuously improve the overall process.

-  Once the process is set the economies of scale will compete favorably with low cost labor around the world.  Productivity and continuous process improvement is the goal.
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-   Investing and getting a return of more and better output for less costly input.  The process improvements demand a steady stream of innovation from the knowledge workers.
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-  Super computers in the hands of students and engineers will create manufacturing start-ups.  In the hands of small business men and small manufacturers supercomputers will make them competitive with the big guys.  A new economy will be born.
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-  Government has a role to ply in supporting research and development but it needs to stop there and let the free market run with the manufacturing and business enterprise.
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-   Government role should continue in communication of best practices, education, and facilitation to help the free market thrive.  But, stay out of trying to manipulate the market and social engineering to control business operations.
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-   World class manufacturing and a booming economy should be the goal using America’s land of opportunity spirit and energy.
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-  Government as well as business should work with Universities to fund the best research and to train the best students for employment.  For government to facilitate the growth of business it needs to remove burdensome regulations, mandates that attempt to manipulate the outcomes, time delays, and administrative burdens that inhibit fast moving enterprise.
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-  Universities especially have the challenge to graduate an educated work force that is ready for the new industrial revolution of super computers.
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-  Leadership must exist in both universities, businesses, and government to communicate and educate the vision, define the strategies and build the enthusiasm for success.
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-  Super computers are the tools.  Leadership is the direction.  The ship cannot sail into new territories until it leaves the sight of land.  Captains must steer the ship.
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-  April 2, 2020                                 1420                                          2693                                                                                                                                                 
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---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
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 ---------------------   Friday, April 3, 2020  -------------------------
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Expanding UNIVERSE - how do we explain it?

-  2692  -  Expanding UNIVERSE  -  how do we explain it?  -  Why do we think our Universe is expanding?  Why do we think this expansion rate is steadily increasing?  Is there an alternative idea in physics that could explain what we are measuring?
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---------------------  2692  -  Expanding UNIVERSE  -  how do we explain it?
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-   Astronomer’s have measured the brightness of Supernovae Type 1a.  These are supernovae created by a White Dwarf star accreting material from an orbiting binary star.  When the White Dwarf reaches 1.4 Solar Mass it explodes.
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-   Therefore, all Supernovae Type 1a must be about the same brightness since they contain the same amount of exploding mass.  When astronomers collected their data they found that these Supernovae were dimmer than their distance measurements could account for.
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-   Therefore, the Universe is not expanding at a constant rate, it is accelerating in its expansion.  Astronomers do not know what could cause this so they call it “Dark Energy” and their calculations are that Dark Energy composes 73% of all the mass-energy in the Universe.
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-  This math assumes light travels at a constant speed in the vacuum of space.  It also assumes that light is redshifted by the constant expansion of the Universe.  These assumptions tell us how old the Universe is, how big the “Observable Universe” is, and how far the most distant galaxies with supernovae are.
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-   The math is called the “Lambda-CMD model“.  It is today’s theory for how Big Bang Cosmology is working.  To make the math work we need 73% Dark Energy and 23% Dark Matter to exist in the Cosmos.  But, we have not discovered what either of these really are?  It is a mystery?
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-  Of course that means we mere humans and everything we understand remains only 4% of the entire Universe.  This certainly leaves a lot that we do not know.
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-  Could the math be wrong?  Do we really understand all there is about how light travels across the Universe?  Electromagnetic radiation is the astronomer’s form of communication.  Ours too for the most part.  Is there an alternative theory.
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-    Let’s pursue a physical portrayal of how the Universe is evolving.  Besides the constant speed of light in a vacuum, 670,633,500 miles per hour, there is another fundamental law in Physics that energy always seeks the lowest level.  When a supernova explodes the expanding light is traveling from the highest levels of energy at the source into space that is at a lower level of energy.
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-  From his physical perspective light is traveling from a denser energy region to a sparse energy region.  Its wavelength increases and its energy level decreases as it enters the surrounding regions of decreasing energy density.  Photons are constantly entering lower energy surroundings.
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-   This law of least energy is also the same as the law of “ least time”.  Light will always travel not in a straight line, but , in a line or path that travels in the least amount of time through any medium.
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-   So, if light is traveling through media of different energy densities it will take curved paths to maintain the least-time path.  This is the same as saying the light is always traveling the path that maximizes its dispersal of energy.  Light is always trying to lengthen its wavelength to a lower energy level of momentum.
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-  When the same Supernovae Type 1a luminosities are measured for light that has traveled over millions of lightyears using these least-time travel calculations it fit’s the data with the known amount of mass-energy in the Universe.  No Dark Matter or Dark Energy is needed to explain the data that astronomers are seeing.
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-  When supernovae explode there must be maintained the same quanta of energy, energy can neither be created or destroyed , it always remains the same, it simply changes forms. As it changes from matter to radiation there must be maintained a balance between the matter that disintegrates and the free photons that expand away in radiation. 
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-  One way to maintain this balance is to have all supernovae moving away from each other.  Not just supernovae but all forms of energy transformations result in an expanding Universe.  The expansion is consuming free energy in the least- time in its expansion.  No Dark Energy , or anti-gravity, is required in these calculations. 
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-  When gravitational lensing is calculated using least-time formulas then Dark Matter is not required to explain the results.  So, it is energy transformation that is expanding the Universe in least-time.  Maybe, simply changing the math may give us a whole new perspective of an Evolving Universe.
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-  These math ideas are not new.  Fermat’s principle of least- time was his invention in the 1700’s.  Maupertius, another French mathematician, proposed the principle of least-action during this time as well.  He said the product of mass, velocity, and distance is always minimized in a natural system.  Mass*velocity is momentum.  This is not quite the same, but, the same idea. So, we have had 300 years to think about this.
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-  All theories in science, and “laws” in physics are temporary, until a better one comes along.  Maybe some old math in an new application will bring new enlightenment?  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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-  April 2, 2020                             1314                                         2692                                                                                                                                                 
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-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Thursday, April 2, 2020  -------------------------
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TIME - what is it , really?

-  2691  -  TIME  -  what is it , really?   Where did time come from?  Is time universal , the same everywhere in the Universe?  What does the Theory of Relativity have to say about time?   Time To Think, about time?
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-----------------------------  2691  -  TIME  -  what is it , really?
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-  Time is what God invented to make certain everything does not happen at once. Everything you see is younger than you.  Everyone and everything!
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-  Take the distance in feet divide by 983,568,960 feet per second and that is how much, how many seconds younger the person or thing is the instant you see it.
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-  No two times are the same if they are separated in space.
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-  The farther the star  (galaxy) is away from us the younger we see it.  The closest star is 4 1/2 years younger than it is now.  The farthest galaxy is 13 billion years younger than it is now.
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-  Was time really created for the first time in the Big Bang?  That would mean time is 13,700,000,000 years old.  Did time exist before the Big Bang?
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-  Does time only flow in one direction?  Does time only move forward?  We know time marches on?
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-  Time never stands still?  Time is regular moving in only one direction?
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-  Can time even exist without space?
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-  Was there space before the Big Bang?  Or, were time and space created together?
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-  Time is universal it moves the same everywhere in the universe?  Warped space-time is responsible for gravity.
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-  That is what we think, but, is all this true?
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-  We can prove that time is different for Muons.  Muons are one of 12 fundamental particles that make up the universe (actually one of 25 if you count antimatter and the Higgs).
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-  Muons are Fermions and Fermions are “matter“.
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-  Muons are Leptons and Leptons are electrons and neutrinos.
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-  Muons are a high energy electrons.
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-  Electron --------  511,000 electron volts.
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-  Muon ----------    5,700,000
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-  Tau ------------   1,777,100,000
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-  Tau is a high-energy Muon.
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-  Okay, what does all this have to do with time? 
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-  Muons have a lifetime of 2.2 microseconds.
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-  They are created in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays traveling at 99.8% of the speed of light.
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-  Cosmic rays are positively charged atomic nuclei, mostly protons, the nuclei of hydrogen, but, could be as heavy as iron nuclei.
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-  When these cosmic rays smash into the molecules in the upper atmosphere the fundamental particles get splattered out of the collision.  Muons are among these particles.
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-  Muons traveling at near light speed for 2.2 microseconds should only travel 660 meters in their lifetime.  However, they reach the surface of the earth miles below.  They are living 15 times longer, 33.8 microseconds.
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-  “Time slows down for a Muon traveling near light speed.”
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-  Time is not the same for everyone.  It depends on how fast you are moving.  If twins get separated and one is on a space mission to the stars and back.  When the astronaut twin returns he's only nine years older.  The other twin that stayed home is 89 years old.  Time slowed down for the space traveler but not the earthling.
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-  These ideas all started in 1901 to 1904 when railroads needed accurate clocks between cities.  How can we synchronize the clocks to be the same in every city?
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-  The Theory of Special  Relativity came out of this thinking.  Time cannot be regular at all.  Time changes when a traveler is in motion in order to keep the ratio of distance divided by time equal to a constant speed of light regardless of how fast you are moving.
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- The time for Muons was stretched so that they could travel farther.
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-  Time is not absolute.  Time is relative.
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-  Time in the past is gone.  Time in the future has not happened yet.  Time in the present takes no time at all.  How can time even exist? 
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-  We need time to put order into all events.  Things can only happen or occupy one space at one time.  Maybe true in the macro world but, not true in the micro world.  Things change when you go inside an atom.  Quantum Mechanics lives by different rules.
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-  Light consists of photons which are little bundles of energy.  Photons can behave as particles and as waves at the same time.  Photons can be in two places at once.  In order for a single photon to pass through to slits and produce an interference wave pattern it must be in different places at different times at the same time.
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-  Time is not just affected by speed and by size, it is affected by gravity though.  Intense gravity like that found around a Blackhole slows down time.  If you slow time enough it stops.  Time is the measure of change and nothing changes………
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-  Time never goes backward, or maybe?
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-  But, could time travel, back in time really be possible?  All the physics equations allow negative time to exist.  Now, we are approaching "wormholes".
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- Time to stop thinking and have another cup of coffee.  I have run out of time!
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-  April 1, 2020                                 1621                                     2691                                                                                                                                                 
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-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Wednesday, April 1, 2020  -------------------------
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Math - not an April fool's joke

-  2690  -  This is not an April Fool’s joke.  It is just math.  I will send the answers upon request.
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-------------------  2690  -  How many spades is Nathan holding in his left hand?
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-  Nathan got his caste off today.  Congratulations, but, it is raining cats and dogs.  So, we are stuck inside and can’t play baseball.  So, Nathan got out a deck of cards.  He picked up 7 black card and 6 red cards in his left hand.  He noted that he had  twice as many hearts as clubs and twice as many diamonds as hearts.  How many spades did Nathan have in his new hand?
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-  Remember, if you are smart enough to be a mathematician and not a politician then you must resolve yourself to be governed by someone dumber than you.
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-  Please send answers or request answers
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-  Please rate your like ability for puzzles, I have hundreds more.
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-  Nathan is playing games again,  he is into this stuff.
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-  He put some coins in his left pocket.
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-  He put some coins in his right pocket.
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-  He figured that the square of the number of coins in his right pocket plus the cube of the number of coins in his left pocket works out to be 368.
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-  He also figured out the if he cubed the number of coins in his right pocket plus the square of the number of coins in his left pocket he would get a smaller number, 174.
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- You have enough information to determine how many coins he has in each pocket.
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-  April 1, 2020                         1432                                                2690               
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-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Wednesday, April 1, 2020  -------------------------
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