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- Astronomer’s are positive Blackholes do exist. Although no one has ever seen one. There is evidence that a massive star has collapsed into a Blackhole. And, that the center of galaxies contain massive Blackholes. There is a 4,000,000 Solar Mass Blackhole in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
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- The above describes the 2 types of Blackholes:
--------------------- Stellar Blackholes that are created by a massive star supernova leaving a mass remnant of 3 to 10 Solar Mass. If it is less than 3 Solar Mass the remnant remains a Neutron Star, a White Dwarf.
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-------------------- Super massive Blackholes at the center of galaxies are millions to billions Solar Mass. They were around shortly after the Big Bang and when stars and galaxies first formed.
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- Blackholes are regions of space in which the gravity is so great nothing escapes, not even electromagnetic radiation that could be used to detect its existence. So, they can not be “seen”. Astronomers must use the gravity to detect the Blackhole as it’s gravity effects other objects.
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- X-ray detectors in the 1960’s were the first to detect binary stars in which one star heats material to millions of degrees due to friction of an in falling material in their accretion disks. The super heated atoms emit X-rays. The Blackhole is invisible until the gas and material from the companion star falls into it. Then, the accretion disk lights up in X-rays.
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- Astronomers collect data from the visible stars in order to understand the behavior of the invisible star which is likely a Blackhole. The orbit of the visible star can be calculated by measuring the redshift as the star moves away from us and the blue shift in the light spectrum as the star moves towards us. The orbit velocity and the radius measured with this data allows the astronomer to calculate the mass of the object at the center of the orbit. This is no different then the method to calculate the mass of the Sun by measuring the velocity and orbits of the planets.
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- If the mass is less than 3 Solar Mass the invisible object is a Neutron Star. If the mass is more than 3 Solar Mass the object is a Blackhole.
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- To date astronomers have found 20 Stellar Blackholes. Cygnus X-1 is an X-ray binary. The Hot Blue Giant star HDE226868 orbits at 43 miles per second, ( 155,000 miles per hour), completing its orbit in 5.6 days. The invisible companion star was calculate to be 15 Solar Mass. The Blue giant star is 19 Solar mass. The invisible star by deduction must by a Blackhole.
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- A super massive Blackhole exist at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. For 15 years astronomers have tracked dozens of stars orbiting the center of our Galaxy. The invisible mass at the center of these orbiting stars is calculate to be 4,000,000 Solar mass within a region about the diameter of our Solar System. Mass and volume allow the calculation of density. Once density is defined you can know if you have identified a Blackhole.
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- During these observations in 2003 astronomers saw an infrared flash at the center that lasted for 30 minutes. The infrared emissions were created by material heating up as it fell into the Event Horizon and disappeared into the Blackhole. Our Galaxy Blackhole is relatively quiet and in falling material is not often seen.
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- Astronomers have similarly discovered Blackholes in other galaxies:
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---------------- M87 in the Virgo Cluster is 50 million light years away. Mass is calculated to be 6,600,000,000 Solar Mass. This is over 1,000 times bigger than the milky Way’s Blackhole.
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--------------- NGC4889 and NGC 3842 are each 10,000,000,000 Solar Mass at the center.
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--------------- M106 - NGC4258 has a mass of 30,000,000 Solar Mass. This mass was discovered identifying “water masers” that emit specific frequencies of light.
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------------- M31, M87, M81, NGC2273 all emitting high speed jets.
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- Quasars are the 4th reason astronomers believe Blackholes exist. Quasars are extremely luminous cores of distant galaxies. Early evolution produced super massive Blackholes at the center of galaxies whose gravity was so strong it distorted space-time twisting the magnetic fields. The magnetic field lines funneled radiation into high-speed jets perpendicular to the galaxy’s disk.
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- Jets produce radio to X-ray to Gamma Ray radiation moving at 90% the speed of light and slamming into the interstellar medium which produces further electromagnetic emissions. Closest to the Blackhole X-ray emission came from the base of the jets. Further out the jets produced radio emissions. X-rays were also produced as the material was spiraling into and past the Event Horizon. Once past the Event Horizon the radiation stops.
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- Are there medium sized Blackhole? Stellar Blackholes are 3 to 10 Solar Mass. Galactic Blackholes are 4 million to 10,000 million Solar Mass. What about in between?
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- Quasars tell us that Blackholes first formed when the Universe was 770,000,000 years old. Calculations tell us that the maximum rate Blackholes can double their mass is in 50,000,000 years. We would expect to be able to find a continuous range of Blackholes from 100 to 100,000 Solar Mass because the growth can be cut off at any stage. Hot gas traveling at millions of miles per hour is propelled outward from the Blackhole’s center. The gas extends out to 15 lightyears distance.
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- When the Blackhole’s mass reaches 1/1000th the mass of the galactic bulge this leaf blower effect pushes the gas out from the center and prevents the Blackhole from growing any bigger. That would stop the growth. Only 11 candidates have been found in the middle range of 200,000 to 2,000,000 Solar Mass.
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- Astronomers hope that the newer telescopes under development that have a resolution of 10 micro arc seconds will allow them to witness a Blackhole’s Event Horizon. The best candidate is M87. Astronomers hope to see the accretion disk of material light up as it is swallowed by the immense gravity of this Blackhole. A first! An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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707-536-3272, Wednesday, April 4, 2012
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