----------------------- # 1589 - What are Neutrinos?
-
-1589 - What are Neutrinos? Neutrinos are subatomic particles that are electrically neutral. They are unaffected by the electromagnetic force or the Strong Nuclear Force. The are weakly interactive with the Weak Nuclear Force and have so little mass that their mass has not yet been accurately measured.
- It is estimated that a neutrino’s mass is less than 1/1,000,000th the mass of an electron.
-
---------------------------- Electron Neutrino ------------ < 0.13 electron volts / c^2
---------------------------- Muon Neutrino --------------- < 0.13 electron volts / c^2
---------------------------- Tau Neutrino ------------------ < 0.14 electron volts / c^2
-
- Because the Weak Nuclear Force is limited in range to the size of the nucleus of the atom, the neutrinos can pass through matter with very little to no effects. Only rarely can neutrino collisions with the atom’s nucleus be recorded. See ICECUBE neutrino detectors on the Antarctic Continent for information on current detection data.
-
- Neutrinos are created in radioactive decay. They are created in nuclear reactors and in the fusion process at the core of the Sun. Neutrinos are created by Cosmic Rays colliding with the molecules in the atmosphere. The Sun produces 65 billion neutrinos per second per cm^2 in its fusion reactions at the core.
-
- The neutrino was first proposed to exist in 1930 by Wolfgang Pauli to explain missing angular momentum occurring in radioactive decay. He proposed a “ little neutral one” that escaped the reaction undetected as the cause for equations not balancing. Wolfgang lamented that he had proposed the existence of a particle that would never be discovered.
-
- The neutrino was discovered in experiments in 1942. The unique signature of an anti-neutrino occurs when an anti-electron annihilation and a neutron capture releases a Gamma Ray. This is how the neutrino was first detected. In 1960 neutrinos were detected coming from the Sun. In 1962 the Muon Neutrino was discovered. In 1975 the Tau Neutrino was discovered at the Stanford Linear Accelerator in Palo Alto, California. In 1987 neutrinos were detected coming from a Supernova 1987A explosion. In 1989 science determined that the 3 types of neutrinos oscillate between flavors and therefore must have very small but different masses.
-
- Billions of neutrinos are produced in the core of the Sun at the same time photons are produced. Photons take millions of years to travel from the core to the surface. Photons are interacting with electromagnetic forces over their entire journey. Neutrinos exit the surface of the Sun in 2 seconds because their neutral character is unimpeded.
-
- Electron Neutrinos are released from the Sun, but , when they are detected here 1/3 of each type are detected as they oscillate between flavors on their journey to Earth. The near massless neutrinos travel at nearly the speed of light and make the journey in 8 minutes. Picture the volume of a sugar cube ( 1 cm^3). 5,000,000 neutrinos pass through this volume on the surface of the Earth each second.
-
- In order for the neutrino to be near massless it must mean that it has a very weak interaction with the Higgs Field. All the other atomic particles have much greater mass, relatively, because of a stronger interaction with the Higgs Field.
-
- Every particle has an anti-matter counterpart. The neutrino may be different. It may be its own anti-matter counterpart. This is a strange phenomenon. But, it may lead to the explanation as to why in our world matter is dominate over anti-matter. Physics needs an explanation because if the Universe Big Bang sprang from “ nothing” there must have originally been an equal amount of matter and anti-matter in the Universe in the beginning.
-
- Neutrinos have a ½ spin in angular momentum. That is what makes them “Leptons” similar to the electron. However, neutrinos only appear to have a left-handed spin. All the other fundamental particles have both a left-handed and a right-handed spin.
-
- Another mystery is to explain why neutrinos have an underlying hyperactivity of transmutations between the 3 varieties. Experiments are trying to measure just how often these particles switch identities. Quantum Mechanics math only allows neutrinos to oscillate between the 3 flavors if each flavor has a different mass. Another fall out from this same math is the possible existence of a forth flavor of neutrino called the “ sterile neutrino”. Called sterile because this neutrino does not interact with the Weak Nuclear Force.
-
- According to Big Bang theory 10^89 Cosmic Neutrinos were released and may have had a large effect on the structure of the Universe. The entire Universe should be filled with 300 neutrinos per cubic centimeter. This can be thought of as analogous to the Universe being filled with the microwave photons at 2.725 Kelvin.-, called the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.
-
- Neutrinos were once proposed for the explanation of Dark Matter comprising 23% of the Universe. However, the calculations now are that the neutrinos comprise only 0.3% of the mass/energy of the Universe. Dark Matter is searching for another explanation.
-
- See ScientificAmerican.com/apr2013/neutrino to learn of the many neutrino experiments being conducted around the world. Also see previous reviews about neutrinos: #1511, #1219, #1139 , #732, #630, available upon request.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Global Warming is what stars do!
----------------------- # 1588 - Global Warming is what stars do.
-
-1588 - Global Warming is what stars do. It is natural evolution for our Sun. The Sun will continue to get warmer until it becomes a Red Giant Star and engulfs our part of the Solar System.
-
- We have had Global Warming for a long time, over 3.5 billion years. It is about time Congress did something about it. Of course, life was even more primitive back then. The Sun was 65% as bright and life was cyanobacteria that drifted in the oceans.
-
- This is normal star evolution. Sun-size stars grow steadily more luminous adding 10% more brightness every billion years. The Sun was 30% dimmer back then so why were the oceans not frozen into solid ice?
-
- The first question, why does the Sun keep getting hotter? The Sun generates its energy and radiation from the crush of gravity converting , squashing, hydrogen into helium. Two hydrogen nuclei, which are protons, get fused together into a helium nuclei releasing an anti-electron and an electron. This new nuclei H2 combines with another hydrogen nuclei to form helium H3. Then two helium H3 nuclei combine to form one normal helium He4 releasing two hydrogen nuclei to continue the process.
-
- The fusion reaction rate rises as the number of particles in the Sun’s core falls off. That number has been decreasing as this conversion process fusing hydrogen continues. With the rising reaction rate the Sun generates more energy than before , continuously increasing its luminosity.
-
- The second question, why did the oceans not freeze when the Sun was 30% cooler? The freezing point of water is 32F. The Sun’s luminosity at that time should not have allowed liquid water until it had warmed up later, about 1.5 billion years ago. But, this assumes the Earth had its current atmosphere. If the Earth had a greenhouse atmosphere this thermal blanket would have warmed up the Earth much sooner. Take away Earth’s atmosphere today and the average temperature would still be -13F, well below water freezing.
-
- Geology’s Archian Eon, 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , contains much evidence that liquid water existed on the Earth’s surface. Estimates are that the ocean was 130F.
-
- The estimates of the Sun’s mass loss through the continuous Solar Wind is very tiny. But, even if the Sun had 3 t0 5% more mass back then it would be hotter. Astronomers can come up with no explanation of how more mass existed to make the Sun hotter. There must be a different explanation.
-
- Geology is looking to early Earth having a significant mixture of greenhouse gases that warmed the planet even under a fainter Sun. Carbon dioxide, methane, ethane molecules let visible radiation to pass through the atmosphere. The Earth’s surface absorbs the radiation an re-radiates in the thermal, infrared radiation. This longer wavelength gets reflected and or absorbed, by those same molecules in the atmosphere. The effect is to slowly warm up the planet.
-
- Another explanation considers that 4.5 billion years ago the Moon was formed by a Mars-size proto-planet’s collision with Earth. Back then the Earth’s rotation could have been as slow as 14 days. As Earth’s rotation speeds up, cloud cover goes down. Less cloud cover means less reflection of the Sun’s rays and the Earth could have been kept warmer.
-
- Another explanation involves atmospheric pressure. Today 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen. 3.8 billion years ago the atmosphere may have been 90% nitrogen. Nitrogen is not a green house gas, but, it is a heavier molecule that increases atmospheric pressure. This makes the greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere more effective in absorbing heat.
-
- The geological evidence for liquid water in the surface comes from sedimentary rock 3.8 billion years old. Later evidence dating back to 2.9 to 2.4 billion years ago suggest widespread glaciation on the surface. In the final analysis life may have formed far below the surface around hydro-thermal vents deep under the ocean. If this were the case all these surface conditions and a fainter Sun would not have mattered.
-
- What really happened is a puzzle very difficult to solve. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, April 17, 2013
-
-1588 - Global Warming is what stars do. It is natural evolution for our Sun. The Sun will continue to get warmer until it becomes a Red Giant Star and engulfs our part of the Solar System.
-
- We have had Global Warming for a long time, over 3.5 billion years. It is about time Congress did something about it. Of course, life was even more primitive back then. The Sun was 65% as bright and life was cyanobacteria that drifted in the oceans.
-
- This is normal star evolution. Sun-size stars grow steadily more luminous adding 10% more brightness every billion years. The Sun was 30% dimmer back then so why were the oceans not frozen into solid ice?
-
- The first question, why does the Sun keep getting hotter? The Sun generates its energy and radiation from the crush of gravity converting , squashing, hydrogen into helium. Two hydrogen nuclei, which are protons, get fused together into a helium nuclei releasing an anti-electron and an electron. This new nuclei H2 combines with another hydrogen nuclei to form helium H3. Then two helium H3 nuclei combine to form one normal helium He4 releasing two hydrogen nuclei to continue the process.
-
- The fusion reaction rate rises as the number of particles in the Sun’s core falls off. That number has been decreasing as this conversion process fusing hydrogen continues. With the rising reaction rate the Sun generates more energy than before , continuously increasing its luminosity.
-
- The second question, why did the oceans not freeze when the Sun was 30% cooler? The freezing point of water is 32F. The Sun’s luminosity at that time should not have allowed liquid water until it had warmed up later, about 1.5 billion years ago. But, this assumes the Earth had its current atmosphere. If the Earth had a greenhouse atmosphere this thermal blanket would have warmed up the Earth much sooner. Take away Earth’s atmosphere today and the average temperature would still be -13F, well below water freezing.
-
- Geology’s Archian Eon, 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , contains much evidence that liquid water existed on the Earth’s surface. Estimates are that the ocean was 130F.
-
- The estimates of the Sun’s mass loss through the continuous Solar Wind is very tiny. But, even if the Sun had 3 t0 5% more mass back then it would be hotter. Astronomers can come up with no explanation of how more mass existed to make the Sun hotter. There must be a different explanation.
-
- Geology is looking to early Earth having a significant mixture of greenhouse gases that warmed the planet even under a fainter Sun. Carbon dioxide, methane, ethane molecules let visible radiation to pass through the atmosphere. The Earth’s surface absorbs the radiation an re-radiates in the thermal, infrared radiation. This longer wavelength gets reflected and or absorbed, by those same molecules in the atmosphere. The effect is to slowly warm up the planet.
-
- Another explanation considers that 4.5 billion years ago the Moon was formed by a Mars-size proto-planet’s collision with Earth. Back then the Earth’s rotation could have been as slow as 14 days. As Earth’s rotation speeds up, cloud cover goes down. Less cloud cover means less reflection of the Sun’s rays and the Earth could have been kept warmer.
-
- Another explanation involves atmospheric pressure. Today 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen. 3.8 billion years ago the atmosphere may have been 90% nitrogen. Nitrogen is not a green house gas, but, it is a heavier molecule that increases atmospheric pressure. This makes the greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere more effective in absorbing heat.
-
- The geological evidence for liquid water in the surface comes from sedimentary rock 3.8 billion years old. Later evidence dating back to 2.9 to 2.4 billion years ago suggest widespread glaciation on the surface. In the final analysis life may have formed far below the surface around hydro-thermal vents deep under the ocean. If this were the case all these surface conditions and a fainter Sun would not have mattered.
-
- What really happened is a puzzle very difficult to solve. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
What direct evidence says Blackholes exist?
----------------------- # 1587 - Blackholes
-
-1587 - Blackholes are real. They exist at the center of our Galaxy and there is direct evidence they have been found elsewhere in the Cosmos.
-
- Have we really found Blackholes in space?
-
- Yes, we have. Astronomers have mounted overwhelming evidence using the newest measurement instruments in space.
-
- The Blackhole most studied is the one in our own Milky Way Galaxy. There are several reviews available upon request about this Galactic Blackhole that is closest to us. But, this review looks at what else we have discovered.
-
- April 17, 2006. The Chandra X-ray Observatory confirmed discovery of two giant, Galactic Blackholes, that are colliding and merging. Chandra measures X-rays caused by jets of super heated material streaming out from the accretion disks of these Blackholes.
-
- The Blackholes can be seen as intertwined contrails of their polar jets buffeting the interstellar gases. The source of the jets emits X-rays. The ionized interstellar gas emits radio waves.
-
- The two Blackholes are galactic in size weighing billions of Solar Mass. They are still far apart and just beginning to collide. They can be viewed separately because they are still 100,000 lightyears apart, big enough for the Milky Way Galaxy to fit between them.
-
- Each time the gravity of a Blackhole slingshots an orbiting star out of the galaxies of stars that are between them, then the Blackhole gives up some of its orbital velocity and edges nearer the other Blackhole. ( The conservation of energy, or, the conservation of angular momentum).
-
- When the two Blackholes come within a single lightyear of each other they will begin losing energy by sending out gravity waves. This event ii the Abell 400 Blackhole collision will be studied with interest for some time.
-
- April 21,2005. A Blackhole was confirmed to exist at the center of our neighbor , the Andromeda Galaxy. This Blackhole is 140,000,000 Solar Mass. It is much bigger then the Blackhole at the center of our Galaxy which is 4,000,000 Solar Mass.
-
- The discovery was made by tracking 400 hot blue stars that are orbiting the central Blackhole. The rate of rotation of the orbiting stars allows astronomers to calculate the mass at the center. This was done by splitting the blue light of each star into its composite colors, its spectrum. This spectroscopy was used to measure the velocity of each of the orbiting stars.
-
- October 5, 2005. astronomers presented the evidence from two split second Gamma Ray Bursts. The bursts from jets that just happened to be pointed directly at us. The bursts only lasted for tens of milliseconds, but, they were followed by long lasting X-rays and visible light afterglows. Both bursts occurred at the edges of aged galaxies 2 billion lightyears from us.
-
- Computer modeling of this data shows two Neutron Stars spinning around each other ever faster and closer until they approach the speed of light. When they finally collide they release two beams of energy equivalent to 10^15 suns, just before creating a single Blackhole.
-
- September 12, 2005. Astronomers announced the discovery of GRB050904. A Gamma Ray Burst created by an imploding star creating a Stellar Blackhole.
-
- The redshift of the light was z = 6.29, which calculates to a time 900,000,000 years after the Big Bang. The Gamma Rays and infrared light from this violent stellar collapse had traveled 12.7 billion years to reach Earth on September 5th. that light we saw had traveled more than 90 percent of the history and expansion of the Universe. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Tuesday, April 16, 2013
-
-1587 - Blackholes are real. They exist at the center of our Galaxy and there is direct evidence they have been found elsewhere in the Cosmos.
-
- Have we really found Blackholes in space?
-
- Yes, we have. Astronomers have mounted overwhelming evidence using the newest measurement instruments in space.
-
- The Blackhole most studied is the one in our own Milky Way Galaxy. There are several reviews available upon request about this Galactic Blackhole that is closest to us. But, this review looks at what else we have discovered.
-
- April 17, 2006. The Chandra X-ray Observatory confirmed discovery of two giant, Galactic Blackholes, that are colliding and merging. Chandra measures X-rays caused by jets of super heated material streaming out from the accretion disks of these Blackholes.
-
- The Blackholes can be seen as intertwined contrails of their polar jets buffeting the interstellar gases. The source of the jets emits X-rays. The ionized interstellar gas emits radio waves.
-
- The two Blackholes are galactic in size weighing billions of Solar Mass. They are still far apart and just beginning to collide. They can be viewed separately because they are still 100,000 lightyears apart, big enough for the Milky Way Galaxy to fit between them.
-
- Each time the gravity of a Blackhole slingshots an orbiting star out of the galaxies of stars that are between them, then the Blackhole gives up some of its orbital velocity and edges nearer the other Blackhole. ( The conservation of energy, or, the conservation of angular momentum).
-
- When the two Blackholes come within a single lightyear of each other they will begin losing energy by sending out gravity waves. This event ii the Abell 400 Blackhole collision will be studied with interest for some time.
-
- April 21,2005. A Blackhole was confirmed to exist at the center of our neighbor , the Andromeda Galaxy. This Blackhole is 140,000,000 Solar Mass. It is much bigger then the Blackhole at the center of our Galaxy which is 4,000,000 Solar Mass.
-
- The discovery was made by tracking 400 hot blue stars that are orbiting the central Blackhole. The rate of rotation of the orbiting stars allows astronomers to calculate the mass at the center. This was done by splitting the blue light of each star into its composite colors, its spectrum. This spectroscopy was used to measure the velocity of each of the orbiting stars.
-
- October 5, 2005. astronomers presented the evidence from two split second Gamma Ray Bursts. The bursts from jets that just happened to be pointed directly at us. The bursts only lasted for tens of milliseconds, but, they were followed by long lasting X-rays and visible light afterglows. Both bursts occurred at the edges of aged galaxies 2 billion lightyears from us.
-
- Computer modeling of this data shows two Neutron Stars spinning around each other ever faster and closer until they approach the speed of light. When they finally collide they release two beams of energy equivalent to 10^15 suns, just before creating a single Blackhole.
-
- September 12, 2005. Astronomers announced the discovery of GRB050904. A Gamma Ray Burst created by an imploding star creating a Stellar Blackhole.
-
- The redshift of the light was z = 6.29, which calculates to a time 900,000,000 years after the Big Bang. The Gamma Rays and infrared light from this violent stellar collapse had traveled 12.7 billion years to reach Earth on September 5th. that light we saw had traveled more than 90 percent of the history and expansion of the Universe. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Monday, April 8, 2013
Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
----------------------- # 1586 - Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background
-
-1586 - Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background . The density waves in the radiation tell us much about the structure and composition of the Universe.
-
- All frequencies of light enter our sky. On a clear day, no clouds, the entire hemisphere of sky above us is blue. That happens to be the frequency of light, with the right size wavelength, to bounce off the molecules in the air. More blue scatters in the air than any other color. At sunset we see more red scattering because the light travels through more air and the red colors start to come out.
-
- If your eyes were sensitive to microwave frequencies and you were above the atmosphere the sky would have a similar background color over the entire sphere. If we translate this microwave frequency to a visible light frequency we could make it a cold light blue color that would be homogeneous in all directions. The color of this background would be 2.735 degrees Kelvin.
-
- If your eyes were not only sensitive to microwave frequencies but super sensitive to distinguish a variation of 1/100,000 degree Kelvin then the background color would not be homogeneous light blue. It would be lumpy. It would have red hot spots that were 2.735001 degree Kelvin and cold blue spots that were 2.734999 degree Kelvin. I know, 1/100,000 of a degree hot to cold seems silly. It is still cold. But, the lumpy pattern of red spots and blue spots tells us something.
-
- This light left the Big Bang 370,000 years after the Big Bang started. That is the moment in the expansion of the Universe that neutral atoms of hydrogen first formed and photons of light could escape the hot charged plasma. The temperature was 3,000 degree Kelvin. These photons have traveled for 13.7 billion years. They have cooled from 3,000 Kelvin to just about 3 Kelvin. They have lost energy. They started out as Gamma Rays of energy and are now reaching us as Microwaves of energy. Visible light has as an energy level of from ½ to 1 electron volt. This microwave light energy is much less than 0.00003 electron volts.
-
- The spots cover the entire surface of the sphere. They represent sound waves and density waves that created more dense regions and more rarified regions of gas in the Big Bang plasma. These sound waves tell as story like the strings on a violin. The wavelength of the sound waves represent a fundamental frequency and a series of harmonic frequencies that tell us about the composition of the Universe. How did it get from those density waves to the galaxies and clusters of galaxies and empty voids of space that we see today.
-
- After 13.7 billion years the hot spots coalesced into galaxies. The cold spots expanded into voids or bubbles of rarified space. The expansion of the Universe was trying to spread every thing apart. The Gravity in the Universe was trying to collapse everything together. It was a tug of war. Who was going to win?
-
- The hot spots are the peaks of the density waves. They represent a half wavelength or greater density amplitude. The cold spots, the other half of the density wavelength. It took 13.7 billion years for the photons to reach us but during that time the Universe has expanded so today they have traveled 45 billion light years of space. Space has been expanding over their entire journey. That is why their wavelengths have stretched into the microwave wavelengths. The wavelengths of light have been stretched from 0.1 nanometers to 10,000,000 nanometers. (0.01 meters).
-
- When we say the hot spots are denser regions. It is all relative. The densities are very small amount of mass, 10^-29 grams per cubic centimeter. This is very, very small and just slightly less than the “ critical density” to balance the expansion of the Universe against the collapse of the Universe due to gravity. This density makes the geometry of the Universe not perfectly “ flat”. The geometry is very slightly “ saddle shaped”. This shape means that the expansion of the Universe will accelerate over time. In fact it will expand at an ever increasing rate.
-
- This tells astronomers that Dark Energy of expansion is more dominate than the attractive force of Gravity. For sure, by now, everyone has seen a picture of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It is that wrap around , oblong sphere with the blue, red and yellow spots across the surface. This review attempts to measure how big are those spots? They represent the wavelength of the density waves in the Universe. Can we measure the size of the waves?
-
- Astronomers start with an image. They frame a picture of the CMB radiation that is 6.3 inches on a side. A square 16 centimeters on a side. That length represents 45 arc degrees across the sky.
-
- Then the astronomers measure the size of the red flecks in the image. The average diameter of the red spots is ½ millimeter. How many degrees is the average red fleck. Remember each red fleck is a hot spot that is ½ wavelength of the sound wave, that is 1/100,000 of a temperature variation over the average 2.735 Kelvin.
-
------------------ 45 degrees / 0.14 degrees = 16 centimeters / 0.5 millimeters.
-
------------------ 0.14 arc degrees is the average half wavelength. The Full Moon is 0.5 arc degrees.
-
----------------- 0.14 / 0.5 28% the size of the Full Moon.
-
- 0.14 degrees is ( 0.14 * 3600) 504 arc seconds. At the distance of this “surface” is from Earth the scale is 224 lightyears per arc second. 504 arc seconds represents 113,000 lightyears. Our Milky Way Galaxy is 114,000 lightyears across. Therefore, each hot spot density wave is the size of a large galaxy.
-
- To learn more of how this information lead to our understanding of the structure and composition of the Universe request Reviews #1305, #823 and # 757. The harder the learning the better you remember it. The easier the learning the sooner you forget it.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Monday, April 8, 2013
-
-1586 - Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background . The density waves in the radiation tell us much about the structure and composition of the Universe.
-
- All frequencies of light enter our sky. On a clear day, no clouds, the entire hemisphere of sky above us is blue. That happens to be the frequency of light, with the right size wavelength, to bounce off the molecules in the air. More blue scatters in the air than any other color. At sunset we see more red scattering because the light travels through more air and the red colors start to come out.
-
- If your eyes were sensitive to microwave frequencies and you were above the atmosphere the sky would have a similar background color over the entire sphere. If we translate this microwave frequency to a visible light frequency we could make it a cold light blue color that would be homogeneous in all directions. The color of this background would be 2.735 degrees Kelvin.
-
- If your eyes were not only sensitive to microwave frequencies but super sensitive to distinguish a variation of 1/100,000 degree Kelvin then the background color would not be homogeneous light blue. It would be lumpy. It would have red hot spots that were 2.735001 degree Kelvin and cold blue spots that were 2.734999 degree Kelvin. I know, 1/100,000 of a degree hot to cold seems silly. It is still cold. But, the lumpy pattern of red spots and blue spots tells us something.
-
- This light left the Big Bang 370,000 years after the Big Bang started. That is the moment in the expansion of the Universe that neutral atoms of hydrogen first formed and photons of light could escape the hot charged plasma. The temperature was 3,000 degree Kelvin. These photons have traveled for 13.7 billion years. They have cooled from 3,000 Kelvin to just about 3 Kelvin. They have lost energy. They started out as Gamma Rays of energy and are now reaching us as Microwaves of energy. Visible light has as an energy level of from ½ to 1 electron volt. This microwave light energy is much less than 0.00003 electron volts.
-
- The spots cover the entire surface of the sphere. They represent sound waves and density waves that created more dense regions and more rarified regions of gas in the Big Bang plasma. These sound waves tell as story like the strings on a violin. The wavelength of the sound waves represent a fundamental frequency and a series of harmonic frequencies that tell us about the composition of the Universe. How did it get from those density waves to the galaxies and clusters of galaxies and empty voids of space that we see today.
-
- After 13.7 billion years the hot spots coalesced into galaxies. The cold spots expanded into voids or bubbles of rarified space. The expansion of the Universe was trying to spread every thing apart. The Gravity in the Universe was trying to collapse everything together. It was a tug of war. Who was going to win?
-
- The hot spots are the peaks of the density waves. They represent a half wavelength or greater density amplitude. The cold spots, the other half of the density wavelength. It took 13.7 billion years for the photons to reach us but during that time the Universe has expanded so today they have traveled 45 billion light years of space. Space has been expanding over their entire journey. That is why their wavelengths have stretched into the microwave wavelengths. The wavelengths of light have been stretched from 0.1 nanometers to 10,000,000 nanometers. (0.01 meters).
-
- When we say the hot spots are denser regions. It is all relative. The densities are very small amount of mass, 10^-29 grams per cubic centimeter. This is very, very small and just slightly less than the “ critical density” to balance the expansion of the Universe against the collapse of the Universe due to gravity. This density makes the geometry of the Universe not perfectly “ flat”. The geometry is very slightly “ saddle shaped”. This shape means that the expansion of the Universe will accelerate over time. In fact it will expand at an ever increasing rate.
-
- This tells astronomers that Dark Energy of expansion is more dominate than the attractive force of Gravity. For sure, by now, everyone has seen a picture of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It is that wrap around , oblong sphere with the blue, red and yellow spots across the surface. This review attempts to measure how big are those spots? They represent the wavelength of the density waves in the Universe. Can we measure the size of the waves?
-
- Astronomers start with an image. They frame a picture of the CMB radiation that is 6.3 inches on a side. A square 16 centimeters on a side. That length represents 45 arc degrees across the sky.
-
- Then the astronomers measure the size of the red flecks in the image. The average diameter of the red spots is ½ millimeter. How many degrees is the average red fleck. Remember each red fleck is a hot spot that is ½ wavelength of the sound wave, that is 1/100,000 of a temperature variation over the average 2.735 Kelvin.
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------------------ 45 degrees / 0.14 degrees = 16 centimeters / 0.5 millimeters.
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------------------ 0.14 arc degrees is the average half wavelength. The Full Moon is 0.5 arc degrees.
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----------------- 0.14 / 0.5 28% the size of the Full Moon.
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- 0.14 degrees is ( 0.14 * 3600) 504 arc seconds. At the distance of this “surface” is from Earth the scale is 224 lightyears per arc second. 504 arc seconds represents 113,000 lightyears. Our Milky Way Galaxy is 114,000 lightyears across. Therefore, each hot spot density wave is the size of a large galaxy.
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- To learn more of how this information lead to our understanding of the structure and composition of the Universe request Reviews #1305, #823 and # 757. The harder the learning the better you remember it. The easier the learning the sooner you forget it.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Monday, April 8, 2013
Tuesday, April 2, 2013
When will Andromeda Galaxy collide with the Milky Way?
----------------------- # 1585 - Andromeda, Milky Way Galaxy Collisions.
-
-1585 - Andromeda, Milky Way Galaxies are on a collision course. What is the tug of war between gravity and Dark Energy? When will the collision happen?
-
- The Universe is expanding and galaxies are flying away from each other. A better description would be that the space between galaxies is expanding and pushing galaxies apart from each other. However, this is only on the grander scale. On large scales Dark Energy is dominate. It is the mysterious force that is expanding the vacuum of empty space. This expanding force is in a constant tug of war that is against the attractive force of gravity trying to pull the masses of galaxies back together.
-
- So, galaxies flying apart is only true if there is enough space between them where gravity becomes the weaker force. The force of gravity is equal to the product of the masses and inversely equal to the square of the distance between them. The size of the mass and the space between them is what determines what is happening, expansion or collapse.
-
- When gravity wins galaxies form into clusters and some galaxies collide with each other forming larger galaxies. The Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy are part of a Group of 25 galaxies, but, these two are on a collision course. The Andromeda Galaxy , M31, is heading directly towards us at 270,000 miles per hour. Of course, we could just as easily say that the Milky Way is heading directly towards Andromeda. That is the closing speed between us, and, it depends on your point of view which direction it is heading.
-
- The force of gravity = Gravitational Constant * Mass * mass / separation distance squared.
-
-------------------- F = G * M*m / r^2
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- The mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 5.68^10^11 Solar Mass.
-
- A Solar Mass is the mass of our Sun, which is 2*10^30 kilograms.
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- The mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1.14*10^42 kilograms.
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- The mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is 20% larger, 7.1^10^11 Solar Mass, or 1.42*10^42 kilograms.
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- The distance between the galaxies is 2,540,000 lightyears.
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- One lightyear is 9.46*10^15 meters, so , the distance to Andromeda is 24.1*10^21 meters.
-
-
- Solving for the force of gravity, F = (6.67*10^-11) * (1.42*10^42) * (1.14*10^42 ) / (24*10^21)^2
-
---------------------------------------- F = 1.87*10^29 kilogram * meters / seconds^2
-
- Notice that the units of Force are in F= m*a, mass times acceleration. The unit is called “ Newtons”.
-
- At a distance of 2.54 million lightyears closing at a constant speed of 270,000 miles per hour, how long before the galaxies collide?
-
--------- time = distance / rate = 2.54*10^6 LY * 9.46*10^15 m / LY / 2.7*10^5 mph *0.447 m/sec / mph / 3.16*10^7 seconds / year.
-
--------- time = 6.3*10^9 years.
-
- The collision occurs in 6.3 billion years if the closing speed is constant.
-
- A more sophisticated calculation has the collision beginning in 4 billion years, but, the whole merger will take another 1 billion years. After 7 billion years the collision is somewhat complete and the new larger galaxy is elliptical, no longer two spiral galaxies.
-
- We will have to view from some place else because our Solar System will be cooked by our Sun turning into a Red Giant Star in just 1 billion years.
-
- It is surprising to learn that the galaxy collisions present little chance for star collisions. The space between stars is so great that a star to star collision will rarely happen.
-
- Today the Andromeda Galaxy appears as a faint white fuzzy cloud about the size of a Full Moon. The galaxy has its own Constellation, Andromeda the Princess, in the north east sky next to the Constellation the Great Square of Pegasus.
-
- Precise measurements have been made on the direction and closing speed of the two Galaxies over the past 7 years. The actual intersection will begin in 3.75 billion years. At that point the tidal forces between the two massive galaxies will warp their spiral disks. In 3.85 billion years the shockwaves of gravitational collisions will trigger a burst of new star formations. There will be twice as many stars in the night sky.
-
- In 4 billion years the galaxies will pass through each other being tidally stretched and warped beyond recognition.
-
- In 5 billion years the stars that pass each other will begin making U-turns being pulled back to the center of gravity.
-
- In 7 billion years the stars will be orbiting a common center of gravity and a giant elliptical galaxy will form with a 10 million Solar Mass Blackhole at the center. The Sun may have survived all this chaos but by then it would have burned all its nuclear fuel and be orbiting as a White Dwarf Star. It would be about the size of the Earth but have an extreme density of carbon and oxygen so dense that a teaspoon on Earth would weigh as much as a small truck.
-
- We made the 2 body math look pretty simple. In reality the war between gravity and Dark Energy gets very, very complicated. To start with we have the Dark Matter that is surrounding the galaxies in a giant halo. We know the Dark Matter is there because measuring the speed of the stars at the edges of the spiral disks shows they are orbiting too fast to keep from flying out into outer space unless these was 5 times as much mass holding them in place.
-
- Besides Dark Matter the Cosmic Web structure of galaxies is very complicated. Starting with these two galaxies being part of a Local Group of 25 galaxies, then this group of galaxies is part of a larger cluster of galaxies which is part of a super cluster of galaxies all connected by filaments of strings of galaxies separated by voids, bubbles of empty space. The filament defines a wall around a void. The space in the void is expanding.
-
- Our Galaxy is on a filament moving away from the center of a void toward a Super cluster. The Virgo Cluster is 55 million lightyears away. This Cluster is part of a larger Virgo Supercluster all being pulled toward an even larger super cluster called the Norma-Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. This Supercluster is being pulled toward a 4 times more massive cluster of galaxies called the Shapley Concentration of galaxy clusters. It is 100 million lightyears away.
-
- Meanwhile the voids between those clusters are expanding at an acceleration rate of 47,000 miles per hour per 1 million lightyears of space. Is this not complicated? An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Tuesday, April 2, 2013
-
-1585 - Andromeda, Milky Way Galaxies are on a collision course. What is the tug of war between gravity and Dark Energy? When will the collision happen?
-
- The Universe is expanding and galaxies are flying away from each other. A better description would be that the space between galaxies is expanding and pushing galaxies apart from each other. However, this is only on the grander scale. On large scales Dark Energy is dominate. It is the mysterious force that is expanding the vacuum of empty space. This expanding force is in a constant tug of war that is against the attractive force of gravity trying to pull the masses of galaxies back together.
-
- So, galaxies flying apart is only true if there is enough space between them where gravity becomes the weaker force. The force of gravity is equal to the product of the masses and inversely equal to the square of the distance between them. The size of the mass and the space between them is what determines what is happening, expansion or collapse.
-
- When gravity wins galaxies form into clusters and some galaxies collide with each other forming larger galaxies. The Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy are part of a Group of 25 galaxies, but, these two are on a collision course. The Andromeda Galaxy , M31, is heading directly towards us at 270,000 miles per hour. Of course, we could just as easily say that the Milky Way is heading directly towards Andromeda. That is the closing speed between us, and, it depends on your point of view which direction it is heading.
-
- The force of gravity = Gravitational Constant * Mass * mass / separation distance squared.
-
-------------------- F = G * M*m / r^2
-
- The mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 5.68^10^11 Solar Mass.
-
- A Solar Mass is the mass of our Sun, which is 2*10^30 kilograms.
-
- The mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1.14*10^42 kilograms.
-
- The mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is 20% larger, 7.1^10^11 Solar Mass, or 1.42*10^42 kilograms.
-
- The distance between the galaxies is 2,540,000 lightyears.
-
- One lightyear is 9.46*10^15 meters, so , the distance to Andromeda is 24.1*10^21 meters.
-
-
- Solving for the force of gravity, F = (6.67*10^-11) * (1.42*10^42) * (1.14*10^42 ) / (24*10^21)^2
-
---------------------------------------- F = 1.87*10^29 kilogram * meters / seconds^2
-
- Notice that the units of Force are in F= m*a, mass times acceleration. The unit is called “ Newtons”.
-
- At a distance of 2.54 million lightyears closing at a constant speed of 270,000 miles per hour, how long before the galaxies collide?
-
--------- time = distance / rate = 2.54*10^6 LY * 9.46*10^15 m / LY / 2.7*10^5 mph *0.447 m/sec / mph / 3.16*10^7 seconds / year.
-
--------- time = 6.3*10^9 years.
-
- The collision occurs in 6.3 billion years if the closing speed is constant.
-
- A more sophisticated calculation has the collision beginning in 4 billion years, but, the whole merger will take another 1 billion years. After 7 billion years the collision is somewhat complete and the new larger galaxy is elliptical, no longer two spiral galaxies.
-
- We will have to view from some place else because our Solar System will be cooked by our Sun turning into a Red Giant Star in just 1 billion years.
-
- It is surprising to learn that the galaxy collisions present little chance for star collisions. The space between stars is so great that a star to star collision will rarely happen.
-
- Today the Andromeda Galaxy appears as a faint white fuzzy cloud about the size of a Full Moon. The galaxy has its own Constellation, Andromeda the Princess, in the north east sky next to the Constellation the Great Square of Pegasus.
-
- Precise measurements have been made on the direction and closing speed of the two Galaxies over the past 7 years. The actual intersection will begin in 3.75 billion years. At that point the tidal forces between the two massive galaxies will warp their spiral disks. In 3.85 billion years the shockwaves of gravitational collisions will trigger a burst of new star formations. There will be twice as many stars in the night sky.
-
- In 4 billion years the galaxies will pass through each other being tidally stretched and warped beyond recognition.
-
- In 5 billion years the stars that pass each other will begin making U-turns being pulled back to the center of gravity.
-
- In 7 billion years the stars will be orbiting a common center of gravity and a giant elliptical galaxy will form with a 10 million Solar Mass Blackhole at the center. The Sun may have survived all this chaos but by then it would have burned all its nuclear fuel and be orbiting as a White Dwarf Star. It would be about the size of the Earth but have an extreme density of carbon and oxygen so dense that a teaspoon on Earth would weigh as much as a small truck.
-
- We made the 2 body math look pretty simple. In reality the war between gravity and Dark Energy gets very, very complicated. To start with we have the Dark Matter that is surrounding the galaxies in a giant halo. We know the Dark Matter is there because measuring the speed of the stars at the edges of the spiral disks shows they are orbiting too fast to keep from flying out into outer space unless these was 5 times as much mass holding them in place.
-
- Besides Dark Matter the Cosmic Web structure of galaxies is very complicated. Starting with these two galaxies being part of a Local Group of 25 galaxies, then this group of galaxies is part of a larger cluster of galaxies which is part of a super cluster of galaxies all connected by filaments of strings of galaxies separated by voids, bubbles of empty space. The filament defines a wall around a void. The space in the void is expanding.
-
- Our Galaxy is on a filament moving away from the center of a void toward a Super cluster. The Virgo Cluster is 55 million lightyears away. This Cluster is part of a larger Virgo Supercluster all being pulled toward an even larger super cluster called the Norma-Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. This Supercluster is being pulled toward a 4 times more massive cluster of galaxies called the Shapley Concentration of galaxy clusters. It is 100 million lightyears away.
-
- Meanwhile the voids between those clusters are expanding at an acceleration rate of 47,000 miles per hour per 1 million lightyears of space. Is this not complicated? An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Tuesday, April 2, 2013
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