----------------------- # 1588 - Global Warming is what stars do.
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-1588 - Global Warming is what stars do. It is natural evolution for our Sun. The Sun will continue to get warmer until it becomes a Red Giant Star and engulfs our part of the Solar System.
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- We have had Global Warming for a long time, over 3.5 billion years. It is about time Congress did something about it. Of course, life was even more primitive back then. The Sun was 65% as bright and life was cyanobacteria that drifted in the oceans.
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- This is normal star evolution. Sun-size stars grow steadily more luminous adding 10% more brightness every billion years. The Sun was 30% dimmer back then so why were the oceans not frozen into solid ice?
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- The first question, why does the Sun keep getting hotter? The Sun generates its energy and radiation from the crush of gravity converting , squashing, hydrogen into helium. Two hydrogen nuclei, which are protons, get fused together into a helium nuclei releasing an anti-electron and an electron. This new nuclei H2 combines with another hydrogen nuclei to form helium H3. Then two helium H3 nuclei combine to form one normal helium He4 releasing two hydrogen nuclei to continue the process.
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- The fusion reaction rate rises as the number of particles in the Sun’s core falls off. That number has been decreasing as this conversion process fusing hydrogen continues. With the rising reaction rate the Sun generates more energy than before , continuously increasing its luminosity.
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- The second question, why did the oceans not freeze when the Sun was 30% cooler? The freezing point of water is 32F. The Sun’s luminosity at that time should not have allowed liquid water until it had warmed up later, about 1.5 billion years ago. But, this assumes the Earth had its current atmosphere. If the Earth had a greenhouse atmosphere this thermal blanket would have warmed up the Earth much sooner. Take away Earth’s atmosphere today and the average temperature would still be -13F, well below water freezing.
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- Geology’s Archian Eon, 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , contains much evidence that liquid water existed on the Earth’s surface. Estimates are that the ocean was 130F.
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- The estimates of the Sun’s mass loss through the continuous Solar Wind is very tiny. But, even if the Sun had 3 t0 5% more mass back then it would be hotter. Astronomers can come up with no explanation of how more mass existed to make the Sun hotter. There must be a different explanation.
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- Geology is looking to early Earth having a significant mixture of greenhouse gases that warmed the planet even under a fainter Sun. Carbon dioxide, methane, ethane molecules let visible radiation to pass through the atmosphere. The Earth’s surface absorbs the radiation an re-radiates in the thermal, infrared radiation. This longer wavelength gets reflected and or absorbed, by those same molecules in the atmosphere. The effect is to slowly warm up the planet.
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- Another explanation considers that 4.5 billion years ago the Moon was formed by a Mars-size proto-planet’s collision with Earth. Back then the Earth’s rotation could have been as slow as 14 days. As Earth’s rotation speeds up, cloud cover goes down. Less cloud cover means less reflection of the Sun’s rays and the Earth could have been kept warmer.
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- Another explanation involves atmospheric pressure. Today 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen. 3.8 billion years ago the atmosphere may have been 90% nitrogen. Nitrogen is not a green house gas, but, it is a heavier molecule that increases atmospheric pressure. This makes the greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere more effective in absorbing heat.
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- The geological evidence for liquid water in the surface comes from sedimentary rock 3.8 billion years old. Later evidence dating back to 2.9 to 2.4 billion years ago suggest widespread glaciation on the surface. In the final analysis life may have formed far below the surface around hydro-thermal vents deep under the ocean. If this were the case all these surface conditions and a fainter Sun would not have mattered.
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- What really happened is a puzzle very difficult to solve. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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