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- The whole Earth can be reduced to the size of a sugar cube if you remove all the “space” between the atoms. Of course, the sugar cube would still weigh 59,700 trillion, trillion tons after removing all that weightless space.
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- Space as in Outer Space is different. It can’t be “ nothing” because light waves travel through it. And, “ waves” require some medium in which to have oscillations. Therefore, space can’t be just a vacuum. It was thought.
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- But, way back in 1887, the famous Morley-Michelson experiment realized that if light waves went through a medium they could be measured at different speeds traveling in different directions through the medium. The Earth is traveling around the Sun at 67,000 miles per hour. If light’s velocity was measured going in the same direction and then in the opposite direction of travel light should have a different speeds. There was no difference, therefore, there was no medium, no ether.
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- In 1905 Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity showed us that light being electric and magnetic oscillations, actually pulses of photons, needed no medium and could travel through the vacuum of space.
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- When spectroscopy was used to study space we learned that space was full of dust, particles, atoms. They were mostly hydrogen atoms ( proton and electron), but, the average was one particle per cubic centimeter of space. Each sugar cube volume of space contained one atom on average.
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- Around the Sun space is bombarded with a “ Solar Wind” of particles that has an average density of 3 to 6 atoms per cubic centimeter. This Solar Wind is strong enough to create a comet’s tail.
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- Outer space also bombards us with Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays are mostly protons, (hydrogen nuclei) , but, sometimes some heavier atomic nuclei. A mystery lies behind the fact that 99% are positive charged protons, or nuclei, but, what happened to their negative charged electrons? They must be out there somewhere in space?
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- We are also bombarded from space by 3 varieties of neutrinos. Their masses so tiny they fly right through us and through the Earth back into space.
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- One conclusion must be that space is full of particles.
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- Space is also full of “ fields”, magnetic fields, electric fields, gravity fields, or waves. These fields are traveling energy. There is another mystery in an anti-gravity traveling energy, a “ vacuum energy”, that is expanding all of space. Even accelerating the expansion.
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- This vacuum energy was demonstrated in the lab in 1930s known as the Casimir Effect. This mysterious energy is thought to be caused by particles and anti-particles filling space and constantly going into and out of existence. If true, than space is not empty at all but really full of particles.
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- Today this vacuum energy is given the name Dark Energy and it is credited to ever expanding space at an accelerating rate.
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- Space is what we humans use to separate things. It is measured as distance between things. That distance may be full of stuff, but, it works to keep things separated. Just as time is used to keep things from all happening at once.
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- Space as a separation of things extends from the very smallest to the very largest.
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------------------ 10^-35 meters is believed to be quantum space and the smallest space can be divided.
----------------- 10^? meters is the length of Quarks separated by Muons
----------------- 10^-14 meters is the size of a carbon nucleus, 14 protons, and 42 Quarks
----------------- 10^-11 meters is the size of a carbon atom with the nucleus and 14 electrons.
----------------- 10^0 is us
----------------- 10^6 is the Earth
----------------- 10^8 is Moon’s orbit
----------------- 10^11 is Earth’s orbit
----------------- 10^13 is the Solar System
----------------- 10^21 is the Milky Way Galaxy
----------------- 10^58 is the Observable Universe
----------------- 10^? is the actual Universe including Cosmic Inflation.
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- All things are separated in space, from the smallest to the largest. Somehow they are separated but still all interconnected? There is a Quantum Theory called “ Entanglement” that states there is “ something” in space tying all things together.
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- Two particles with Entangled properties remain connected even at opposite ends of the Universe. An electron with spin up has a twin with spin down. If one reverses the other reverses instantaneously regardless of their enormous separation. The communication is faster than the speed of light. There is something about space the remains interconnected.
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- The Theory of relativity states that space and time are also interconnected. As velocity approaches the speed of light space shrinks and time slows. The star Procyon is 11 light years distance. But, if we could travel at 99% the speed of light , space would shrink, and it would take only 2 years to get there. The size of space depends on how fast your are going.
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- What do we conclude about space?
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--------- Space is not empty
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--------- Space gives us distances that is variable depending on the velocity and the strength of gravity.
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--------- Space still interconnects entangled bodies.
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---------- Space at the smallest level may be a discrete package the can not be divided further, a quantum particle of space.
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--------- Space may have more than 3 - dimensions. There may be extra dimensions wrapped up so small we cannot detect them.
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--------- Space is not nothing. At the bare minimum it can tie your brain into a knot.
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- There are more Reviews about space available upon request:
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- #1407 - Space is anything but empty
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- #1679 - Space dust
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- # 1242 How does Space-Time change at the micro-level. At the smallest scales things become bull’s eyes of wave patterns that spread effects over a range of probabilities.
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- #1241 How can space and time be related? They are connected by distance / time which is velocity. And velocity is limited to the speed of light, therefore space / time must vary.
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- #1258 How much space is in our Solar System
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- #781 Much todo about Nothing. The Universe is expanding and more “ nothing” is being created all the time.
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