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------------ 1883 - Fundamental particles and the 5th Force- Carrier?
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- Our Sun sends a cloud of charged particles at us every day. Called the “ Coronal Mass Ejections”. These charged particles enter the upper atmosphere but are re-directed to the magnetic North and South poles by the Earth’s magnetic field. We see evidence of this in the dancing Northern Lights. Other evidence of a disrupted magnetic field shows up in satellite and communication blackouts, electric power grid outages, and maybe a few DNA mutations.
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- These particles would be deadly if they all got to the surface of the Earth directly. But, the weaker radiation could actually have helped the evolution of life 4 billion years ago. Back then the young Sun was 30% fainter but still warm enough for water to remain liquid on the surface. This was even helped by the Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Violent volcanic activity produced enough carbon dioxide to make up any heat deficits through the Greenhouse effect.
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- Another Greenhouse gas contributor was nitrous oxide, “ laughing gas”. It is 300 times more effective than CO2, carbon dioxide. Even today nitrous oxide levels surge higher in the upper atmosphere due to summer lightning storms.
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- Some of the charged particles are positive protons. Some are negative electrons. The electrons are “ fundamental “ particles. The protons and neutrons are made up of 3 Quarks each and the Quarks are “ fundamental” particles.
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- Fundamental particles are thought to not be built out of any smaller units. And, each particle of a given type are precisely identical to each other. For example: any two electrons will always produce the same result.
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- Light is made of particles called “photons”. Particles can change type under certain circumstances. Radioactive Beta Decay has a neutron changing into a proton plus an electron and another fundamental particle called an anti-neutrino. If an electron meets a positron the two annihilate each other leaving Gamma Rays, and a whole slew of new particles.
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- Making a particle requires energy proportional to its mass ( E = mc^2). Photons are the easiest to make because they have no mass. The Higgs Boson on the other hand requires a huge amount of energy.
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- You can create photons by accelerating electrons through a magnetic field. When the electrons approach each other they stir up the electromagnetic field creating photons like ripples on a pond. The photons in turn push the electrons apart. “ Like charges repel each other”.
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- Electrons are particles but they are simultaneously waves in an electric field. Photons travel freely through space as a wave even though they can be counted as though they were particles.
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- Until physics comes up with something better we are stuck with particles, waves, and fields that carry them to describe what we observe is going on.
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- Physics may be on the verge of discovering a new force, and therefore, a new force carrier. Today we describe the world with 4 forces, gravity, electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces.
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- Gravity holds planets and galaxies together.
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- Electromagnetic forces hold atoms and molecules together.
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- The strong force holds atomic nuclei together.
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- The weak force holds neutrons together until radioactive decay creates a proton, electron and an anti-neutrino.
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- Photons are force carriers for electromagnetic forces.
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- Gluons are force carriers for the strong force.
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- Bosons carry the weak force.
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- Science may have found a 5th force by firing protons at the atom lithium-7. This new boson is 34 times heavier than the electron.
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- Could such a particle explain Dark Matter?
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- Is there such a thing as a Dark photon? This could be the force carrier for Dark Matter?
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- This experiment that is being repeated by physicists all over the world firing protons at a lithium-7 target creating beryllium-8 nuclei which decays into pairs of electrons and positrons. The debris showed evidence of another particle with energies of 17 mega-electron volts.
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- This new force carrier could be a new fundamental force. This could be a glimpse into the physics of the Dark Universe, that is: Dark Matter and Dark Energy that make up 95% of the mass-energy in the total Universe. This invisible Universe has been detected only by gravity.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more about particle physics:
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- # 1868 - What do Neutron lifetimes have to do with it?
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- #1848 - Particle physics, a history lesson. Also lists 7 other reviews on the subject.
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- #1799 - Primer on particle physics.
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- #1136 - The whole world is only six particles.
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- # 977 - Fermions and bosons.
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- #973 - Physics in a nutshell
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- #632 - The force carriers
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- #1217 - How to find the Higgs Boson.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Monday, June 6, 2016 -----
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