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-------------------------- 1888 - What is the Universe made of?
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- Everything we are familiar with, everything we can “ see”, is less than 5% of what composes the Universe. 95% is still a mystery. 23% is something that interacts with gravity. We call it “ Dark Matter”. 73% is some form of energy existing in “ empty” space that is causing space to expand at an ever accelerating rate. We call it “ Dark Energy”.
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- The Dark Matter idea has been around since 1922. It was a gravitational influence that did not follow Isaac Newton’s simple equations for gravity and momentum. The structure, rotation, and motion of galaxies and later galaxy clusters, would not make sense unless there was something else, invisible out there that created an extra gravitational force.
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- In 1933 Fritz Zwicky made the term Dark Matter wider known as he studied spiral galaxies and galaxy clusters , and concluded that without extra gravity all galaxies would be throwing off stars like a lawn sprinkler throws of water drops.
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- In the 1970’s Vera Rubin studying these galaxies did the math to show that at least six times more mass must exist around galaxies in order to hold them together.
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- The unseen particles that compose this unseen mass became know as WIMPS, Weakly Interactive, Massive, Particles. Several other theories have names for the mystery particles include RAMBOs, gravitinos, MACHOs, axions and Kaluze-Klien particles. When no theory can be proven, any one will due.
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- Dark Matter does not emit, reflect, or absorb any electromagnetic radiation. It is not black like a surface that absorbs all the colored light. It does not interact with light at all.
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- The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation has a structure of very slight temperature variations that also infer the existence of Dark Matter.
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- One researcher has proposed that Dark Matter is a wave that can not be detected by “sight” but could be detected in “ audible” frequencies. Another theory has Dark Matter as streams as long and dense filaments.
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- Most agree that Dark Matter must be a mass in the form of a “ halo”, roughly spherical, extending beyond the visible matter in each galaxy. There are over 10,000 science articles published today that have the term “ Dark Matter” in the title. The search goes on. What is it?
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- Einstein started the search to better understand gravity in 1915. He redefined gravity as not a force but a warping , or curvature, of space-time. Mass is simply falling through the shortest space-time path of least resistance.
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- In 1929 Edwin Hubble changed Einstein’s concept of a static, balanced, universe to a dynamic universe with galaxies outside our own are accelerating away due to expanding space. The conclusion was made due to “redshifts”, or stretched wavelengths, of a known element’s wavelength that gets spread out as it travels through expanding space.
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- Since the Big Bang the Universe has been expanding and cooling. Today the average temperature is only 3 degrees above absolute zero. All the galaxies, not gravitationally locked, are moving away from each other. There is no center, no special galaxies experiencing something different. The Big Bang is a “point” in time, not a point in space.
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- In 1933 Fred Zwicky concluded that galaxy clusters were moving too rapidly to be held together by the visible matter. Extra matter was needed to account for the extra gravity. His concept of missing matter was further confirmed when multiple images of distant galaxies were discovered due to gravitational lensing, the bending of light beams around an intermediate massive object. Still more evidence came with the discovery of colliding galaxies. In the collision the electro-static forces on Normal Matter caused a separation from Dark Matter that was affected only by gravity. This distinct separation lasts until gravity eventually pulls the masses back together.
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- Computer simulations can match these astronomical observations if the calculations include the ratios of 4% Normal Matter, 23% Dark Matter, and 73% Dark Energy. If these calculations are right, 4 / 23, or 80% of the total matter in the Universe is Dark Matter. These matter particles have yet to be discovered. So far just inferred. The name for the favorite particle is WIMPS. A WIMP particle would be 100 times the mass of a proton. They would be their own anti-particle. That is have different “charges” but do not annihilate each other. But, not electromagnetic charges like Normal Matter and Anti-Matter.
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- The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Switzerland, hopes to discover these particles by smashing protons together at near the speed of light. This research recently discovered the Higgs Boson particle that is 125 times the mass of a proton. It is the Force Particle that allows all other particles to have the property of mass. But, it does not explain the properties of Dark Matter that does not interact with the electromagnetic forces.
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- The research is accelerating on many different fronts to discover the true nature of Dark Matter. It remains one of the biggest mysteries in science today. Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more about Dark Matter:
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- #827 - The Bullet Cluster and the collision of two galaxies.
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- #1534 - The calculations of mass from the rings of gravitational lensing.
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- #1535 - The Hubble Telescope used gravitational lensing to see galaxies back to 500 million years after the Big Bang.
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- #1535 - This review also lists eleven other Reviews on this same topic.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Sunday, July 3, 2016 -----
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