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----------------- 1983 - The Big Bang , a Universe creation
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-Thank your lucky stars you’re alive. It’s truly a miracle of nature. This has nothing to do with spirituality or religion and everything to do with science. Life itself may not be a single miracle. Although we haven’t found it elsewhere yet, our galaxy alone is so replete with Earth-like planets that, mathematically speaking, one of them must hold life, even if it’s just the microbial variety. Intelligent life may be another matter.
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- The universe itself is a miracle, as it should not exist at all. This is of course taken in reference to the Big Bang theory. Though the prevailing one, it’s not the only theory to explain how all and everything came into being. It all starts with the singularity.
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- According to the Big Bang, the universe began as a point the size of a grain of sand that was unimaginably hot, unfathomably dense, and packed tight with matter and energy. Then it exploded, sending its contents sailing out and eventually, forming the universe as we know it. There’s a few problems with this theory:
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- There is the increasing rate of universal expansion, known as the Hubble Constant. According to the Big Bang, things should be slowing down, or even contracting. Dark energy is the conventional explanation, but we can't prove it even exists.
There’s another problem: The environment that produced the particles that make up the universe, as we know them now, should have created equal parts of matter and antimatter. But, anti-matter is surprisingly rare. A 50-50 split would have seen each particle uniting with its polar opposite, creating a burst of unimaginable energy and leaving nothing behind. What is left would be a vast void of a cosmos. And yet, here we are reading this.
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- One theory is that matter and antimatter must in some way be radically different. But, experiment does not find this to be the case. According to the Standard Model of physics, a model for every known particle in the universe and how it operates, each type of atom has its polar opposite, its antiparticle, with the same mass, but with an opposite electrical charge.
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- To learn any possible difference physicists have studied the magnetic properties of protons and antiprotons with uncanny precision. The findings to date support the Standard Model, as both particles behaved just as it predicts.
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- The matter-antimatter imbalance has not been found. All of our observations find a complete symmetry between matter and antimatter, which is why the Universe should not actually exist. An asymmetry must exist somewhere but we simply do not understand where the difference is. What is the source of the symmetry break?"
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- When matter and antimatter particles collide, a burst of pure energy is the result. If these were perfectly balanced in the early days of the universe, how could the cosmos exist at all?
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- Protons and antiprotons were the last holdout when it came to particles which could explain the matter-antimatter imbalance. Scientists from Mainz University in Germany devised a manner to assess the magnetism of a particle of antimatter that is 350 times more precise than the previously available method. The readout was incredible, to nine places! -2.7928473441 nuclear magnetrons.
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- A proton has the same level of magnetism, only it's positive. +2.7928473441 nuclear magnetrons. Although the study failed to explain our universe’s extreme prejudice towards matter, it did give us a far better understanding of an antiproton’s magnetism.
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- The measurement of antiprotons is extremely difficult. Another breakthrough came with the revolutionary idea of performing the measurement with two particles at once. This result is the culmination of many years of continuous research and development, and the successful completion of one of the most difficult measurements ever performed.
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- These scientists were probing the differences between particles and their opposites by comparing their electrical charge, magnetism, and mass. Next, there are plans to investigate anti-particles in terms of gravity, to see if a discrepancy exists there.
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- CERN’s Large Hadron Collider is producing a beam of energetic protons that get diverted into a metal wall. This collision spawns a multitude of new particles including antiprotons. The antiprotons are focused into a particle beam and slowed by electric fields inside the antiproton decelerator. From here they are fed into various antimatter experiments.
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- By cooling and trapping antimatter scientist can examine its properties without it encountering matter and spontaneously disappearing into energy. Some of the traps can preserve the antimatter for up to a year. They can also combine antiprotons with anti-electrons to produce anti-hydrogen.
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- They have measured mass, charge , light spectrum, and magnetic properties to high precision. They have measured how anti-hydrogen is affected by gravity. For example, what happens to a helium atom when one of its electrons is replaced by an antiproton? Except for opposite charge and spin , antimatter appears completely identical to matter.
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- However, there must be some unpredicted disparities between these particle twins that can explain how matter over powered antimatter in the early Universe?
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- Particles-in-motion experiments have observed some small differences. The neutral “kaons” decay into matter and antimatter particles at slightly different rates. This first observation won the Nobel Prize in 1980.
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- But, even with the success of uncovering these small discrepancies science is still very far from understanding why antimatter all but disappeared? Is there an antimatter universe somewhere beyond our ability to find it?
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- There is more to learn before these two universes collide.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Tuesday, December 26, 2017 -----
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