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----------------------------- 1921 - Particle Physics in the year 2016.
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- The year 2016 in Particle Physics covers the Universe from the smallest to the largest scales. From inside the atom to inside Blackholes.
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- 100 years after Albert Einstein predicted Gravitational Waves scientists have confirmed they do exist, the LIGO experiment showed that.
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- Other experiments are pursuing the Higgs Boson, Neutrinos, Dark Matter, Dark Energy ( the name for Cosmic acceleration ), anti-matter, and who knows what new discoveries might show up in 2017.
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- The Large Hadron Collider first discovered the Higgs particle in 2012. Today the collider’s particle collisions are producing one Higgs Boson per second.
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- You would think that another particle that has 100 trillion of them passing through your body every second would be easy to discover. Not so easy. We know that there are 3 different types of Neutrinos produced in the Sun’s core nuclear reactor. This stream of Neutrinos is continuously bombarding Earth.
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- In 2016 Japan’s T2K experiment showed a possible difference between the rate at which a Muon Neutrino turns into an Electron Neutrino. And, the same rate exists for their Anti-Neutrinos. Their search hopes to answer the question “ Why is the Universe not full of equal quantities of Matter and Anti-matter? Why does Matter dominate our World?
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- Speaking of matter. Why is 25% of all the Mass-Energy in the Universe made of Dark Matter that we cannot see? Dark Matter interacts with Gravity but does not interact with electromagnetic radiation. That is what makes it “dark”.
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- Speaking of Dark. What is the Dark Energy that is accelerating the expansion of the Universe faster and faster? All the galaxies are racing apart. The furthest ones are exiting out of our Observable Universe. “ Observable” is limited by the speed of light that has only traveled 13.8 billion lightyears to get here.
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- To answer the Dark Energy question the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey is collecting data on 1,500,000 galaxies and Quasars to construct a model of our Cosmic structure. How fast is it really expanding? Where is it going? What happens next?
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- Sometimes experiment search for one thing and find another. Sometimes the data is not what is expected. How do you explain it? Could new undiscovered particles be the source of his new data? Or, is the measurement in error? Particle Accelerators are pursuing the limits, expanding the envelopes of current measurement capabilities. Our knowledge is being pushed into the unknown.
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- There is nothing more unknown than the data involving “ Quantum Entanglement”. Particles that share a property like spin can be separated by distances, that light can not possible close the gap, but one particle will flip spin “ simultaneously” with the other. How can this be possible? Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second.
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- Science has certain rules: cause and effect, time moves forward not backward, the speed of light is a constant, properties are objectively measured, data doesn’t lie. “ Entanglement” breaks the rules. Entangled particles appear to have no fixed position or orientation ( spin) until they are measured. Both particles show their state at the moment of measurement, regardless of how far they are separated.
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- Is cause and effect violated? Are measurements and observations only “ subjective”. Is there communications possible faster than the speed of light?
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- Speaking of new discoveries that are needed in 2017, “Why is the Universe more Matter than Anti-Matter?
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- Charged particles, protons and electrons, have anti-matter counterparts that are identical in every respect except they carry the opposite charge. They have the opposite electric charge and the opposite magnetic property. If they come together they annihilate each other. The package turns into nothing but Gamma Rays.
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- Each spin-carrying electric charge creates a small magnetic field. The magnetic moment is a fundamental property of the particle. Measurements of magnetic moments of both particles and anti-particles are “identical” to a measurement uncertainty of 0.8 parts per million.
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- Stay tuned, there is much more to learn. An announcement will be made shortly.
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- Note (1): See also Space Mission in 2016 Review #1920
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- (2) See Review # 1883 also listing 9 more reviews about Particle Physics.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Sunday, January 22, 2017 -----
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