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---------------------------- - 2337 - Dark Energy
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- Dark Energy is an anti-gravity the is expanding space between all the masses and expanding the entire Universe. The Universe began with an immediate tug of war between gravity and whatever was expanding the Universe.
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- The Strong Nuclear force separated out at 10^-35 seconds, the Weak Nuclear force at 10^-12 seconds and the Electromagnetic force was left to separate as the forth force in nature. The Universe kept expanding as gravity tried to slow its expansion.
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- Gravity was able to clump matter together out of the homogeneous soup of fundamental particles, quarks, gluons, and electrons. As quarks and gluons clumped together protons and neutrons were formed. As protons and electrons clumped together an atom was formed.
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- That first atom was neutral hydrogen. As hydrogen clumped together enough mass was condensed to create a nuclear reaction of fusion and helium was formed from two hydrogen atoms. When this fusion occurred light and all the stars electromagnetic radiation was emitted. The first stars were born.
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- The first stars were born at a redshift of 20. Because the Universe is expanding the stars appear redder by the amount that depends on how far away they are. The light leaves the bright blue-white star in the ultraviolet wavelength of 45 nanometers and arrives at the Hubble Telescope at a wavelength of 950 nanometers, in the infrared part of the spectrum.
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- The redshift is the change in wavelength divided by the original wavelength. The redshift is also equal to the receding velocity of the light source divided by the speed of light. In this case the change in wavelength is 905 nm divided by 45 nm which is equal to 20. A redshift of 20.
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- Redshift = dw/w = 440/442 = v/c = .995 The receding velocity is 99.5% the speed of light. Redshift = dw/w = z^2+2z/z^2+2z+z = 440/442, where z = 20
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- Because of the expanding Universe light from Earth can not reach beyond a redshift of 1.6876. This is 12.8 billion lightyears away and 900 million years after the Big Bang. At that distance the expansion of the Universe is as fast as the speed of light.
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- Therefore, the light, or radio communication from Earth could never reach beyond that distance. Gravity was still slowing the rate of expansion until 7.3 billion years after the Big Bang. At a redshift of 0.7554 Gravity lost out to the other force and the Universe started to accelerate at a higher rate of expansion.
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- Gravity is a very weak force. It is over 10^39 times weaker than the other three forces. We do not notice gravity being so much weaker because gravity acts over infinite distance while the nuclear forces act over only very short distances, the diameter of the atom, 10^-10 meters ( 0.0000001 centimeters).
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- And, the Electromagnetic force comes in positive and negative polarities which cancel out to neutral over the entire Universe. The anti-gravity force is very weak as well. Because physicists do not know what the anti-gravity force is they call it vacuum energy, or Dark Energy.
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- It is a force, or an energy, that exists in the vacuum of space. It is causing space to expand. The amount of energy is estimated at 20 proton masses per cubic meter. The rate of the expansion of space is estimated at 156,590 miles per hour for every 3.2 million lightyears of space, which is .05 miles per hour per lightyear length of space.
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- In astronomer language the Hubble Constant is 70 kilometers per second per Megaparsec. This is 5% of a mile per hour and does not sound like much. The rate at which space is expanding is only 264 feet per hour per lightyear of distance. So, at 2 lightyears it is only speeding up 0.1 of a mile per hour. At 20 lightyears distance it is speeding up to 1 mile per hour.
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- However, you have to remember how big space is. The Whirlpool Galaxy is 36 million lightyears away and receding at 1,800,000 miles per hour, which indicates there is a lot of space between us expanding at a very small amount which adds up over millions lightyears distance.
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- 5*10^-2 mph per lightyear. 36*10^6 lightyears = 180*10^4 = 1,800,000 miles per hour the Whirlpool Galaxy receding.
- If you add up all the mass and energy in the entire Universe, Dark Energy is 70% of it. Dark Energy took over from gravity 6 billion years ago. If the expansion rate had remained constant the calculations for the age of the Milky Way Galaxy would be 9 billion years old.
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- However, astronomers believe the Milky Way Galaxy to be 12 billion years old. The difference is accounted for by the fact that the expansion rate is not constant. The Universe is expanding faster today than it used to. So, the Milky Way must be older than constant velocity calculations give us. An accelerating expansion rate gives us the calculation of 12 billion years which we believe to be correct.
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- Astronomers have also recently discovered that Type 1a supernova in distant galaxies are receding at a faster rate than expected, which indicated that galaxies billions of lightyears away are accelerating in their recession rate.
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- Using these same calculations, in 100 billion years from now all the visible galaxies will have expanded beyond our horizon to see them. Our Milky Way Galaxy will appear to us to be alone in the Universe.
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- What is causing this to happen? Where does Dark Energy come from? Is it constant, or does it change with time? Astronomers are calling Dark Energy the Cosmological Constant and they can not understand why it is so finely tuned. ( See Review 713 to learn more about “ The Cosmological Constant”)
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- If the constant were slightly larger or smaller life could not exist. Physicists are calling this same Dark Energy, vacuum energy, or zero point energy. And, they can not understand why it is such a small number. It is so very close to zero.
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- In Planck Unit’s the constant is a decimal point followed by 120 zeros, then the 121st digit is a 2. Why is it a 2 and not another zero?
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- These mysteries are under attack by astronomers and particle physicists. If Dark Energy does vary with time then these variation patterns should appear as temperature variation patterns in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.
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- New satellites are being designed to measure if these variations exist. Physicists are studying particles that have temperatures reduced to absolute zero. All motion stops
at - 273 C.
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- But, there still exists some vibration or resonance in the atomic particles caused by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. This principle states that the uncertainty of momentum times the uncertainty of position is always less than Planck’ Constant, 10^-34.
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- Momentum is mass times velocity. Kinetic Energy is ½ mass * velocity^2. Because Kinetic Energy of the particle specifies both its speed and position at the same time it violates this Uncertainty Principle. The Uncertainty Principle causes the position and velocity of the particle to spread out over a wave and have more energy even at absolute zero temperature.
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- The “Casimir Effect” is a tiny force between conductor plates caused by the quantum electromagnetic field that has been measured in the laboratory. “Zero point energy” is the random quantum fluctuations of electromagnetic and other force fields present in a vacuum. “Vacuum energy” can be thought of to have mass equivalent to E = m*c^2. Moving mass has inertia. There may be a connection between inertia and vacuum energy we still do not know.
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- ( See Dark Energy #660 “ What is in the Vacuum of Space?”)
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- When quantum mechanic’s calculations are done they come up with an extremely large number for this energy, and physicists are baffled why the observed vacuum energy is so very, very small compared to this calculation.
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- They are 10^120 off in their calculations. Way off! Weird!
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- We’re working on it. In the meantime it is “Dark”
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- April 22, 2019. 722
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--------------------- Saturday, April 20, 2019 -------------------------
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