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---------------------------- - 2360 - Big Bang - called the Primeval Atom
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- The Primeval Atom was later renamed with the misnomer, the Big Bang. But, the name stuck. It is a misnomer because the Universe is expanding it is not exploding. The matter in the expansion is actually standing still. It is the space in between the matter that is expanding. The expanding space drags the matter along with it.
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- As the Universe expands matter gets spread out thinner and thinner through the vacuum of space. The density of matter gets less and less. As the density gets less the gravity needed to stop the expansion becomes less and less powerful.
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- The matter in the form of galaxies are accelerating faster the more distant they are from us. Another way to look at this expansion is to decide if the accelerating galaxies have reached the velocity greater than the escape velocity for the total amount of the gravity in the Universe.
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- Astronomers have calculated the amount of density to have the amount of gravity to prevent the galaxies from continuing to accelerate outside the Observable Universe. This density, called the Critical Density, is equal to 1 proton per cubic meter.
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- This does not seem like much matter but remember there is a lot of space out there. At the exact Critical Density the Universe expansion would slowly come to a stop after an infinite amount of time.
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- The problem that quickly arises for astronomers is that if they count all the matter they can see they come up with only 4% of that Critical Density, 1 proton/m^3. All the stars and planets are only 0.5% of the Critical Density needed.
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- To stop the never ending expansion of the Primeval Atom we need a lot more mass. All the galaxies are moving at a velocity far above the escape velocity and will ultimately fly outside the Observable Universe.
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- The next problem astronomers encountered was a counter balance to this first problem.
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- When the rotational velocities of galaxies is studied the rotational velocities are constant no matter how far from the center of the galaxy the measurements are made. The laws of physics require that the far out objects must have slower velocities than those close in objects if they are to remain in orbit.
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- ( For example: Neptune has a rotational velocity of 12,080 miles per hour. Mercury has a rotational velocity of 107,152 miles per hour. )
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- The only way for astronomers to explain a “constant rotational velocity” in galaxies is that there is a much higher amount of mass in the galaxy than what we can see. Galaxies appear to have a halo of “Dark Matter” that is 90% of the mass of the galaxy.
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- We could tell dark matter exists although we can not see it because we do see the effect of gravity. Imagine that the Earth was always and everywhere covered by clouds we would never see the Moon to know that it exists. However, astronomers could study the tides and conclude that a moon exists and know big it has to be.
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- So we need to add this Dark Matter to the Ordinary Matter to calculate the density relative to the Critical Density. Doing this astronomers again can only come up with 30% of the Critical Density. 70% must be something else.
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- One source of data con the expanding Universe came from Type 1A Supernovae that were true explosions observed some 10,000,000,000 lightyears away. Astronomers use the known luminosity to determine the distance away from us. Then, they use the redshift of the receding light source to determine its velocity.
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- ( An analogy here is similar to standing in a perfectly dark, straight highway and observing a car’s red taillights fade the distance as the car speeds away. We can measure the redshift of the red taillights to determine the velocity of the car to be 60 miles per hour. But, how can we tell how far the car is away at that moment?
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- We can’t unless we know the intrinsic brightness of the taillight. If we know we are observing a 10 watt light bulb, we know exactly how much light it produces at the source, and, we can calculate the distance to the light source by how much dimmer they known light appears at a distance.)
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- The same process as our analogy is used for the Type 1A supernovae. We know that this type supernovae explodes with a critical mass of 1.4 Solar Mass. We therefore can calculate its absolute luminosity. With this we calculate the distance to be 10,000,000,000 lightyears. We calculate the velocity with the redshift of the starlight. The Hubble Constant then becomes 70 kilometers/second per mega parsec and the age of the Universe becomes 13,700,000,000 years.
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- After some 300 of these supernova measurements scientists conclude the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. The Dark Energy, or Vacuum Energy, needed to explain this expansion rate comprises 74% of the mass of the Universe. Dark Matter comprises 22% and the rest is Ordinary Matter.
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- Dark Matter is the gravitational energy that brakes the expansion of the Universe. Dark Energy, on the other hand, is the anti-gravity, the vacuum repulsive force that accelerates the expansion of the Universe. Overtime the proportions of each effect has changed. Here is the data over 54.8 billion years of this tug-of-war :
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-------- Age of Universe -------------- Dark ----------- Ordinary ------------- Vacuum
-------- Billions of years -------------- Matter ----------- Matter ------------- Energy
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-------- 3.4 -------------------------- 75% ----------- 20% ------------- 5%
-------- 6.7 -------------------------- 60% ----------- 15% ------------- 25%
-------- 13.7 today ------------------ 22% ----------- 4% ------------- 74%
-------- 27.4 -------------------------- 2% ----------- 1% ------------- 97%
-------- 54.8-------------------------- 1% ----------- .5% ------------- 98.5%
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- Summary: The Primeval Atom started out with the creation of all matter that is in the Universe. As the matter spreads out the Observable Universe has less and less matter in it. The density of the Universe becomes a greater and greater proportion of Vacuum energy of space with little matter left.
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- We need to learn what Dark energy is? What forces create this vacuum repulsive energy? If the amount of vacuum energy is constant then the density of vacuum energy in an expanding Universe will decrease and eventually what little matter is left will have the gravity pull needed to slow down the acceleration, stop expansion, and put the Universe is reverse for a “ Big Crunch”.
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- On the other hand , if the density of vacuum energy is constant then the universe will continue to accelerate in its expansion an we end up in a “ Big Chill”. A cold, dark, lifeless Universe.
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- We need to learn more before we can decide the fate of the Universe. A Big Crunch or a Big Chill? Will there ever be another Big Bang? When matter changes into energy according to E=mc^2, where does gravity go?
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- Are matter and energy really the same things? Did energy really create matter? Is all matter returning back to pure energy? Stay tuned , there is more to learn!
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- May 9, 2019. 712
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--------------------- Thursday, May 9, 2019 -------------------------
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