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-------------------------- 2458 - ASTRONOMY - puzzles to be solved?
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- The Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating rate due to a vacuum energy in space that we can not identify. In order to have the effect of gravity everywhere the same, there must be 10 times more mass than we can identify. Whatever is causing it the Universe will end cold, black, with empty space being the winner.
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- Astronomers have a challenging job. So many problems to solve. And, these are BIG problems. We know the Universe is BIG. It has been expanding for 13.7 billion years. That is how old the Universe is.
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- But, the Visible Universe that we can see is constrained by the speed of light. During the 13.7 billion years from the beginning the light we see has traveled nearly that many lightyears distance. What we can see is in the past and over that time it takes the light to get to us the Universe has expanded even further.
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- Calculating the rate of expansion which is accelerating the Visible Universe has moved beyond to a radius of 42 billion lightyears radius. We can only see 13.7 billion lightyears of it today.
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- I know, it is hard to wrap your mind around this.
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- It is likely that there is an even greater Universe beyond this “ Visible Universe”. The Visible Universe is not visible yet because all the light has not had enough time to reach us yet. This part of the Universe is 84 billion lightyears in diameter.
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- To explain the homogeneity and the geometric flatness of the Universe astronomers believe that soon after the Big Bang the Universe experienced “Cosmic Inflation” that expanded the Universe much faster than the speed of light. It was space expanding rather than the matter in the Universe moving.
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- We are not breaking any rules that “nothing can travel faster than the speed of light“. The light in this part of the Universe will never reach us. It is too far away and accelerating too fast. But, that still means there is much more of the Universe out there.
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- Now, to make the Universe even more challenging within the Universe that we can see there exists 95% of matter and energy that we can’t identify. It is called “Dark” Matter and “Dark” Energy. This mass-energy effects gravity but it does not interact with electromagnetic energy. It can not be detected with light or any other electromagnetic radiation. We know it is there because of the gravity effects on other matter that we can see.
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- Spinning galaxies could not remain intact if there were not some unseen matter providing 10 times more gravity needed to hold things together. 10 times more mass than we can see and detect with any other means other than its affect on gravity.
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- Light passing past a large Dark Matter mass is bent with “Gravitational Lensing“. We can see these effects on images that are in the background of the Dark Matter mass. Again calculations using bent light tell us that there is 10 times more matter causing this that we can detect, other than by gravity.
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- The Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating rate. There must be some form of Dark Energy in the vacuum of space that opposes gravity and causes the expansion to accelerate.
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- Astronomers can use E = mc^2 to calculate the amount of mass and energy in the Universe. Their calculations are that 72.1% is Dark Energy and 23.3% is Dark Matter. The remainder 4.6% is “everything” we can see and detect. 95% is “ Dark” and called dark because it is a puzzle that has yet to be solved.
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- Another puzzle is the Big Bang itself. Supposedly, it really came out of “nothing”. If it was truly created out of nothing than there must have been equal amounts of matter and anti-matter that put back together would equal nothing.
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- There must have been equal amounts of positive and negative charges, protons and electrons. There must have been an equal number of north and south magnetic poles to cancel out all magnetic energy. It all must add up to “nothing“. -
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- Was there nothing there before the Big Bang exploded with space and time expanding from the beginning? Are there other Universes out there experiencing the same thing?
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- Somehow the Universe we know exists with matter outnumbering anti-matter. For every billion anti-matter particles there would have to have been 1 billion plus one matter particle. That is the only way we can explain how we got here.
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- We also must assume that all the laws of nature are the same everywhere in the Universe. Not only the same but without the slightest change from what we experience or life could not exist. Not only must the laws of nature be friendly to life these laws must exist for billions of years, the time it takes for life to evolve.
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- We have evidence that the first galaxies formed less than 500 million years after the Big Bang. Galaxies formed from small density fluctuations in the hot primordial gas that formed out of the plasma as it expanded and cooled. Slightly higher densities provided the gravity needed to make denser regions that eventually coalesced into stars and galaxies. Dark Matter had to be present as part of the calculations that predict the Universe we see today.
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- After the puzzle as to how it all began there is the puzzle as to how it will all end. The Universe is expanding at an ever faster rate. The distances between galaxies is becoming greater and greater. Eventually the distances will be so great their light will never have time to reach us.
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- We will only see the stars that are gravitationally connected to us. And, those stars will be running out of fuel and will extinguish. The rarefied vacuum of space will contain only blackholes and dead stars.
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- Blackholes have an Event Horizon that separates the hole from the surrounding Universe. Anything inside the Event Horizon disappears from the Universe for good. Blackholes themselves are a dark universe. In the end Blackholes will exist in a totally dark Universe expanding into infinity.
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- Enjoy life while you have it. The far distant future does not look so bright.
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- An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more:
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- 2459 - measuring the size of the Universe.
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- 2456 - Is an index of “astronomy” articles.
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- 1836 - An Expanding Universe.
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- 1821 - describing the Universe listing 15 additional Reviews.
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- 1808 - history of the Universe from the Big Bang to today, 16 pages long.
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- October 23, 2019 1493 2458
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--------------------- Friday, October 25, 2019 --------------------
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