Index of recent reviews: Request number for a copy:
- 2879 - REDSHIFTS - seeing back in time. The redshift tells us how old it is? The age of the Universe is 13,700,000,000 years. The oldest galaxy we can see formed 13,000,000,000 years ago. The Universe was only 5% of its current age when this galaxy formed. If a human was 80 years old it would be analogous to her viewing a picture of herself when she was only 4 years old. The most distant quasar galaxy had a redshift of 7. That means the signal left the galaxy 770,000,000 years after the Big Bang
- 2880 - ZEPTOSECONDS - how time flies? Since the spatial orientation of the hydrogen molecule was known the interference of the two electron waves was used to precisely calculate when the photon reached the first and when it reached the second hydrogen atom. That time? Two hundred and forty-seven zeptoseconds. The measurement is essentially capturing the speed of light within the molecule.
- 2881 - GRAVITY - prove it travels at light speed? We can prove that light travels at 670,633,500 miles per hour. See my other reviews that cover LIGHT. This review, on GRAVITY, is about the speed of gravity. How do we prove that it to travels at the same light speed?
- 2882 - PHYSICS - the way I learned it? Physics is the science of nature. It is the study of the Universe’s matter, energy, motion and force. Matter and Energy are the same thing.
Energy = 90,000,000,000,000,000 * mass. ( E=mc^2).
- 2883 - BLACKHOLES - Black holes are scary? If you fell into a black hole left over when a star died, you would be shredded. The massive black holes seen at the center of all galaxies have insatiable appetites. Black holes are places where the laws of physics are obliterated.
- 2884 - SPACE - space station tragedies. Most Western space enthusiasts remember the American Skylab space station, only some recall the long series of Soviet orbiting labs called the Salyut space stations. The last of these, Salyut 7, famously went silent in 1985, when a loss of power shut down all of its systems.
- 2885 - BLACKHOLES - pictures and theories.? 100 years ago, Albert Einstein’s theory of General Relativity predicted that blackholes should exist. In 1960 physicist John Wheeler coined the name ‘blackhole’ and the study of these mysterious objects became a cottage industry in theoretical physics and astrophysics.
- 2887 - GAS MILEAGE - Do the Math? Now that we are paying $3.25 a gallon for gas some people are interested in fuel economy. This review will give you 2 things to do on Sunday. Don’t buy gas and visit your car dealer.
- 2888 - WATER - Santa Rosa water? One gallon of Santa Rosa drinking water costs 0.25 cents, four gallons cost a penny. By comparison, bottled drinking water costs $6.00 per gallon. So, why buy drinking water at the grocery store?
- 2889 - ELECTORAL COLLEGE - how to elect a President? In the summer of 1787 my younger years delegates in Philadelphia agreed that this new country they were creating would not have a king but rather an elected executive. But they did not agree on how to choose that president. We have trouble with that to this day, November 5, 2020.
- 2890 - SPACE STATION - 20 years living in space? On November 2, 2000, the first crew, Expedition 1, arrived at the International Space Station. NASA astronaut William Shepherd was the space station's first commander, paving the way for 20 years of humans living and working in low Earth orbit.
- 2891 - EXOPLANETS - thousands have been found? Exoplanets are planets orbiting the other stars, outside our solar system, in other solar systems that are far, far away. They have been found by searching astronomers Most exoplanets have been found using the “transit method“.
- 2892 - UNIVERSE - let’s model its size. The Big Bang is when and where the Universe started. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was a relatively small, and infinitely dense place. But that was 13,800,000,000 years ago. A year is one trip around the Sun. Of course there was no Sun and a year was not invented yet. So this is an extrapolation.
- 2893 - UNIVERSE - how did it begin? Creating the theory of the Big Bang is one of the most remarkable achievements of science of all time. We can go back billions of years in time and understand when and how our Universe, as we know it, came to be this way. Like many adventures, revealing those answers has only raised more questions. Where did all this come from? How did we get here?
- 2894 - GEYSERS - Santa Rosa electricity. - I am sitting on my backyard deck looking due north. About 30 miles away I can see a white cloud of steam rising from the horizon climbing skyward. Those are the steam plumes coming from the Geysers Electrical Power plants.
- 2895 - PHYSICS - mysteries we have yet to solve? We are all students if we are still learning, Right? Well mysteries in science today are solutions for students in the future. The science I refer to in this review is the broad look at astronomy and physics. Astronomy as the science of the very big. Physics as the science of the very small.
- 2896 - PERFECTIONISM is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it can motivate you to perform at a high level and deliver top-quality work. On the other hand, it can cause you unnecessary anxiety and slow you down.
- 2897 - DARK MATTER - produces many new theories? When something seems a little mysterious or we just don’t understand what is going on we like to describe it with the adjective ‘dark’. This is one of the reasons why the term ‘dark’ matter got coined which was first proposed to explain the anomaly observed in the rotational velocities of galaxies.
- 2898 - SATURN - TITAN moon - Christiaan Huygens? Just like Galileo did you too can see the four moons of Jupiter using your backyard telescope. On a good seeing night you can also see the largest moon of Saturn, Titan. Titan is 3,450 miles in diameter. Our Moon is 2,160 miles in diameter. So, Titan is 60% bigger than our Moon and 1/7th the size of Earth.
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- 2899 - COMETS - from outside our solar system? 2I/Borisov was an interstellar comet that visited our solar system last year, 2019. Astronomers have revealed the unusual chemical composition inside this comet. This strange ingredient has provided new clues about where this traveling space rock originated.
- 2901 - PROBABILITY WAVE FUNCTION - The Wave Function in quantum physic is a math description if a quantum system, like an atom. It is a complex, valued probability, amplitude that lists possible results of a measurement at the atomic level and that deals with uncertainties in time and space.
- 2902 - RELATIVITY - measurements made in 2020? At the heart of every white dwarf star, which is the dense stellar object that remains after a star has burned away its fuel reserve of gases as it nears the end of its life cycle, lies a “quantum conundrum‘.
- 2903 - PREHISTORIC EARTH - how did life get started? Four billion years ago, Earth was covered in a watery sludge swarming with primordial molecules, gases, and minerals, nothing that biologists would recognize as alive. Out of that prebiotic stew emerged the first critical building blocks, proteins, sugars, amino acids, cell walls, that would combine over the next billion years to form the first specks of life on the planet.
- 2904 - PARTICLE MASS - how can math describe this? The atomic particles: electrons, photons, quarks and other “fundamental” particles supposedly lack substructure or physical extent. We basically think of a particle as a point-like object Yet particles have distinct traits, such as charge and mass. How can a dimensionless point have weight?
- 2905 - PHYSICS - in a nutshell? This review is mostly about “particle physics” in a nutshell. It starts out with the periodic table of about 100 elements. That is not many elements when you think it represents everything that is around us and also everything in all the other stars and planets. The 100 elements along with the electromagnetic force and gravity force is most of what we experience in our macro world.
- 2906 - SCIENCE - famous and not so famous scientists? 1. ALBERT EINSTEIN 2. ISAAC NEWTON 3. GALILIO GALILEI 4. PYTHAGORUS 5. CHARLES DARWIN 6. NIKOLA TESLA 7. MARIE CURIE……….. 20 GRAHAM BELL.
- 2907 - FAST RADIO BURSTS - what is the source? FRBs are powerful, millisecond-duration radio waves coming from deep space outside the Milky Way Galaxy. They have been among the most mysterious astronomical phenomena ever observed. These waves are only milliseconds in duration.
- 2908 - MILKY WAY GALAXY - learning so much more. Our galaxy is old, nearly as old as the universe itself. But it didn’t start as a spiral of stars around a peanut-shape middle. It grew over time, both accumulating stars from collisions with other galaxies and forming stars itself from inflowing gas.
- 2910 - ASTEROID - mining gold from asteroids? “16 Psyche” is an asteroid full of metal in the asteroid belt that could be worth $700 quintillion.. NASA plans to visit 16 Psyche by 2026. Could we be commercial mining faraway asteroids or should we start with the moon?
- 2911 - PHYSICS - unsolved mysteries? 1900, the British physicist Lord Kelvin is said to have pronounced: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement.” There are many mysteries we need to learn before we get hit by the next asteroid. Our Universe is full of surprises:
- 2912 -MAGNETIC FIELDS - they get big in astronomy? Magnets get really powerful in astronomy. Astronomers have measured a 1,000,000,000 Tesla Magnetic Field on the Surface of a Neutron Star. It is the strongest magnetic field ever recorded in the Universe. The record-breaking field was discovered at the surface of a neutron star called GRO J1008-57 with a magnetic field strength of approximately 1 BILLION Tesla.
- 2913 - ATOM - can we see an atom? Well, that really depends on what we mean by “see.” We see something when light emitted or reflected from an object reaches our eyes and the signal is conducted to our brain.
- 2914 - EXOPLANETS - what it is like on frontline of discovery? We’re getting better and better at detecting exoplanets. Using the “transit method” of detection, the Kepler Space Telescope examined over 530,000 stars and discovered over 2,600 exoplanets in nine years. “TESS“, the telescope that is successor to Kepler, is still active, and has so far identified over 1800 candidate exoplanets, with 46 confirmed by 2020.
- 2915 - APOLLO - space mission and inventions? In 1971 the Apollo astronauts had Thanksgiving dinner in quarantine. Here we are 50 years later and back in quarantine again. This Covid 19 mission will cost much more than the Apollo moon mission both in dollars and in lives. We can’t seem to get out of quarantine on alternate years. It must be caused by election plagues.
- 2916 - ASTEROID - near miss? Many nearby stars will pass close to the Oort Cloud at the outskirts of our Solar System, but only one will move through it. In about 1.35 million years, Gliese 710 likely will gravitationally perturb millions of comets, sending a sizable number on a potential collision course with Earth.
- 2917 - ASTRONOMY - measurements in astronomy? When we try to comprehend the Universe, there’s a whole lot that doesn’t add up. All the matter we observe and try to measure, from planets, stars, dust, gas, plasma, and exotic states and objects, can’t account for the gravitational effects we see in the orbits of stars in galaxies and galaxies in clusters.
- 2919 - MOONS - in our solar system? The discovery of moons around another planet left centuries’ worth of astronomers desperate to learn more about what other natural satellites the solar system holds. Increasingly powerful telescopes and interplanetary spacecraft have revealed that there are many of the moons in the solar system and they are far stranger than anyone could have imagined.
- November 29, 2020
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