- 2964 - UNIVERSE - How to Explain Our Universe? The purpose of this review is to explain the Universe. It is a big task, I agree. It spans over 13,700,000,000 years of time and lightyears of distance. It is the beginning of space and time and those need to be explained as well. This is difficult. The Universe is big and complicated and we do not know what we do not know. This is one shot at it, contrary opinions are welcome.
--------------------- 2964 - UNIVERSE - How to Explain Our Universe?
- I try to work and solve these big problems. My wife works on all the other smaller problems, like family, finances and politics. Astronomy is my domain and my explanations are lacking.
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- Let’s start with the town of Santa Rosa that is about 8 miles across.
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- Multiply by 1,000 and you can view the entire Earth that is about 8,000 miles across.
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- Multiply, or expand that, by 10,000 and you can view the entire Solar System which about 600,000,000 miles from the Sun to the planet Saturn.
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- Expand by 1,000,000,000 ( 1 billion ) and you can view our Milky Way Galaxy that is about 6,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles across. (6*10^18 miles)
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- Expand beyond our Galaxy by 100 and you can view 4*10^20 miles across the Cluster of Galaxies.
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- Expand by another 100 and the view is a structure of galaxies with filaments and voids nestled in a sea of Dark Matter.
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- Now expand by only a factor of 10 and the entire Observable Universe comes into view, 250,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles across. ( 2.5*10^23 miles)
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- This uniform sphere of the Observable Universe is itself expanding at 47,000 miles per hour per million lightyears distance. It is been doing this expansion for 13,700,000,000 years. This is called “Hubble’s constant of expansion“. The reciprocal of Hubble’s Constant is the age of the Universe. ( time = distance / velocity , and, velocity is the speed of light.)
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- Because the Universe has been expanding during the time light has traveled to reach us the actual Universe today is 90 billion lightyears across. We can only see about 13 billion lightyears from our point of view because that is the light that has reached us.
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- The furthest things we can see are Quasars, or Accretion Disks around Blackholes, at the center of the earliest galaxies formed after the Big Bang. These beams of light originally left their galaxy some ½ to 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
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- Everything we see in the Universe comes to us in electromagnetic radiation. (“see” can have several interpretations. We can also see” with gravity and gravity waves. ). The electromagnetic spectrum spreads in a frequency range from radio waves to Gamma Rays.
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--------------- Wavelengths of the radiation from <0.1 meters to < 10^-11 meters.
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-------------- Frequencies range from <3*10^9 cycles per second to > 3*10^19 cycles per second. w*f = c , wavelength * frequency = speed of light.
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------------- Energy = Planck’s Constant * frequency ( E = h * f ) ranges from <2*10^-24 Joules to > 2*10^-14 Joules.
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- A Joule is a unit of energy. Or, a unit of work that moves one Newton of force through one meter of distance ( a Newton-meter ). A Joule is also one watt - second of electrical energy. It has replaced the calorie as a measure of heat energy.
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- One calorie = 4.1868 Joules. One Joule = 252 calories. A calorie is the heat energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Centigrade. One Joule is also equal to 16,000,000 Ergs of energy. A Joule is mass * (velocity)^2. A joule is a kilogram * meter^2 / second^2.
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- All the energy in the Universe started at one point in time. If the Universe rose from nothing there must have been equal amounts of positive energy and negative energy, matter and anti-matter.
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- Since 1929 we call this event the “Big Bang“. Since then energy has been transformed or converted into many different forms, including matter, but it can never be created nor destroyed. It is still the same today as it was in the Big Bang.
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- The four forces rose from the Big Bang as well. It started out as one force then Gravity froze out, then the Strong Nuclear Force, then the Weak Nuclear Force, then the Electromagnetic Force. This all happened in the first 10^-35 to 10^-12 seconds and temperatures cooling from 10^29 degrees Kelvin to 10^15 degrees Kelvin.
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- Because the Universe we see today is uniform in all directions and appears geometrically flat, that is it is not spherical nor saddle shaped, it has to be explained as caused by “Cosmic Inflation“.
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- In 1981 that idea was that the universe went through a brief faster - than - light expansion and therefore explains why it appears uniform and flat. The ever expanding bubble of space and time slowed down to its present pace and is now accelerating again. And has been accelerating for the last 5 billion years.
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- Like the Sun is one of a billion stars, the Universe could be one of billions of Universes. We do not know what we do not know. Also, it appears that everything we do know and can see is only 5% of the “Observable Universe.”
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- A complete mystery exits because gravity and the math of the expansion dictates that there is 95% of the Universe made of Dark Matter and Dark Energy that we can not see and have no concrete clue as to what it is. It is “Dark” because it does not interact with electromagnetic energy. It only interacts with Gravity. We have to learn to communicate with gravity waves the same way we communicate with electromagnetic waves.
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- Dark Matter was first observed in 1933 as it affected the rotational velocities of galaxies. It was confirmed in 1970 as it affected the orbital velocity of stars within a galaxy. It is most recently confirmed in gravitational lensing and the collision of galaxies.
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- Dark Energy was first observed in 1917 as it fell out of Albert Einstein’s equations. Einstein observed that the Universe was static, not expanding, and invented a “Cosmological Constant of Expansion” to insert in the equations to get the answer he thought he observed.
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- In 1929 Edwin Hubble observed that the Universe was not static, but it was expanding. The further galaxies were away from us the faster they were receding. The Cosmological Constant changed signs to allow for expansion.
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- In 1998 it was observed that the Universe was not only expanding it was growing at an every increasing acceleration. This became explained as the effect of “Dark Energy“. Science does not have a concrete clue of what this stuff is. They are just convinced that it does exist in order to explain the space time scenario we observe today.
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- However, there are two sciences involved that we have not been successful in uniting. Relativity explains the very big stuff and Quantum Mechanics explains the very small stuff. The two math’s do not overlap,……… yet.
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- String Theory is one of the attempted models to get the math to work for everything. But, it requires 11 dimensions that somehow split apart when you go to 4 dimensions, 3 dimensions plus time. Einstein’s equations showed that mass and motion warp space and alter the flow of time. But, our best minds in the 21st Century still can not explain space and time and where it came from.
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- The theory for Blackholes requires all the information that flows past the Event Horizon lies at the surface in 2 dimensions and gets projected into the interior of the Blackhole as 3 dimensions. This would be like a hologram where a 3-D image is projected from a 2-D screen. Maybe space and time emerge in this way. Space and time may not be fundamental properties. They may emerge from something else.
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- Space and time may be lumpy, or exist as quantum bundles. There may be a smallest scale beyond which space does not exist. Max Planck defined this smallest length to be 1.616*10^-35 meters. He derived this from Newton’s Gravitational Constant (G) , the speed of light “c“, and his own Constant (h).
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-------------------- (length)^2 = G * h / 2*pi* c^3 = 1.616 * 10^-35 meters.
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Then he divided by the smallest time to get Planck length / Planck time = the speed of light.
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-------------------- (time)^2 = G * h / 2*pi * c^5 = 10^-43 seconds.
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- After all this science over the past 100 years we can not predict whether the Universe will continue to expand, getting thinner and cooler, until it dies as a Big Freeze. Or, if the expansion decays and gravity becomes dominate reversing the expansion running the Universe backwards into a Big Crunch. Or, if the vacuum energy continues to expand everywhere in the Universe tearing everything apart into a Big Rip. Lord only knows.
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- We do not know what we do not know. Opinions are like belly buttons everybody has one. Contrary opinions are welcome. As we learn more, things will become clear. Once we understand it, it will be simple.
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January 7, 2021 UNIVERSE - How to Explain it? 1268 2964
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--------------------- Thursday, January 7, 2021 -------------------------
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