- 3258 - BLACKHOLES - explained? Picture two merging galaxies and the resulting creation of Blackholes in the massive star formations that came out of the collision. What are the conditions that create these astronomical mysteries?
----------------------------- 3258 - BLACKHOLES - explained?
- A Blackhole in astronomy is a region in space where so much mass is concentrated into so small a volume that the fabric of space-time is warped so much the space and time are effectively cut off from the rest of the Universe. Time stops. Space disappears into a ‘Singularity“.
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- A Singularity is a hypothetical point in the center of the Blackhole where all the mass and space are concentrated into infinity density. If the Blackhole is rapidly spinning than the Singularity becomes a super dense ring not a super dense point.
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- Blackholes are common in the Universe. “Stellar Blackholes” are created with massive supernovae that over 8 times the mass of our Sun. “Galactic Blackholes” are a million to a billion times the mass of our Sun and exist at the centers of nearly every large galaxy that astronomers have studied.
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- Maybe smaller Blackholes exist as well but we have not been able to create them in our laboratories or particle accelerators to date. Stay tuned.
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- If we could compress the entire Earth down to less than 2 inch diameter than it would become a Blackhole. A Blackhole is created when the mass is large and the volume is small.
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- The volume is always spherical, therefore, it is a function of the radius. These two things determine the escape velocity needed to escape the immense gravity. When the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light nothing, nothing can escape.
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- When the radius of the Earth is compressed to 1 inch not even light photons can leave that surface of the Blackhole that is created. This spherical surface is called the “ Event Horizon”.
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- Besides escape velocity, the other way to describe the Blackhole creation is that the massive gravity is so intense it warps the fabric of space-time into a closed loop.
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- The formula for radius and mass at which this happens is:
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-------------------- R = 2 * G * M / c^2
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-------------------- Radius = 2 * Gravitational Constant * Mass / speed of light squared
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------------------- The ratio of R / M = a constant
-------------------- If two variables are proportional they can be turned into an equality with the proper Constant of Proportionality. In this case, the constant = 2 * G / c^2
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-------------------- G = 6.67 * 10^-11 meter^3 / kilogram* seconds^2
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-------------------- c^2 = 9 *10^16 meters^2 / seconds ^2
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------------------- R / M = 1.48 * 10^-27 meters / kilogram.
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- This formula works for all sizes of Blackholes that are not spinning. Spinning Blackholes require equations from the Theory of Relativity in order to calculate their Event Horizon as a function of mass and spin.
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- If an average human was compressed into a Blackhole it’s size would have a radius of 10^-23 centimeters, 10 times smaller than the radius of a proton.
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- If the Sun were compressed into the size having a 1.8 mile radius it would become a Blackhole.
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- There was the collision of two galaxies located 430,000,000 lightyears away from us. An Elliptical Galaxy and a Spiral Galaxy collided. X-rays were recorded by the Chandra X-ray telescope.
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- The result of the collision was an expanding wave of star formation containing an abundance of massive young stars. These massive stars many times larger than our Sun have very short lives. The massive stars burn through their fuel in a few million years and explode in a giant supernovae. The remnant left in the center of these supernova explosions becomes a Neutron Star, or, a Blackhole.
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- The X-ray sources around the blue ring are so bright in X-rays that they must be Blackholes with masses 10 to 20 times that of our Sun.
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- The Elliptical Galaxy also has a super massive Blackhole at its center. This Blackhole is more easily identified in a purely X-ray image not blocked by the visible light.
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- Each Blackhole has a spherical radius depending on its mass and spin. When a massive star that is 20 Solar Mass explodes as a supernova, the remnant left behind at the center is 8 Solar Mass.
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- The 8 Solar Mass is compressed into such a small volume by that much gravity that is left that it compresses into a Blackhole. The X-rays are emitted from the gasses that are orbiting the Blackhole in its spinning accretion disk.
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- The in falling, spinning gases have colliding atoms creating enormous friction and collisions at higher and higher speeds. This in-falling gas gets heated to over 100,000,000 Kelvin, causing the atoms to emit X-rays.
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- The temperature of the gas is related the distance to the Blackhole. If the 8 Solar Mass Blackhole is non-rotating we can calculate how far away the gas atoms are from the Singularity at the center of the Blackhole.
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------------ Radius of the Event Horizon = 3.0 * Solar Masses
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------------ Rs = 3.0 * 8 = 24 kilometers = 15 miles.
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----------- Radius of the distance outside the Event Horizon where photons can orbit at the speed of light and not fall into the Blackhole = 1.5 * Rs
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----------- Radius = 1.5 * 24 = 36 kilometers = 22 miles.
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----------- Radius of the distance outside the Event Horizon where material particles can orbit and not fall into the Blackhole = 3.0 * Rs
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----------- Radius = 3 * 24 = 72 kilometers = 45 miles.
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- So, you can see that a Stellar Blackhole that is only 8 Solar Mass is not very big. The part we can see is only 100 miles in diameter. Of course, the Galactic Blackholes are much bigger. The Milky Way Blackhole is 4,000,000 Solar Mass. The Andromeda Galaxy Blackhole is 140,000,000 Solar Mass.
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- Over 1 million Quasars have been identified. These are giant galaxies with giant Blackholes with masses in the billions of Solar Mass. These Quasars are so big they burn their fuel in a very short time, 100 million years.
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- Some that astronomers have found are over 13 billion lightyears away. The accretion disks and the corresponding jets are so bright that they totally outshine the entire galaxies they are in.
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- What we are seeing happened 13,000,000,000 years ago. I wonder what they look like today? Did they continue to grow? Or, did they evaporate and die? To learn more:
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---------- I also have some other Reviews on Blackholes, available upon request:
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- 1105 - How Small Can Blackholes Get?
- 1177 - Blackholes in Astronomy
- 1096 - Are Blackholes Monsters or Creators?
- 903 - Spinning Blackholes.
- 848 - Blackholes are Everywhere.
- 2380 - Too Weird to Ponder
- 819 - Blackhole of All Sizes.
- 774 - Seeing Blackholes.
- 580 - Blackholes
- 453 - Blackholes are Neither
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- August 23, 2021 BLACKHOLES - explained? 1244 3258
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--------------------- --- Wednesday, August 25, 2021 ---------------------------
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