- 3258 - BIG BANG - the theory as a lot to work with. Astronomers can observe 100 billion, billion stars similar to our Sun. Most galaxies are still producing stars, but many galaxies have exhausted their supply of gas and can rarely produce stars. Eventually all stars will die.
------------------- 3259 - BIG BANG - the theory as a lot to work with.
- Why do we think this is correct theory for the beginning of the universe? 13,700,000,000 years ago all matter and energy was the size of a dime. The energy and matter expanded and cooled as it expanded. Matter was created out of energy according to E = mc^2. This equation says that matter and energy are two forms of the same thing. Just multiply by the constant, the speed of light squared.
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- When the cooling matched the energy of Quarks the first Quarks were formed as the building blocks for atomic nuclei. When the Universe expanded another 1,000 times it was the size of our Solar System and the Quarks combined three at a time into protons and neutrons.
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- After the Universe expanded another 1,000 times the protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen and helium nuclei. One minute has elapsed since the Big Bang.
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- After 300,000 years of expansion and cooling, when the Universe was 1,000 times smaller than it is today the first neutral atoms of hydrogen and helium formed as the protons captured electrons. The photons of light were released for the first time as they escaped the ionized soup of charged particles when atoms became neutrally charged.
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- When the Universe expanded to 20% its present size stars and galaxies had formed. When it was 50% its present size supernovae explosion had produced the heavy elements in the Periodic Table. When the Universe was 67% its present size our Solar System was formed, 5,000,000,000 years ago. In another 15,000,000,000 years the stars will all be gone.
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- The average density in space declines as the Universe expands. Particles uniformly fill all space as space itself expands. Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies are bound by gravity which is more powerful than space’s expansion at shorter distances. Space still expands between the galaxies where the force of gravity dissipates. The force of gravity is always reduced by the square of the distance of separation.
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- Hubble’s law for expanding space says that the recession velocity of a galaxy is equal to the distance to the galaxy multiplied by 47,000 miles per hour per million lightyears distance.
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- Distant galaxies measured by their redshift due to the expanding space are moving away at greater the 90% the speed of light. The more space there is between us the faster they are moving away.
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- The proportions of the light elements, hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium, match well with calculations assuming the Big Bang was a giant thermonuclear reactor. The protons and neutrons after fusion reactions would match the expanded proportions of helium4, helium3, lithium7 and deuterium2.
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- Today 24% of all the elements is helium4, a perfect match since helium is inert and should remain the same. Also, 10^-4, or, 0.01%, for the element deuterium2. And, 10^-5 for the element helium3. And, 10^-10 proportions for the element lithium7 isotope. The mix of these elements supports the Big Bang theory.
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- Galaxies form because gravity causes density fluctuations in the distribution of matter. Gravity slows the expansion of denser regions causing them to grow even more dense, in turn increasing the amount of gravity. The fabric of galaxies laced amongst the voids of space match the expected expansion of matter and energy in the Big Bang theory.
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- As part of this expanding Universe there is a window of time that life could form. In an earlier Universe it was too hot. In an older Universe it will be too cold.
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- Today astronomers have a lot to work with. They can observe 100 billion, billion stars similar to our Sun. Most galaxies are still producing stars, but many galaxies have exhausted their supply of gas and can rarely produce stars. Eventually all stars will die.
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- Fortunately, we have arrived in the right Cosmic time for this astronomy lesson.
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- August 25, 2021 BIG BANG - as a lot to work with? 1128 3259
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