- 3265 - FORCES - combine into equivalency? The forces of nature, we take for granted in our natural world. They may have come from a single universal force. And, they may not be forces at all but a warped geometry in space and time. What we perceive as forces may be movements in space and movements in time. Not only could all the forces be combined into this fabric of distorted space, but, everything in our natural world could be interconnected in this geometric fabric of space - time.
----------------------------- 3265 - FORCES - combine into equivalency?
- Are the Natural Forces combined into a Single Equivalency? Nature has several different pushes and pulls we call the natural forces. Gravity is the most familiar, a force we feel every day. There is also the Electric Force between positive and negative charges. There is the Magnetic Force between north and south poles.
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- Inside the nucleus of atoms are the two nuclear forces, the Weak Nuclear Force and the Strong Nuclear Force. These are the forces that hold the positively charged protons and the neutrons together inside the nucleus.
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- The first forces to be combined were the electric and magnetic forces into the electromagnetic force. It was discovered as the force that was responsible for light and all electromagnetic radiation from the spectrum of radio, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays. It was responsible for holding electrons in the orbits to create neutral atoms.
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- All electromagnetic radiation is oscillating electric and magnetic forces vibrating sideways but traveling forward at a constant speed of light. The electromagnetic bundles of oscillating energy are massless and can only exist resting inside the atoms or traveling through space at 670,633,500 miles per hour.
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- As higher energies were attained in the laboratories science was able to discover that the Electromagnetic Force and the Weak Nuclear Force could be combined into a single Electroweak Force.
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- Science theories today believe that at even higher energies all four forces in Nature will combine into a single “Universal Force“.
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- If we compare the relative strengths of the 4 forces the Strong Force was appropriately named. If we assign it a strong force coupling factor of “1“ we can compare it with the strengths of the other three forces:
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--------------------------- Strong Force ------------------------- 1
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--------------------------- Electromagnetic Force ------------ 1 / 137 = 0.007
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--------------------------- Weak Force ----------------------- 0.000001
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----------------- Gravity Force -------- 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000001
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- The Electromagnetic Force Coupling Factor is also called the “ Fine Structure Constant”. It is a dimensionless number responsible for holding all the atoms together with the same constant force. Mathematically it can be calculated as:
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------------------------ Alpha = 2 * h / u * c * e^2
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------------------------ h = Planck’s Constant of Action
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------------------------ u = Permeability of a vacuum of free space.
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----------------------- c = speed of light
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---------------------- e = electric charge of an electron and a proton.
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---------------------- Alpha = 1/137
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- The Gravity Force is the force coupling of two masses, “m” and “M”.
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-------------------Gravity Force = F = G * m * M / r^2
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------------------ G = Gravitational Constant of proportionality
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------------------- r = distance between the masses.
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- A mass at rest, or moving at a constant velocity, is in a natural state. No force is needed to keep in moving or resting. An external force is required in order to change its natural state. An external force is needed to accelerate a mass or to decelerate a mass. This is called the force needed to overcome inertia.
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------------------ F = m * a
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------------------ a = acceleration or deceleration
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- All masses fall due to a gravitational force and they will accelerate at the same rate regardless of the amount of mass. Feathers and bowling balls fall at the same rate in a vacuum chamber, or on the Moon. On Earth’s surface all masses accelerate at the rate of 9.8 meters per second per second.
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- Albert Einstein in 1911 formulated that the gravitational force on a mass and the inertial force on a mass are equivalent ( The Equivalency Principle ).
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------------------- F gravity = F inertial
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-------------------- G * m * M / r^2 = m * a
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- The gravity mass and the inertial mass cancel out of this formula because they are equal.
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-------------------- G * M / r^2 = a
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- This formula shows us that acceleration ,”a”, due to the Earth’s mass, “M”, and the Gravitational Constant, “G”, the radius of the Earth, “r”, and is independent of the mass of the object on its surface, “m”.
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------------- 6.67*10^-11 m^3 / (kg*sec^2) * 6*10^24 kg / (6.378*10^6 m)^2 = a
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---------------------- a = 9.8 m / sec^2
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- The other equivalency that Einstein formulated was the mass and energy were two forms of the same thing.
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----------------------- E = m * c^2
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---------------------- E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 * m
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- Energy is much, much greater than mass. It is the speed of light squared greater ,
(3 * 10^8 m/sec)^2 = c, 9*10^16 m^2 / sec^2 = c^2 times greater.
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- If the Gravity Force pulls on mass it must also pull on energy too, they are equivalent. If gravity is pulling on light how does light escape from the star? Light can not slow down. It only has one speed in space. But, light can loose energy.
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- When electromagnetic waves loose energy they still travel at the same speed but they oscillate at a lower frequency. When light looses energy it “ redshifts” When light leaves a massive star its loss of energy is called “ Gravitational Redshift”. Light does fall in a gravitational field. Everything that has mass or energy falls downward with the same acceleration in a gravitational field.
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------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = - G * M / R * c^2
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-------------------------- “M’ and ”R” are the mass and radius of the star.
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- The bigger the star’s mass and the smaller the stars radius ( greater the density) the greater the redshift. In the most extreme case the frequency shift can equal the frequency.
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------------------------ Shift in frequency / frequency = 1
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- In this case the star is so large the light is shifted to zero. The star becomes a Blackhole.
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- In a Blackhole the force of gravity is pulling the light energy, so that it is looping back on itself. Light can not escape the Blackhole. But, light’s velocity is still the same. In order for velocity to remain constant, velocity = space / time , v = d / t, the distance must shrink and time must slow. Around the Blackhole the space and time are warped back on themselves until space shrinks to a singularity and time stops.
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- Blackholes are an extreme case, but around every mass, it is surrounded by warped space and time. It is this warped geometry that is creating gravity.
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- So, maybe gravity is not a Force at all. Maybe it is just a change in the geometry of space and time. If all of Nature’s forces are truly one force maybe everything is interconnected in this fabric woven by space geometry and we are all together interconnected in the geometric fabric of time.
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- Something to ponder!!!
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- September 3, 2021 FORCES - combine equivalency? 1257 3265
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--------------------- --- Friday, September 3, 2021 ---------------------------
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