- 4382 - SMALLEST BLACKHOLE - shapes the universe? - Which came first: Black holes or galaxies? Black holes not only existed at the dawn of time, they birthed new stars and supercharged galaxy formation. These new insights upend theories of how black holes shape the universe, challenging classical understanding that they formed after the first stars and galaxies emerged.
------------------- 4382 - SMALLEST BLACKHOLE - shapes the universe?
- Black holes might have dramatically
accelerated the birth of new stars during the first 50 million years of the
universe, a fleeting period within its 13.8 billion-year history. We know these monster black holes exist at
the center of galaxies near our Milky Way, but the big surprise now is that
they were present at the beginning of the universe as well and were almost like
building blocks or seeds for early galaxies.
-
- They boosted everything, like gigantic
amplifiers of star formation, which is a whole turnaround of what we thought
possible before. So much so that this
could completely shake up our understanding of how galaxies form. Distant galaxies from the very early
universe appear much brighter than scientists predicted and reveal unusually
high numbers of young stars and supermassive black holes.
-
- Conventional wisdom holds that black holes
formed after the collapse of supermassive stars and that galaxies formed after
the first stars lit up the dark early universe. But this analysis suggests that
black holes and galaxies coexisted and influenced each other's fate during the
first 100 million years. If the entire history of the universe were a 12-month
calendar, those years would be like the first days of January.
-
- Black hole outflows crushed gas clouds,
turning them into stars and greatly accelerating the rate of star
formation. Otherwise, it's very hard to
understand where these bright galaxies came from because they're typically
smaller in the early universe. Why on earth should they be making stars so
rapidly?
-
- Black holes are regions in space where
gravity is so strong that nothing can escape their pull, not even light.
Because of this force, they generate powerful magnetic fields that make violent
storms, ejecting turbulent plasma and ultimately acting like enormous particle
accelerators.
-
- These enormous winds coming from the black
holes crush nearby gas clouds and turn them into stars. That's the missing link
that explains why these first galaxies are so much brighter than we expected.
-
- The young universe had two phases. During
the first phase, high-speed outflows from black holes accelerated star
formation, and then, in a second phase, the outflows slowed down. A few hundred
million years after the big bang, gas clouds collapsed because of supermassive
black hole magnetic storms, and new stars were born at a rate far exceeding
that observed billions of years later in normal galaxies. The creation of stars
slowed down because these powerful outflows transitioned into a state of energy
conservation reducing the gas available to form stars in galaxies.
-
- The big question is, what were our
beginnings? The sun is one star in 100 billion in the Milky Way galaxy, and
there's a massive black hole sitting in the middle, too. What's the connection
between the two?
-
- Luminous galaxy GN-z11 existed when the
universe was just a tiny fraction of its current age. Initially detected with the Hubble Space
Telescope, it is one of the youngest and most distant galaxies ever observed,
and it is also one of the most enigmatic. Why is it so bright? Webb appears to
have found the answer.
-
- Webb found the first clear evidence that the
galaxy is hosting a central, supermassive black hole that is rapidly accreting
matter. Their finding makes this the most distant active supermassive black
hole spotted to date.
-
- Using Webb, the team also found indications
of ionized chemical elements typically observed near accreting supermassive
black holes. They discovered that the
galaxy is expelling a very powerful wind. Such high-velocity winds are
typically driven by processes associated with vigorously accreting supermassive
black holes.
-
- GN-z11 hosts a two-million-solar-mass,
supermassive black hole in a very active phase of consuming matter, which is
why it's so luminous. Finding the so
far unseen Population III stars—the first generation of stars formed almost
entirely from hydrogen and helium—is one of the most important goals of modern
astrophysics. These stars are expected to be very massive, very luminous, and
very hot. Their signature would be the presence of ionized helium and the
absence of chemical elements heavier than helium.
-
- The formation of the first stars and
galaxies marks a fundamental shift in cosmic history, during which the universe
evolved from a dark and relatively simple state into the highly structured and
complex environment we see today.
-
-
March 9, 2024 SMALLEST BLACKHOLE
- shapes the universe? 4376
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--------------------- --- Saturday, March 9, 2024
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