Everything about Blackholes?

-  1657  -  Everything about Blackholes.  Why genius takes us to extremes?  Blackholes take us past our imagination.  This review explores some of these extremes.
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---------------------  -  1657  -  Everything about Blackholes
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-  One of the secrets to Albert Einstein's genius was his mathematical ability to take any parameter, any variable in an equation, and extend it to infinity.
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-.  What happens?
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-  Take velocity.  Albert imagined himself chasing a beam of light.  What happens when you take this velocity to infinity.  Keep going faster and faster, how fast can you eventually get?   Velocity is a ratio of distance, (space), divided by time.  v  =  d / t.
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-   The maximum occurs when the distance goes to infinity divided by the shortest possible amount of time.  Adding more energy after you reach the speed of light does not make things go faster it makes things grow shorter and it makes time go slower.
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-.  The speed of light becomes a hard stop for velocity.  In order to keep the velocity ratio CONSTANT, equal to the constant speed of light, then space must shrink and time must slow down.  That then becomes that the Theory of Relativity.
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--------------------------------  v  =  d  /  t
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--------------------------------  c  =  <d    /  <t
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-.  Another example:
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-.  What happens when you add mass to mass making it heavier and heavier.  Gravity compresses harder and harder.  Take this path to infinity.  Actually, on the way, the atoms get crushed into each other making heavier elements, hydrogen to uranium.  Then, if gravity gets heavier and  heavier , the electrons get crushed into the protons forming neutrons.  A Neutron Star is born.
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-  Then, more gravity crushes neutrons into the Quarks and a Quark Star is born.  Then, the Quark Star crushes into a Blackhole and a Singularity is born.  The Singularity is a point of infinite density where gravity is so intense nothing can escape past its Event Horizon.  The Event Horizon is the altitude above the Singularity where light waves turnaround and come back; they can't escape.
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-.  Genius is easy, just take any simple idea and take it to its extreme.  Beyond your imagination that is anchored in reality.
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-.  Take a baseball thrown straight up.  Gravity will bring it back unless you throw it fast enough.  If you throw it 25,000 miles per hour, Earth’s gravity cannot hold onto it.  With a velocity of seven miles per second the baseball escapes.
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-.  A light beam is traveling at 186,282 miles per second.  When gravity creates an escape velocity greater than this velocity  even light cannot escape.    A Blackhole is created.
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-.  Gravity is more powerful than the electromagnetic force, or, even the nuclear forces.  But, I thought gravity is the weakest force?  Yes, it is in our everyday reality.  But, taken to extremes gravity becomes the strongest force
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-.  There are 100,000,000,000 galaxies with a blackhole at their center.  Our Milky Way galaxy has a blackhole at its center.  It weighs 4,300,000 solar mass.
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------------------------ (4.3 * 10^6)   *   (2 * 10^30)  =  8.6 * 10^36   kilograms
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-.  If the Earth becomes a blackhole it weighs 6 * 10^21 tons and compresses down to 2 centimeters.
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--.  The black hole at the center of the Andromeda Galaxy is 100,000,000 solar mass.
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-.  The Solar Mass is the mass of the sun which is 1.9891 10^30   kilograms, rounded off to 2* 10^30 kilograms for simplicity.  If the sun becomes a blackhole it compresses from 865,000 miles diameter down to 4 miles diameter.
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-.  When a star becomes heavy enough to be just 10 Solar Mass it becomes a Neutron Star collapsing to a diameter of 12 miles.  It has a density of 1,000,000,000 tons per cubic centimeter.  Drop a marshmallow on a Neutron Star in it has enough mass to explode with as much energy as atomic bomb.
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-.  What happens with the mass of a star reaches 20 Solar Mass?  The temperature at the core reaches 100,000,000,000 degrees Kelvin.  A solid piece of iron the size of Mount Everest is compressed into a grain of sand.  The Quarks , Leptons, and Gluons of the atoms disappear into a Blackhole.
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-  Gravity is not only stronger than the other three forces, it is stronger than Time.  Gravity slows down clocks.  At higher altitudes on Earth time clicks faster than clocks on the surface.  The GPS satellites must artificially slow down their clocks to match time on the surface or the GPS positioning would be very off target.
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-.  Black holes do not suck in material.  There is no suction power, just gravity.  If the Sun suddenly collapsed into a 4 mile diameter blackhole, light would stop.  The Earth would orbit in the dark, but, the gravity would all be the same.  We would simply be orbiting 1 Solar Mass Blackhole.
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-.  So, did our universe started out as a Singularity Blackhole.  Yeah, probably.?  So, if a large blackhole could make one universe, can another large blackhole do the same?  Could there be many universes out there?  Wherever “there” is?  Yeah, probably?
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-.  We will never see a blackhole.  But, we can see its effects.  We cannot see the wind but, but when we see the trees all bending over in the same direction we can deduce a few things about the unseen wind.
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-.  The blackhole the center of the Milky Way is unseen, but, the stars orbiting it are circling so fast  we can measure the unseen mass  to be 4,300,000 Solar Mass
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-.  When a gas cloud orbits a blackhole it becomes hot, and radiates X-rays.  Giant jets escape out the poles of rotation where the angular momentum drops to zero.  90 % of the Accretion Disk escapes out these jets at the poles , and, only 10 % falls past the Event Horizon disappearing into the Blackhole.
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-.  The escaping jets smash into the interstellar medium and new stars form.  The Blackhole is not just the master of death, but, also the creator of life.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Thursday, March 6, 2014  ---
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Government the way it was intended

-  1655 -  Government, the way it was intended.
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---------------------  -  -  1655  -  Government, the way it was intended.
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-My brother asked if Russia is doing the right thing in the Ukraine?  My answer, people get the government they deserve.  For some, it is a communist government that they prefer.  For others ,they prefer the democratic governments found in Europe.  The truth , they are both victims of the economics.  It is oil that controls region.   13 pipelines are the lifeblood in the economy for these people.   Russia has no other economy to fall back on.
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-.  You always have two decisions to make.  ‘What” to do and ‘how’ to do it.  The ‘what’ can be good intentions, but, the “how” can have unintended consequences.  Liberals get the what's right and the how’s wrong.  Conservatives get the how’s right and the what's wrong.
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-.  Take Obamacare for example.  Good intentions can easily sell the ideas, but, the how can be another costly, bureaucratic, top-down, regulatory scheme  for politicians who can use the IRS tyranny to benefit their cause.
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-.  Using mandates instead of marketing.  Using sticks instead of carrots.   Using laws instead of education.
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-.  Conservatives believe in the right of revolution, therefore, no gun control.  Liberals do not believe in anyone opposing the master plan.  They do not support the Constitution because there is no turning back the clock to 1776.  Liberalism stands for “progress“.  They need a “living Constitution” to get progressive.
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-.  Exactly what do Conservatives mean by limited government.  What gets limited?  Republicans have not done a good job defining ,or, teaching it.
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-.  The Constitution provides limits through  elections, through holding officeholders accountable, through the rule of law.  Those alone should control and regulate a limited government.
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-.  Government does not have the prerogative to choose which laws get enforced ,or, interpret laws to affect different purposes than intended, like the current executive branch is fond of doing.
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-.  Obamacare will ruin healthcare, becoming the healthcare of a socialist state.  Worse it undermines individual rights.  On its grounds alone it is unconstitutional.
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-.  Liberty means we the people govern ourselves..  If they control your health they control you.
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-.  The other branch of government, Congress, needs to approve any regulations that cost over $100 million.  Congress needs a budget for each appropriations bill.  There are 13 of them.  Strong debate should be used to control spending. Compromise between opposing parties.   No more omnibus bills.  You have to pass to learn what's in it.
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-.  We the people.  We need to get control back to the “structure” of government.  Three branches that have equal power.  Two parties that are forced to compromise and work for their constituents not just a party ,or, their own political power ambitions.
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-.  Going back to the structure of our government the way it was intended is progress.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Wednesday, March 5, 2014  ---
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Everything about Protons

-  1654-  Everything about Protons.  Electrons and protons still are mysteries that challenge today’s best science.  This review catches you up on what we know about protons.
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---------------------  -  1654-  Everything about Protons
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-  Proton is simply the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.  Hydrogen has one electron and one proton and is the simplest of the elements.  Two hydrogen atoms form hydrogen gas.  Two hydrogen atoms and an Oxygen atom form water, H2O.
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-   If you have two protons in the nucleus and two electrons you have Helium.  The list goes on all the way up to 92 protons.  That is Uranium.  These heaviest elements decay back to the lighter elements , like lead , which has 82 protons.
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-.------  If the atom were the size of a 10K race, 6.2 miles, in diameter then:
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-.------  The nucleus would be the size of a football stadium, including the parking lot.
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-.------  The Proton would be the football stadium.
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-.------  Electron would be a soccer ball.
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-. ------ The Quark would be a marble.
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-.  The Proton has an equal and opposite electric charge to the electron.
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-.  The Proton is a “Hadron“.  A  Hadron is a composite particle made of Quarks held together by Gluons.  Gluons are the force carriers for the Strong Nuclear Force.  There are two types of Hadrons.  There are baryons such as protons and neutrons that are composed of 3 quarks.  And, there are “Mesons” such as Pions that are composed of one Quark and one anti-Quark.
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-.  Protons are the only stable Hadron.
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-.  Free neutrons decay into protons in 15 minutes.
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-.  Pions decay in 26 nanoseconds.
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-.  Protons are composed of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark,  and, contain a positive electric charge.
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-.  Neutrons have 1 up quark in 2 down quarks, and, are electrically neutral.
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-  Free protons exist in plasma where the temperatures are so high the electrons escape leaving 2 ions, the positive chargee proton and the negative charged electron.
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-.  90 % of the Cosmic Rays are free protons, entering the upper atmosphere at nearly the speed of light.
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-.  The Large Hadron Collider at  CERN, Switzerland, is a particle accelerator that smashes protons and antiprotons together.  Protons are ½ spin “Fermions”.  They include quarks and leptons.  Leptons are electrons and neutrinos.  Fermions and Bosons make up all of matter.  Fermions have 1/2 integer spin and Bosons have integer spin.
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-.  The proton-proton chain reaction is with one of the fusion reactions that occurs at the core of all the stars, including our Sun.
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-.  The 3 quarks in a proton make up only 5 %of its mass.  The Gluon force exchange particles are massless, like the photon.  So, where is 95 % of the proton’s mass coming from?
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-.  The answer is the 95 % is energy according to E = m*c^2.
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-.  The mass of the proton is 938,272,310 electron volts / c^2
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-  The proton is 1,836 times heavier than the electron.
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-.  How accurately can we measure that?
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-.  If a mosquito landed on a fully loaded Boeing 747 could we measure that?
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-.  That is how accurately science recently made this measurement of the proton in relation to the electron.
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-.-----------------  The proton is 1,836.15267377 the mass of the electron.
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-.  1,836 times  is like comparing a rabbit to an elephant.
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-.  We are saying the elephant weighs  1,836.15267377 times heavier than the rabbit.
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-.  How is this measurement made?
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-.  You start with a C 12 carbon atom.  You remove all the electrons except one.  He put the atom in a “Penning Trap“, a circular path with a uniform magnetic field.  Accurately measure the time around the track.  You measure the wobble of the spin of the electron which acts like a tiny dipole magnet circling in the magnetic field.  The ratio of the wobble to the speed of one cycle is used to calculate the ratio the electron mass to the proton mass.
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-.-----------------------  The proton is  1.672621 * 10^ -27 kilograms
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-. -------------------- The electron is  1 / 1836.15267372 *10^ -30 kilograms.
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-.  The 95 % of proton mass lies in a Strong Nuclear Force that is holding it all together.  The Universe contains 10 ^78  protons.  Most of them are the nuclei of hydrogen.
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-.  It is interesting to note that all of these protons  add up to 5% of the mass-energy of the Universe.  95 % is Dark Matter and Dark Energy.  “Dark” because we don't know what it is.  And, we can't see it because it only interacts with gravity, not with electromagnetic energy, i.e.: light.
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-.  Like the proton that gets its energy from vacuum fluctuations of virtual particles popping in and out of existence might the Universe’s missing mass-energy be the same thing?
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-.-------  The Universe starts with Quarks that are 10 -19 meters in diameter
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-. ------- The universe diameter is to.  10^58 meters.
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-.  That distance spans 77 orders of magnitude.  When you compress this all back together again it all cancels out and you get “nothing“.  Nothing is the singularity in the Big Bang from which it all started.  But, let's get back to the proton.  The last review #1652 was about Electron this is about its partner in every atom.
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-  Put a proton and electron together and you get a hydrogen atom.  Separate them and you get particles with a negative electric charge and a positive electric charge ,with one that is 1836 times heavier than the other.
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-.  Put  a charged particle in motion and its electric field will create a magnetic field.  Put a magnetic field in motion and it will create an electric field.  That is how electric motors electric generators work.
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-.  Both electrons and protons contain many undiscovered mysteries.  Recent discoveries involve smashing protons anti- protons together in the CERN particle accelerator to curate the Higgs Boson.  This fundamental particle is, in theory, responsible for the mass that exist in all the other particles.
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-.  The proton has a positive electric charge exactly equal to the electric charge of the electron.  Unlike the electron it is NOT a fundamental particle.
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-  The proton is not a fundamental particle because it is made up of other more fundamental particles.  The proton is composed of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark.  With the Gluons of the Strong Nuclear Force holding them all together.
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-.  The proton is classified as a Baryon and baryons are all a Quark-based particles.  Baryons participate in the Strong Nuclear Force.
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-.  Protons are also classified as “Fermions“, particles with ½ spin
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-.  Protons are classified as “Hadrons“, particles made up from quarks
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-. ---------- The proton has a mass   =   1.672621* 10^-27   kilograms
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-. ------- Or,    =   938.272    million electron volts.
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-.  The protons electric charge    =   1.602.  10^-19 coulombs
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-.  The proton spin is 1/2 and, this is what makes it a “Fermion“.  The proton’s diameter is somewhere between 0.8409 and 0.0879 femtometers.  A femtometer is 10^-15 meters.
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-.  The proton life time is 2.1 *10^29 years, a very , very long time.
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-.  Leptons, like electrons, do not participate in the Strong Nuclear Force.  They are affected by the electromagnetic force.
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-.  Fermions like electrons, obey the Exclusion Principle, which states that no to fermions can occupy the same quantum energy state.  That is why all atoms have 2 electrons in their lowest energy state and one must be “Entangled” with the other so that one is ½ spin up and the other is ½  spin down.  “Entangled” because if either one switches up or down the other switches down or up instantaneously regardless of how far they are separated.  This is today's mystery in science, how can entangled particles communicate faster than the speed of light.
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-.  “Bosons” are force carriers like photons and they are allowed to share the same quantum states.  That is they do not obey the Exclusion Principle.
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-.  Protons can transform into neutrons through “electron capture“.  This is the inverse of Beta Decay Radioactivity where neutrons decay into protons.
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-.  In chemistry the number protons in the nucleus is known as the element’s “Atomic Number“.
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-.  The Dirac Equation combines Quantum Mechanics and Special  Relativity into a single equation to describe electricity and magnetism and how it interacts with light.  Photons are the electromagnet force that holds electrons and protons together.
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-.  Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, is the math used to investigate the protons internal structure.  The science depends on virtual particles popping into and out of existence to create precise atomic energy levels.

-.  The proton radius has a quantum mechanical interaction with the electron which behaves like a Wave Function Cloud spread out over the size of the atom.  The square of the wave function defines a probability of finding electron in any given location.
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-  There is a nonzero probability of finding an electron inside the proton itself.  When inside the overall binding strength between the two particles decreases.
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-.  When electrons are shot at a proton the electrons can scatter, deflectsing in another direction.   This scattering transfers some of its momentum to the proton.  This transfer of momentum energy is described as an exchange of a virtual photon.
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-.  If the scatter is 180 degrees the electron has hit the Proton dead center.  The virtual photons that result will have the shortest wavelength corresponding to the maximum momentum energy transfer.

-.  Measuring the scattering's from minimum wavelengths to maximum wavelengths should define the full diameter of the Proton.  The radius calculated was 0.879 femtometers.
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-.  Using Muons instead of electrons for this scattering measurements arrived at a different answer.  Muons are high-energy electrons that have 207 times greater mass.
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-.  Laser pulses were used to determine how much time the muons spend inside the Proton during the scattering experiment.
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-.  These measurements determine the radius of Proton to be 0.8409 femtometers + or - 0.0004 femtometers.
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-.  One theory to explain the difference between the electron and muon scattering resutts was that the electrostatic force in the muons slightly deformed the Proton.
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-.  Another theory involves discovering that electrons and muons have a magnetic moment.  This magnetic effect is absent from the equations.
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-.  More experiments are in the works.  The goal is to get the math to match precisely the observations.  That is what science is all about.
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-. (1) See “Lamb shift”
-(2)----.  0.84 + or - 0.001 femtometers is the Muon experiment results
---------  0.87 + or - -0.001 femtometers is the Electron experiment results
-. (3) See Review #979, “Calculating the mass of the Proton“.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Sunday, March 2, 2014  ---
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Plank Telescope sees the beginning of light.

-  1653 -  Discoveries of Planck Telescope on Universe Evolution.  The data collected tells astronomers how old the Universe is and its composition today.  95% of this composition is “ dark” , unknown to science.  With these parameters they can still simulate the expansion of the Universe to what we see today.
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---------------------  -  -  1653 -  Discoveries of Planck Telescope on Universe Evolution-
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-  February 24, 2014, Sonoma State University lecture, Charles Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, “The universe according to Planck”.
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-.  Planck is a  telescope that sees the Cosmic Microwave Background light that has traveled 13,800,000,000 lightyears to reach us.  We see the picture of the Universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
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-.  The Planck Telescope is orbiting the Sun along with the Earth at an altitude of 930,000 miles.  This spot is called L2, Lagrangian Point 2.  It is a point in space where the gravity of the Sun and the gravity  of the Earth just cancel.
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-.  Launched in May, 2009 it started to survey the sky in February, 2010.  After 3 1/2 years of data collection it was decommissioned October, 2013.
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-.  The telescope rotated one revolution per minute and scanned a beam 5 arc minutes wide across the entire sky, 360 degrees.  After six months of scanning it had captured the radiation of the entire sphere of the sky over the frequency range from 30 to 857 gigahertz.  Actually, 9 specific frequencies over that range.
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-.  The cosmic microwave background radiation covers a range from 60 to 600 gigahertz, this corresponds to wavelengths from 0.5 to 0.05 centimeter wavelengths.  The peak amplitude of the signal is at 270  gigahertz ,or, ¼  electron volts.
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-.  13.8 billion years ago the Big Bang occurred.  The Universe was a sea of hot plasma, charged particles, no light could escape this expanding ball of plasma,  until 370,000 years later it had cooled down from the 100,000,000 degrees Kelvin to 3,000 degrees Kelvin.
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-  3,000 degrees Kelvin is a low enough temperature for protons to start capturing electrons and become neutral atoms.  When this happened photons of light were no longer being bounced between charged particles and could escape into outer space.  That light is the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, CMB , that we see today.
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-.  The CMB was measured at the Lagrangian 2, point in space because at 930,000 miles altitude it was a point where the Sun and the Earth's gravity canceled.   This meant that a very low amount of energy was needed to hold the telescope in place.  Secondly, L2 was in Earth's shadow blocking most of the Sun's radiation.
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-  The bolometric detectors used to measure this CMB radiation only work at the lowest possible temperatures, near absolute zero, -273 degrees C.  Even then all the noise in temperature variations caused by the Sun, by the galaxies , by dust, by the instruments themselves,,,………. had to be subtracted from the data in order to see the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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-  The Lagrangian points in space were first calculated by Joseph- Louis Lagrange, ( 1736 to 1813), the youngest of 11 children born in the a Italian Kingdom of Piedmont.  He read an essay by Halley and got infatuated with a calculus that studied paths of the comets.  He became a geometry teacher.  His math skills eventually led him to become the head of the Berlin Academy.  His book, ‘Analytical Mechanics“, was published in 1788.  Newton's laws for gravity worked for 2 bodies.  But what was the math needed to deal with 3 bodies i.e. the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, or Jupiter?  His calculations came up with the 5 Lagrangian points that satellites use today.  He worked with Laplace in 1795 to devise the Metric System of units we used today.
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-.  Lagrange’s  math identified 5 points where the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Earth came into balance.  Like currents in the ocean that cross, cancel each other out, and collective floating trash, the Lagrange point 1 is in between the Earth and the Sun where their gravity's cancel.  This is a good place to park a spacecraft because they can hold stable orbits with minimal outside forces, (rocket boosters).  The Solar Heliocentric Observatory spacecraft is parked there now, SOHO.
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-  Lagrange point 2 puts the Earth in the middle with L2 on the outside of a straight line connecting the Earth and the Sun.  The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, WMAP, is parked there.  So is the Planck telescope.
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-.  Max Carl Ernst Ludwig Planck, 1858 to 1947, studied in Munich with Hertz and Kirchhoff.  In 1880 Planck joined the faculty.  His research worked on the Blackbody Problem.  Why does a Blackbody absorb low frequencies but not high-frequency radiation?  His math gave a solution by quantifying absorption in “quanta” instead of in  continuous wave of energy.  The size of the quanta was proportional to the frequency of the radiation.  Violet light contains twice the energy as red light.  He solved the problem by showing that higher frequencies radiation requires more energy.  The small constant in the equation for the ratio of frequency to energy quanta became known as Planck's Constant of Action, E = h*f.
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--------------------  h  =  6.6*10^-34 (kilogram*meter^2) / seconds
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- In 1905 Einstein used this concept to describe the Photoelectric Effect.  In 1913 Bohr used it in the quantum theory of the atom.  Today the math is known as Quantum Mechanics.  In 1918 Planck received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
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-  The Planck telescope parked at L2 was cooled to -273.05 C, it was the coolest object in space at the time.  It had 48 bol0metric detectors which measured power of incident electromagnetic radiation by heating material which changes its electrical resistance as a function of temperature.
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-.  The CMB temperatures it has to measure are extremely small variations, between 2.735001 and 2.734999 degrees Kelvin.  Visible light has energies ranging from 1/2 to 1 electron volt.  This CMB radiation being measured is on the order of 0.00003 electron volts.
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-.  The CMB had a lot more energy 13,800,000,000 years ago, but, over that 13.8 billion years the Universe has expanded to 45 billion light-years radius.  When wavelengths are stretched energy is lost,   E = h*f  and  E = h*c/w.  The wavelengths have stretched out from 0.1 nanometers to 10,000,000 nanometers.  The temperature is equal to 0.0029 / wavelength.  The temperature has decreased from 3,000 degrees Kelvin to 2.73 degrees Kelvin.
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-.  The hot to cold variations, the spots, on the Cosmic Microwave Bare are the size of large galaxies  today.  They started out as quantum fluctuations present in the Big Bang plasma and have stretched out to 100,000 lightyears.
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-  The data in a full sphere  of the  sky contained 50,000,000 pixels.  After the noise was removed the CMB represented the output of the universe expansion from 10^-35 seconds to 13,800,000,000 years.
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-.  The amazing thing in science today is that this data can be simulating in a computer with only 6 variables.  The variables, or parameters, are played with until the entire Universe expansion scenario matches what we observe today after the13.8 billion years of expansion.
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-.  Planck’s contribution was making these measurements with higher resolution and with greater precision.
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--------------------------------.  In 1989 the COBE telescope had 7 arc degree resolution
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-.------------------------------  In 2001 the WMAP telescope had 15 arc minutes of resolution.  That's 45 % of an arc degree, the full moon is 50% of an arc degree.
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-.------------------------------  In 2009 the Planck telescope had 5 arc minutes of resolution which is 8% of a degree.
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-.  The 6 parameters simulated from this higher precision data were:
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------------------.  One age of the universe  =  18,817,000,000  + or - 48,000,000 years
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------------------.  The Hubble Constant  =  67.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec
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-.--------------------  Baryon density  =  0.022068
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---------------------.  Cold Dark Matter density  =  0.12029

-.-------------------  Dark Energy density  =  0.6825

-------------Time of reorganization  =  377,730  + or - 3,200 years.  A Redshift of 1090.
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---------------------  The results say that ordinary matter is only 4.9 % of universe.

-.-------------------  Dark matter is 26.8 % of the universe

--------------------.  Dark energy is 68.3 % of the universe.
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-   In other words the part we don't yet understand, the part that is “dark” is 95.1 % of universe.
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-.  What a great success the Planck telescope mission has been in understanding where we came from.  The data will continue to be studied for years.  Removing more noise, bringing more precision.  There is much still to learn and as Richard Feynman was fond of saying, “the greatest danger in science is fooling yourself“.  An announcement will be made shortly ,stay tuned.
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-.  See review #1108, “What Forces Control Everything
-.  Review #823, “ Sound Waves in the CMB
-.  Review #757, CMB
-.  Review #1586, “Measuring the CMB
-.  Review #1305,  “Cosmic Harmonics”
-  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Wednesday, February 26, 2014  ---
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The electrons are all around us?

-  1652 -  Electrons are all around us?  This review summarizes what we know about electrons.  A few hundred years of study and there are still mysteries to keep us challenged.
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---------------------  -  1652  -  Electrons are all around us.
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-  Everyone knows electrons.  They turn on the lights, run the dishwasher, heat your blanket, play your radio,……………….  Electrons are those negative particles that circle the positive nucleus of every atom to make the atom neutral.  Neutral atoms are good for your health.  Each of the 92 natural elements have a different set of electrons in orbit around their nucleus.  Hydrogen has 1, helium has 2,,,…… oxygen has 8,,,……. gold has 79,,, …….uranium has 92 electrons to match the 92 protons in the nucleus.
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-.  When electrons are alone, away from their protons with positive charge, their negative electric charge creates it own electric field.  Whenever an electric field is in motion it creates a magnetic field.  Or, vice versa, whenever a magnetic field is in motion it creates an electric field.  That is how electric generators and electric motors work.   It is also how light works.
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-.  When it electrons fall to lower  energy levels they create electromagnetic radiation called “light“, part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation that stretches from radio waves to Gamma Rays.  This review just says “ light” to represent the whole lot.  The different frequencies of light are the different “colors“.  Frequencies are another name for oscillations measured in cycles per second.
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-  When electrons jump or fall to lower energy levels they emit light.  Whenever they jump to higher energy levels they absorb light.  All the colors you see are a result of these two processes going on ,  emissions and absorptions.   All the elements described above have different energy levels for orbiting electrons and therefore emit or absorb different colors of light.  In the broader sense, different frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum.  E = h*f.
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-  Spectroscopy is running light through a prism which spreads out the colors making emission lines and absorption lines visible as dark or bright lines in the spread out spectrum.
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-------------------------------.  Red light has a wavelength of 700 nanometers
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-.--------------------------  That is a frequency of 429,000,000,000,000 oscillations per second.
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-.---------------------------  It is it is an energy level of 0.356 electron volts.  E=h*f.
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-.--------------------------  Ultraviolet light has a wavelength of 100 nanometers.  Shorter wavelengths mean higher energy.  E=h*f. ………. Frequency is the inverse of wavelength,…………. c = w*f…………..  f  = c/w

-.---------------------------------  Ultraviolet has a frequency of 3,000,000,000,000,000 meters per second.
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-.-----------------------------------  Ultraviolet has energy of 2.49 electron volts, enough energy to burn your skin.
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-.----------------------------------  Energy   =  4.136*10^-15  * frequency
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-.----------------------------------  E  =  h*f
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-.  The constant, “h”, =  4.136 *10^-15 is Planck's Constant of Action measured in electron-volts.
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-  When an electron gets an energy level that is 207 times greater it changes into another fundamental particle.  It becomes a Muon.  A Muon has a mass of 105,600,000 electron volts.
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-.-------------------------------  105.6  MeV  / c^2
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-.  We say mass in electron volts from  E = mc^2, or,  m = E/c^2 , but,   the c^2 in the denominator, the speed of light squared, is assumed and not usually mention.
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-.  The Muons do not live very long, only 2.2 microseconds, before they decay back to electrons.  For electrons to gain enough energy it occurs in particle accelerators or by cosmic rays hitting the gas in the upper atmosphere.
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-  Muons were discovered in 1936 by Carl Anderson who was studying cosmic rays.  Cosmic Rays are high-energy particles from outer space, usually protons, traveling at near light speed, smashing into the gas atoms in the upper atmosphere.  They give the electrons “impact energy” to create the Muons.
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-  These Muons descend towards Earth near the speed of light,  670,000,000 miles per hour.  Because the Theory of Relativity laws require that we slow time down as velocities near the speed of light, the 2.2 microsecond lifetime for the Muon slows to several seconds, time enough for the Muon to travel the distance to the surface of the Earth.  This allowed Carl Anderson to study them in cloud chamber jars.   This is how they were discovered to be negatively charged high-energy electrons traveling at near light speed.
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-.  When Muons pass through the magnetic fields installed around the cloud chamber jars,   their paths curve like charged particles.  The paths curve one way for negative electrons and the opposite way for positive protons.  The amount of the curvature told scientists that the mass of the Muon was intermediate between electron energy and a proton.  Muons were 207 times the mass of electron, 511,000 electron volts.  Protons were 1,836 times electron mass.  939,000,000 electron volts
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-.  Stranger still, if you give a Muon even more energy it changes into a Tau Lepton that is 1,777,000,000 electron volts, but, it decays in only 3*10^-13 seconds.
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-  Electrons can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior.  The electric fields that they create determine the chemical properties of all elements in the Periodic Table.
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-.  The anti-particle of the electron is called the “positron”.  It is the same except the anti-electron carries a positive charge not negative charge.
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-.-------------------  The negative charge of electron is -1.6 *10^-19 coulombs.
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-. ------------------  The mass is 9.11*10^ -31 kilograms, which is equivalent to 511,000 electron volts / c^2, which is 1/1836 the mass of the proton.
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-.  The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle defines electrons position as something that cannot be known simultaneously as its momentum.  The momentum can be simplified to velocity since we know the mass and momentum is equal to mass * velocity.  p = m*v
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-.  The electron has a spin of 1/2 which makes it a Fermion , by definition.  It is described as point like, with no spatial extensions.  In contradiction to being wave-like it has a classical diameter of 2.8179 *10^-15 meters.  This diameter is an outdated concept.
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-  The Exclusion Principle is a law in physics which states that no two electrons can occupy the same energy state in an atom.  When there are two electrons in the lowest energy level of atom in order to have different energy states one is spinning “up” and the other is “spin down“.  One is spinning clockwise in the other counterclockwise.
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-.  Somehow the two electrons always know each other's energy state.  If one switches from “spin up” to “spin down” the other instantaneously switches from “down spin” to “up spin“.  They are somehow “entangled“.

-.  Not so mysterious to be “entangled” inside a single atom.  But, the mystery continues if you separate the two entangled electrons.  No matter how far you separate them.  Put one on the Moon, switch it from spin up to spin down, the other here on Earth will instantaneously switch from spin down to spin up.  Somehow entangled particles communicate instantaneously.  It takes light 2 ½  seconds to travel from the Moon to Earth.  How can something travel faster than the speed of light?

-.  There a lot of electrons in the universe.  If you take time to count them there are 10^79 electrons.  This amounts to a density in the universe of one electron per cubic meter.
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-.--------------  In quantum mechanics the electron is described by the Dirac Equation.
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-.--------------  In quantum electrodynamics, QED, the electron lives in a sea of virtual particles that pop in and out of existence.
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-.  In String Theory the electron is still a mystery.  In QED predictions always work, so far.  In  String Theory not so much , so far.
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-.  When an electron and an anti-electron, a positron, meet  they annihilate each other creating 2 Gamma-Ray photons, each having 511,000 electron volts of energy.  Vice a versa, is occurring at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.  Gamma-Rays are creating electrons and positrons.  Astronomers have detected the positrons and they are having a hard time explaining the creation of this antimatter.  If you have some good ideas let us know.  The electron is so familiar and so mysterious at the same time.  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Tuesday, February 25, 2014  ---
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Moons may be the best habitat for life

-  1651 -  -  Moons may be the best habitat for life?  How did the Moon get its magnetic field?  Could moons around giant gaseous planets be well suited for life?  Does our Moon contain water that could support a colony of life?
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---------------------  -  1651    -  Moons may be the best habitats for life
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-.  Most people are aware of the extinction of the dinosaurs caused by a giant asteroid impacting the Earth near the Yucatán 65,000,000 years ago.
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-.  But, are you aware that a similar event occurred 252,000,000 years ago.  Was it an asteroid impact that wiped out 96 % of life in the oceans and 70 % of all life on land.
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-.  The event is called the End- Permian extinction.  The extinction event lasted 60,000 years + or -48,000 years.
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-.  Science has uncovered evidence of a massive addition of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 10,000 years before the End -Permian event.  This in turn caused acidification of the oceans and a10 C temperature rise that killed 96 % of all sea life.
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-.  Where did this spike in the carbon dioxide come from?  Was a caused by volcanic eruptions or by an asteroid impact?
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-  To answer this question science is studying prehistoric rock in volcanic ash beds.  The zircon crystals in the rock contain a mix of lead and uranium.  The ratio of the isotopes of lead and uranium are then used to calculate the age of the rock.  These isotopes have a predetermined half-life of radioactivity.  The ratio of radioactive decay to non-decay can be used to calculate the age.
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-.  If the End -Permian extinction lasted 60,000 years proceeded by a sharp increase in the carbon dioxide in the oceans than likely a massive volcanic eruptions triggered the extinctions.  If the event was much shorter duration than likely another massive asteroid impact triggered the extinctions.  More study is needed.
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-   Science has also discovered evidence of a magnetic field on the Moon.  This does not seem intuitive, but, astronomers are using precise observations of distant quasars to measure the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.
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-.  The answer they get is 25 Gauss.
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-.  Gauss is the centimeter- gram- second metric unit of magnetic induction.  It is equivalent in other units to 1 Maxwell per square centimeter , or, 0.0001 Webers per square meter.
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-.  The magnetic field on the Earth's surface is only 0.5 Gauss.  This magnetic strength is 50 times weaker than the core magnetic field some 1,800 miles below the surface.
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-.  By using the precise locations of Quasars in the sky astronomers could detect tiny variations in the Earth's axis of rotation caused by the tug of the Moon's gravity.  These variations depend on the strength of Earth's core magnetic field.
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-.  Quasars are the cores of the most distant galaxies.  And, they become instrumental in measuring the Earth's core just 1,800 miles below our feet.
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-.  The Moon does not have an iron core like the Earth.  And it's core would not be rotating like a giant dynamo generating a magnetic field.  Yet, the Moon does have a magnetic field.
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-.  This puzzles astronomers.  The size the moon is such that it's core should have totally cooled.  It should not have a molten core.  Yet, moon rocks have a magnetic field measured to be 0.001 milli-Tesla.  A refrigerator magnet is 5 milli-Tesla.
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-.  A Tesla is a unit of magnetic induction equal to one Weber per square meter.
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-.  A Weber is 100,000,000 Maxwells.  A Weber is a standard unit of magnetic flux that will produce one volt in a single turn of wire when the flux is removed in one second.  Yep, that is how a standard flux is created.
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-.  A Maxwell is unit of magnetic flux through 1 square centimeter in a field of 1 Gauss.
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-  Magnetic fields are complicated measurements as you can see in the standardization of the units that measure them.
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-.  Astronomers estimate that the Moon maintained its magnetic field for over 400,000,000 years.  But, how did it produce such a field.  The explanations include two theories:
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-.  (1)  The Earth's wobbly rotation caused a gravitational tidal tug on the Moon in turn causing a wobble in the moon's axis of rotation.  This oscillating wobble was enough turbulence and friction to give the Moon a molten core.  The interior fluid in the core sloshed around creating a magnetic field much like the Earth has done.
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-.  (2).  A second theory is that huge asteroid impacts messed up the Moon’s rotation and injected enough energy upon impact to create a liquid core.  The calculations show that a reasonably large impact can generate a magnetic field lasting 10,000 years.  Enough of these impacts could have done the trick.
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-.  The next step is to measure more lunar rocks.  Measuring young rocks and old rocks could plot out the evolution of the moon's magnetic field, tracing magnetic intensities over time.  The pattern should tell us what caused the moon to have a magnetic field.
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-.  Another discovery was to find water in the Moon.  Well we think so?  But not much,  200 parts per million, or, for every 10,000 molecules of lunar soil there is 1 molecule of water, H2O.
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-.  1998 it was not water directly that was detected.  It was the element hydrogen using a neutron spectrometer.  Cosmic rays hit the moon's surface and the amount the soil absorbs the neutrons tells the astronomers what the soil is made of.
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-.  In 2010 radar measurements found an abundance of water in frozen ice at the bottom of polar craters.
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-.  The data is still needed to determine exactly how much water exist on the Moon.  And, how much could be practically collected to support a colony living on the Moon.
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-.  Over 1,000 planets have been discovered orbiting other stars.  Since we tend to detect big planets first most so far are large gaseous planets, like Jupiter and Neptune. These giant planets are hostile to life.  However, the planets have moons and their moons may be an ideal environment to find life.
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-.  The planet being searched most today is Kepler-22b that is 600 light-years from Earth.  Kepler 22b resides in the star’s habitable zone, a region in orbit where liquid water could exist.
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-.  Some of the gaseous planets like Jupiter and Saturn are found closer to their star.  Some even occupy the habitable zone for liquid water.  Some of the moons around these warm giants might have atmospheres and oceans like the Earth.
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-.  If a moon was less than 10 % the mass of the Earth it's gravity would not be strong enough to sustain an atmosphere.  That would be a Moon smaller than the planet Mars.
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-.  How do we get large moons?
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-.  The Earth - Moon system was forged out of a cataclysmic collision early in the solar system history.  Our Moon was splashed into its orbit.
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-.  Another scenario for large moons is when a giant planet encounters a binary pair and in capturing one ejects the other in the space.  Action equals reaction.  Neptune's biggest moon, Triton, was likely captured in this very fashion.
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-.  Tidal heating caused by eccentric orbits about a giant planet would heat the moon comfortably enough for life.  A planet and a moon orbiting a common center of gravity would cause the planet to wobble back-and-forth.  By detecting the wobbles with transit orbits moons too could be detected.   Detecting these slight variations is difficult to analyze.  The variations could be caused by sunspots, or star spots, stellar fluctuations, or is instrument measurement errors.  To tease out the presence of a moon orbiting a transiting planet is a challenge.
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-.  The daily data from Kepler Space Telescope is available on the web.  You can hunt for an exomoon yourself.  www.cfa.harvard.edu/HEK.  HEK is acronym for “Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler.
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-.  Moons may be just as good as place for finding life elsewhere.  Thus multiplying our chances of not being alone many fold.  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Thursday, February 20, 2014  ---
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The power of combinations, math and teamwork?

-  1650 -  The power of combinations?  Pass it on to anyone who wants to learn the power of combinations.  The power of teamwork, networking, and the world-wide-web are demonstrated in the math.
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---------------------  -  1649    -  The power of combinations?
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-  Statistics depends on the law of large numbers.  Given enough opportunities for specific events to happen, despite how unlikely to be for each opportunity, it will eventually happen.

-.  · Another way to put it: the number of combinations of interacting elements increases exponentially with the number of elements.

-.  A “combination” of “n” different taken “r” at a time with no attention to order increases exponentially.  The formula uses “!” which means “factorial”, which is 5!  =  5*4*3*2*1  =  120.  “Factorial” is multiplication in a descending sequence of numbers down to the number 1.
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--------------------------------  Combination  =  n!  /  r!  (n - r)!
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-.  To illustrate this formula  let’s use a third-grade class of 30 students.    If the teacher chooses to have them work individually than the number of combinations is 30.
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------------------------  Combination  =  30!  /  1!  (30 - 1)!  =  30*29  /  29  =  30
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-.  But if the teacher asked the class to work in pairs how many commendations are there?
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-------------------------  Combinations  =  30!  /  2!  (30 - 2)!  =  30*29  /  2  =  435
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-.  There are 435 different pairs that could work together.
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-.  How about if the teacher asked students to work in groups of 3 that would be 10 groups.  How many  different combinations are there?
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-------------------------  Combinations  =  30!  /  3!  (30 - 3)!  =  30*29* 28  /  6  =  4040

-..  There are 4060 combinations of these student groups.
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-  The number of combinations is growing exponentially from 30 ,to  435, to 4060,  to 27,405 to………………….
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-.  What would happen if the teacher said to the class okay you can work together in any combinations you want?
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-.  Number of possible groups of students working together in a class of 30 students is a set of “n” elements with (2^n - 1) possible subsets that can be formed
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-------------------  Combinations  =   1,073,74,823
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-----------------  Combinations  =  2^30 - 1  =  1,073,74,824  -1
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-.  Lastly let's put the class of students on the Internet.   Now the class is growing to 2,500,000,000,  the number of www.users.
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------------------------  3 * 10^18 pairs  =  10^750,000,000 possible pairs
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-.  Probability that any and all of these can interact with any of the others is 10 followed by 750,000,000 zeros .
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-.  Another example of how combinations can work  is the famous problem of  “how many people need to be in a room before there is a probability that two have the same back birthday“.
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-.  The answer is 23 people in a room and the probability is better  than 50 % that two have the same birthday.  But how do we get to that number?
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 -  A single birthday has 1 chance in 365 days of occurring that 0.27 %  So, any one person has one chance in  365 of having my same birthday.
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-.  And, to take the reverse,  there 364 / 365, or 99.7 % probability that any particular person will have a different birthday.
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-.  If “n” is the number of people in the room then   (n-1)   is probability of 364 /  365 of having a different birthday.
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-  If you combine these probabilities of being different it becomes  364/365 *  364/365 * 364/365 * 364/365 …………………..  (364/365)^22   =   0.94
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-.  When “n” is 23 there is 94 % probability that none of them will share the same birthday as you.
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-.  The probability that at least one of them has the same birthday as you is  ( 1 - 0.94).   or 0.06.   A 6% probability that one of the 23 people shares your birthday.
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-.  Six percent  is a very small number,  If there are 23 people in a room the likelihood is high that no one has the same birthday as me but they may have the same birthday matching someone else.
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-.  Either someone has a same birthday as me or no one has me. These two likelihoods add up to one,   0.94 + .06  =  1
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-.  Now if the question is different that any two people have the same birthday as each other.  Not only is (n -1) people sharing the same birthday but  (n-1)*2 / 2 pairs of people in a room share the same birthday.  When n  =  23:
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--------------------------------  (n-1) * n  /2  =  23 * 22 / 2  =  253
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------------------------------  23!  /  2! * ( 21!)  =  253
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-.  That is more than 10 times larger than (n -1) which is 22

-.  There are 253 possible pairs of people but only 22 pairs include me.
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-.  Will that get us the answer that the odds of two people having the same birthday begins to occur when 23 people are in the room.
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-.  Let’s look at the contrary way what that none of the 23 people have the same birthday. We've already determined that for two people the answer is 364/365 which is by 99.7 %.
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-.  Now at a third person in the room and the probability becomes a 99.4 %.
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-.  At a fourth person and it is 94.1%.
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-.  When you get to 23 people the probability is 49 % that don't have the same birthday and - - 0.49  =  51% probability that two people will have the same birthday
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-  The law of combinations grows at an exponential rate.  The probability with 10 people is 12%.  The probability with 20 people is 40%.  The probability with 23 people is 50.7%.  the probability with 100 people is 99.99996 %
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(1)  The probability that all the birthdays are
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----------------------different  =  (366-n ) /  365^n
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---------------------  same  =  1  -  365! /  365^n ( 365-n)!
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-  Each person in the room has a 365 chance to match a birthday.  For 23  people the number of chances is 365^n  =  365^23.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
----  email request for copies to:   -------      jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ---------
 ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/  , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com  ---
 ---- www.twitter.com , ---   707-536-3272    ----   Monday, February 17, 2014  ---
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