JimsAstronomy

Sunday, January 10, 2016

Evolution of Life, includes my life.

- 1806 - Evolution of Life, includes my life. This review covers 3 ways life has evolved over 14 billion years starting with minimum Entropy and constantly increasing. Statistics and probabilities make life happen Naturally.
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---------------------- 1806 - Evolution of Life, includes my life.
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- This review covers the evolution of Life in 3 different ways. (1) The one still taught in schools. (2) The religious one taught in the Bible. (3) The new one using physics and Entropy to explain the evolution of life.
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- You can request Review #521 which covers a genealogy over 4000 years. 31 pages long, 139 generations averaging 29 years per generation.
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- You can request Review # 354 that covers the evolution of time from 10^-43 seconds to 15,000,000,000 years in 15 pages.
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- I will start with the so called scientific explanation. Back 3,000,000 years ago the Earth was covered in a warm ocean of primordial soup, a bolt of lightning struck and a stroke of good luck started life in a puddle. The bacteria evolved into plants and animals and eventually us humans. Follow Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection describing life at the level of genes and populations.
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- Then there is the religious explanation that God created Heaven and Earth in 7 days, He created Adam and used Adam’s rib to create Eve. Adam and Eve begat Seth ( 4004 BC), ….. begat Noah ….. begat Constantine ( 864), …. begat Henry II (1113), ……. begat Joseph Smith (1771) ….. begat Kathy Smith ( 1943, … begat James Douglas Detrick V (2009). Almost all of this historical record is men, so how did they get all the begets without women? Request Review # 520 to see 31 pages of these begats covering 139 generations. (80 Kbytes)
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- The 31 pages is only 3 megabytes. This a different evolution of zeros and ones begetting 8 bit words, begetting alphabets symbols, back and white images on the retina of the eyes, photons of 3 electron volts, begetting synapses and neurons in the brain, begetting knowledge of the evolution of life.
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- The brain is converting energy from plants and animals that beget energy from the Sun that begets energy from the beginning Big Bang. An evolution of 14,300,000,000 years.
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- This latest theory involves the idea that there is no essential difference between living things and inanimate clumps of carbon atoms. It is just that the living carbon atoms are better at capturing energy from their environment and dissipating that energy as heat.
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- The underlying physical principal driving the origin and evolution of life is simply a fundamental law of Nature ( Nature = God )
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- This principle has a formula ( math and physics) that indicates when a group of atoms is driven by an external source of energy ( Sun ) surrounded by a heat bath ( oceans and atmospheres) restructures itself in order to dissipate increasingly more energy.
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- You take a clump of atoms, shine a light on it for a long time and it becomes a plant through the evolution of plain ol’ physics.
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- The underlying physical principle that is driving the evolution of life is the 2nd law of thermodynamics which requires Entropy to always increase. Increasing Entropy is increasing randomness, which is the arrow of time. It is the reason time only goes in one direction. Energy is spreading out or dispersing as time progresses.
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- The increasing Entropy is the diffusion of particles through out space which happens simply due to the probabilities, simply statistics. There are more ways for energy to spread out than for it to become concentrated.
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- Particles in a system move around and interact and by sheer chance tend to adopt configurations in which the energy is spread out. Eventually the system arrives at a state of maximum Entropy ( Thermodynamic Equilibrium) in which energy is uniformly distributed.
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- This is happening to the cup of coffee on my desk. It cools off until it reaches equilibrium at room temperature. This process is irreversible. No matter how long the cup sits there it is never spontaneously heating up again. The odds are overwhelmingly stacked against the room’s energy randomly concentrating its atoms to reverse this process.
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- The cooling of the cup of coffee is the result of a simple ratio: the probability that the atoms will undergo the cooling process versus the probability of undergoing the reverse process spontaneously warming up. Entropy increases as the ratio increases, irreversibility increases. The same statistical physics can be applied to biology.
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- A plant absorbs extremely energetic sunlight, uses it to build sugars, ejects infrared light which is a much less concentrated form of energy. (E = h*f) . Lower frequency lower energy. The Entropy is increasing during photosynthesis as sunlight dissipates as the plant maintains an orderly internal structure.
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- Evolutionary outcomes absorb and dissipate more energy from the environment’s external drives on the way to get there. Particles tend to dissipate more energy when they resonant with a driving force. Clumps of atoms surrounded by a bath at some temperature (ocean or atmosphere) end over time to arrange themselves to resonate with the source of mechanical, electromagnetic, or chemical work occurring in their environment.
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- Self replication is a system the dissipates an increasing amount of energy over time. Life is a phenomena in Nature of dissipation - driven adaptive organisms. Matter itself tends to spontaneously self-organize ( snow flakes , sand dunes) systems of particles adapt the structures to become better at dissipating energy. That is Entropy. And, I have run out and my coffee is cold.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Sunday, January 10, 2016 -----
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Saturday, January 9, 2016

Can Bird Poop Break a Car Windshield?

- 1301 - Can Bird Poop Break a Car Windshield? Some physics and math needed to solve a problem
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------------------------ #1301 - Can Bird Poop Break a Car Windshield?
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- A lady had a cracked windshield and claimed a bird had done it. The car was parked. The bird poop over the cracked windshield was 4 inches in diameter. To break a car windshield you need in excess of 50 million Pascal of pressure. One Pascal of pressure is one Newton of force per square meter of area. Wait a minute I will do the math:
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- If the 4 inch circle of bird poop was 2 millimeters thick it would be a cylinder 4 inch diameter circle and 2 millimeters high.

- A 4 inch diameter is a 0.05 meter radius. (1 foot = .3048 meters. 0.33 feet = 0.1016 meter diameter, or, 0.051 meter radius, R = 0.051 m)

- The volume of a cylinder is = pi * h * R^2

-------------------- Volume = 3.14 * 2*10^-3 * ( 0.05)^2 meters^3

-------------------- Volume = 1.62 * 10^-5 meters^3

- If the density of the bird poop is about the same as the density of water it would be about 1,000 kilograms / meter^3.

------------------- Density = mass / volume

------------------- Mass = Density * Volume

------------------- Mass = 1,000 kg/m^3 * 1.62 *10^-5 m^3

------------------- Mass = 0.0162 kilograms of bird poop hit the windshield.

- To determine how hard the mass of poop hit the windshield we need to know the velocity of the poop in flight. We do not know how high the bird was when it released the poop. But, if we assume the velocity became constant (terminal velocity) then the force of gravity was balanced with the opposing force of the air resistance, and, we can calculate the velocity.

- The force of the air resistance is a function of the density of the air, the cross sectional area of the poop, the drag coefficient of the shape of the poop and the velocity squared.

---------------- The Force of the Air Resistance = ½ d * A * C * v^2

--------------- “d” = density of the air = 1.2 kilogram / meter^3

--------------- “A” = the cross sectional area of the sphere shaped poop.

--------------- “C” = the drag coefficient of a sphere which is 0.47.
　
- The poop was spherical in flight before it hit the windshield. This is important because the air resistance is a function of the cross-sectional area of the sphere. We calculated the volume of the poop and we know the formula for the volume of a sphere.

----------------------- Volume = 1.62 * 10^-5 meters^3

----------------------- Volume of a sphere = 4/3 * pi * r^3

----------------------- r^3 = 1.62*10^-5 * 3 /4 /pi

----------------------- r^3 = 0.387 * 10^-5 m^3

----------------------- r = 1.56*10^-3 m

----------------------- radius of the sphere of the poop = 0.00156 meters.

---------------------- Cross Sectional Area = A = pi*r^2

--------------------- A = 3.14 * 2.46*10^-4 m^2

--------------------- A = 7.74 * 10^-4 meters^2

--------------------- Force of Air Resistance = ½ d * A * C * v^2

---------------------- F air = ½ (1.2 kg / m^3) * (7.74*10^-4 m^2) * (0.47) * v^2

----------------------- F air = (2.18*10^-4) * (v^2) kg / m

- The other balancing force to achieve a constant velocity is the force of gravity:

----------------- The Force of gravity = mass * acceleration

------------------ F = m * a, or in this case m * g

----------------- Where “g” is the acceleration of gravity near the surface of the Earth, 32 feet per second per second, or 9.8 meters per second^2.

------------------ F g = 0.0162 kg * 9.8 m/sec^2

------------------ F g = 0.16 kg * m/sec^2
　
- OK, now we are ready to set the 2 forces equal to each other to determine the velocity of the poop when it hit the windshield.

--------------------- F air = F g = (2.15*10^-4) * v^2 kg / m = 0.16 kg * m/sec^2

--------------------- v^2 = 7.4 *10^4 m^2/sec^2

--------------------- v = 27.2 m /sec

-------------------- 1 m / sec = 2.237 miles / hour

--------------------- v = 60.6 miles per hour
　
- Now we know how fast the poop hit the windshield. The energy with which it hit the windshield was the Kinetic Energy which = ½ * mass * velocity^2:

----------------------- KE = ½ * m * v^2

----------------------- KE = ½ * .0162 kg * (26.8 m/sec)^2

----------------------- KE = 5.8 kg * m^2 / sec^2

- Action = reaction. The energy is always “conserved” so the work done on the windshield must equal this Kinetic Energy. Energy is the ability to do work and Work is the force moving over a distance. Here we assume the distance the force works over is the radius of the poop as it is smashed against the windshield.

------------------------ Force * distance = KE

------------------------ Force * 0.0156 m = 5.8 kg * m^2 / sec^2

------------------------ Force = 372 kg * m / sec^2

------------------------ Force = 372 newtons

- The pressure the force exerts on the windshield is a function of the area of the collision. The amount of force changes over the duration of the collision. What we have calculated is the average force. The contact area also changes over the course of the collision. The radius of the poop expands from 0.00156 meters to 0.051 meters. We will assume the contact area at maximum force was at a radius of 0.01 meters.

---------------------- Pressure = Force / Area

---------------------- Pressure = 372 newtons / pi *r^2

--------------------- Pressure = 372 newtons / 3.14 * (0.01m)^2

--------------------- Pressure = 1.18 million Pascal

- This pressure is way to low to smash the car windshield. If we assume the peak force was 3 times larger than the average force this only gets us up to:

-------------------- Pressure = 3.55 million Pascal.

- What if there was a small rock that was imbedded in the bird poop? The contact area could have been more concentrated to a radius of 0.001 meters.

--------------------- Pressure = 1116 newtons / pi * (0.001 m)^2

--------------------- Pressure = 355 million Pascal.

- That pressure would surely break the windshield that can normally withstand only 50 million Pascal. Of course, another explanation could be that there was a flaw in the windshield that would shatter under less pressure.

- If you got through this an remained conscious that is a good thing. Consciousness is that annoying time between naps. The best way to learn something you did not know is to teach someone who did not know it.
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Other physics reviews:
(1) #1183 - Mysteries for science students
(2) # 1074 Physics the way I learned it.
(3) # 738 The science of physics
(4) # 762 The trouble with physics
(5) #531 Joseph Henry - an American teacher
(6) #532 Robert Millican - a physics teacher
(7) #524 Physics keeps getting simpler.
(8) #534 The physics of a CD
(9) #559 The laws of motion
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email comments, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ----------------- Saturday, January 9, 2016 -----
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2015 new Discoveries in Astronomy and Physics?

- 1805 - 2015 new discoveries in Astronomy and Physics. Higgs Boson, Gravity Waves, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy.
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---------------------- 1805 - 2015 new discoveries in Astronomy and Physics
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- The Higgs Boson was a high-energy particle discovered to create “ mass” in other particles. Bosons are force carrier particles. This particle creates mass. Mass is inertia momentum whereby it takes a force to overcome inertia and to accelerated the mass. Mass at a constant velocity requires no force. To accelerate it does:
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------------------------ Force = mass * acceleration
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------------------------ F = m*a
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- Higgs Bosons are like waves of molasses that interact with matter to give it mass. The stronger the interaction the heavier the mass and the more force that is needed to accelerate it.
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- The Higgs Boson - was discovered at the CERN particle accelerator. In addition 2 more still heavier new particles may have been discovered. It is too soon to tell. These particles are 800 times the mass of a proton. In particle physics when they say “ heavier” they mean “higher energy”, E = mc^2. Mass and energy are two forms of the same thing.
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- We need more data. Now the signal has a 25% chance of being random , a false positive happening only by chance. But, particle physics require “ 5-sigma” probabilities, which is 1 in 3,500,000 that the signal is random. So, we need more data. ( See Review #1748 - The science of empty space.)
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- Gravitational Waves - are ripples , or waves, that emerge from the warping of space-time. Theory of Relativity math would predict their existence resulting from massive collisions, like merging Neutron Stars, giant supernovae, or the Big Bang itself. LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory , has been using sensitive detectors to detect these waves. It would be a new kind of telescope on the Universe if successful. (See Review #1776)
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- Dark Matter - Is thought to represent 80% of all the matter in the Universe. Dark Matter interacts with gravity, but, not with electromagnetic radiation. We can not see it, but, gravity tells us it is there. Theory is that this is another new particle like the Higgs yet to be discovered. Called WIMPS, Weakly Interactive Massive Particles. ( See Review #1636).
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- Dark Energy - Astronomers know the Universe is “ inflating”. The expansion outward is accelerating. They believe it to be cause by a mysterious force that counteracts gravity. However, it could be that our observations are incorrect due to the breakdown of General Relativity math at Cosmological scales (See Review #1800)
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- Other reviews on these subjects available upon request:
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- #1748 - Super symmetry requires heavier particles, higher energy, to pair up with the 12 fundamental particles that make up all ordinary matter. This would double the number of particles in the Standard Model.
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- #1577 - Quantum Mechanics does not stop with light, all things are quantized at the tiniest levels : mass, time, distance.
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- #1498 - The Higgs Field creates the property of inertia which is the defining quality of mass.
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- #1636 - What does Dark Matter look like? Math determining the mass of a galaxy cluster.
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- #1777 - 90% of the total mass of a typical galaxy in in the form of Dark Matter.
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- #1800 - Space divided by time is velocity. Velocity is limited to be less that the speed of light, never greater. Therefore in order for this to happen as velocity approaches the speed of light space shrinks and time slows so the ratio never exceeds 186,000 miles per second.
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email comments, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Saturday, January 9, 2016 -----
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Thursday, January 7, 2016

Milky Way, awesome!

- 1804 - Our Milky Way. What have we earned from the inside, then from looking on the outside at similar spiral galaxies in our neighborhood?
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---------------------- 1804 - Our Milky Way
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- The Milky Way in the night sky stretching across the heavens is the structure of our Galaxy viewed edge-on. We get the image of a spiral galaxy which the Milky Way is, by seeing other galaxies thought to be similar.
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- We are slowly gathering the 3-D picture of our home by viewing it from the inside and having much of our vision blocked by dust clouds.
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- Using dust-penetrating infrared telescopes we have brought our own Galaxy into better focus. The central component is called the “ Bulge”. It is a vast football-shaped star cloud seen nearly end on. Our Galaxy became classified as a “ Barred Spiral Galaxy”.
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- Our Sun, and us too, lie 27,200 lightyears from the Galaxy center. We are 30% of the way out to the edge of the disk and 90 lightyears above the Galaxy’s midplane. It takes 240,000,000 years for our Solar System to complete 1 orbit around the Galaxy center. Since we are only 4,500,000,000 years old that means we have made only 18 trips to date ( 4500 / 240).
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- During each Galaxy orbit we have moved above and below the galactic plane.
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- Our closest star is Proxima Centauri which is 4.22 lightyears away. There are 400,000,000,000 stars in the Galaxy. Most are classified as “ M-Dwarf stars emitting very little visible light. M-Dwarfs burn dim but they will be shining for billions of years after our Sun dies.
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- Brown Dwarf stars are smaller still, between 1.2 and 7% of Solar Mass. There are 50 known stars within 16 lightyears but only 10% of them are visible to the naked eye. Of the 100 brightest stars 30% lie with 100 light-years.
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---------------------------- Sirius ------------------ 8.6 lightyears
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---------------------------- Procyon ---------------- 11 lightyears
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---------------------------- Vega ------------------- 25 lightyears
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---------------------------- Formalhaut ------------ 25 lightyears
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---------------------------- Castor ------------------- 52 lightyears
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---------------------------- Aldebaran --------------- 65 lightyears
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---------------------------- Regulus ----------------- 77 lightyears
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- All of these stars are 7 times Solar Mass and 10,000 times the Solar Luminance. All will burn rapidly and end as Supernovae before our Sun dies.
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- The unknown mass in the Universe is known as “ Dark Matter”. That is inside our Galaxy. Outside our Galaxy there are 85 other galaxies collectively known as the Local Group of galaxies. The Group spans a distance of 10,000,000 lightyears.
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- Dwarf Irregular galaxies have just a few thousand stars gravitationally coupled. Two of these are known as the Large and Small Megellanic Clouds. They are 160,000 and 200,000 lightyears away. Close enough that our Galaxy is collecting their material ( gas and dust ) depriving the Megellanic Clouds of their star forming ability. Our large Galaxy is the cannibal consuming our smaller companions.
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- The smallest galaxy, “ Seque 2” is 1/500 our size, 114,000 lightyears away, which is less than the diameter of the Milky Way and only 200,000 Solar Mass.
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- A typical galaxy has mass indicating 10 times more Dark Matter than visible matter.
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- There is a halo of gas around the Andromeda Galaxy that extends halfway to the Milky Way. The gas contains elements of carbon, oxygen, and silicon. Our two galaxies will merge in another 5 billion years.
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- Of the 85 or so galaxies in our Local Group only 3 have evidence of a massive Blackhole at their center. A galaxy must exceed 1,000,000,000 Solar Mass to host a Blackhole . Most of the 85 local galaxies are less than 100,000,000 Solar Mass.
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- Placing 1,000 Milky Ways end to end spans 100 million lightyears which is the size of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, 10^18 Solar Mass, that is mostly Dark Matter.
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- Distant galaxies ( M106) with water vapor pulses of microwave radiation are called ‘Masers”. These pulses can be used in distance measurements. Cepheid variable stars also emit pulses used in distance measurements. All these measurements modify our 2-D vision of galaxies into a 3-D map.
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- Now turning from looking outside our Galaxy to looking inside towards the center. At the center is a 4,000,000 Solar Mass Blackhole. It is named Sagittarius A* Star. The mass of this Blackhole was discovered by tracking the stars that are orbiting. it. Here is the math involved.
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------------------------- p^2 = 4 * pi^2 a^3 / G ( m1 + m2)
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------------------------ m1 = 5.9*10^11 a^3 / p^2
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----------------------- p = orbital period of the star
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----------------------- a = radius of the star’s orbit
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----------------------- G = 6,67*10^-11 m^3 / ( kg * sec^2)
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---------------------- m1 = mass of the much more massive body.
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- Orbiting he Blackhole are the dense cores of stars, filaments of hot magnetic gas, clouds of cold gas, dust scattered remains of dense massive stars, all crammed around the Blackhole about 230 lightyears across.
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- Chandra X-Ray, NuSTAR and SWIFT telescopes have detected evidence of this Blackhole as it is swallowing stars. Bright flares in hard X-rays. The X-ray radiation is thought to be coming from Magnetars, which are Neutron stars with intense magnetic fields. White Dwarf stars are stealing material from companion stars and other smaller Stellar Mass Blackholes.
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- Observing other galaxies is even easier then trying to study our Galaxy from the inside. There is just too much material to look through between us and the 24,900 lightyears distance to the galactic center’s Blackhole.
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- Markarin 231 is the nearest galaxy to Earth hosting a Quasar powered by two central Blackholes orbiting each other. Mrk 231 is 600,000,000 lightyears away.
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- The surrounding hot gas would glow in ultraviolet rays except the glow of the dusty disk drops off at the center. The disk has a big doughnut hole encircling the Blackholes. It is believed to be two Blackholes orbiting each other in 1.2 years.
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- The merge is evidenced by the host galaxies’ asymmetry and the long tidal tails of young blue stars.
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- The star formation rate of Mrk231 is 100 times greater that our Milky Way’s. The in falling gas fuels the Blackhole and the gas turbulence creates the new star formation.
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- The binary Blackholes are expected to spiral together and collide within a few hundred thousand years. These spiraling masses are ideal for creating “ gravitational waves”. These exist in theory but have yet to be discovered. Mrk231 central Blackholes are 150,000,000 Solar Mass with a smaller companion Blackhole of 4,000,000 Solar Mass.
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- Stay tuned an announcement will be made shortly.
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-Other reviews available upon request:
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- #1321 Milky Way’s Gamma Ray Bubbles
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- #1703 - Star streamers created as galaxies pull off stars.
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- #1526 - Galaxy Center is a pin ball machine.
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- #855 - Calculating the mass of the Galaxy’s Blackhole.
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- #1348 - A Galactic Journey around the Milky Way
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- #1228 - How many stars are in the Universe?
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email comments, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Thursday, January 7, 2016 -----
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Sunday, January 3, 2016

Blackholes and Relativity?

- 1803 - Blackholes test Relativity - How close are we to seeing a Blackhole? Observations will soon be able to again test the Theory of Relativity. Will Relativity and Quantum Mechanics math survive the test?
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---------------------- 1803 - Blackholes test Relativity
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- In the General Theory of Relativity Einstein’s math describes what happens when a mass is present in the fabric of space-time. Mass is simply a concentration of energy according to :
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----------------------------------- E = m * c^2
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----------------------------------- E = m * 90,000,000,000,000,000
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- “c^2” is simply a Constant of Proportionality for the units used, ( speed of light squared, kilograms, meters / seconds). Energy is much, much greater because mass is very concentrated energy.
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- The General Theory of Relativity also replaces gravity as a force with gravity being the result of mass bending space-time. If enough mass is concentrated in a small enough space it creates a Blackhole.
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- Without mass space-time would essentially be a grid that defines the shortest path of travel. When any mass is present this grid gets warped. Space-time bends around the mass so that an object traveling nearby follows a rounded trajectory that takes it close to the mass. This is what feels like the pull of gravity.
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- It becomes impossible move in a straight line through curved space-time. This effect produces gravity that we experience as a force of attraction between 2 masses.
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-------------------------------- F = G * m1* m2 / r^2
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- Taking the math to an extreme the greatest mass folds space-time back onto itself. The gravity is so strong even light photons curve back on themselves and effectively nothing can escape from the Blackhole Horizon. Nothing can have an Escape Velocity greater than the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second.
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- A Blackhole’s intensive gravity can actually bend the gravitational field surrounding it to create a gravitational lens that magnifies the image located in the background. Still to “ see” the Blackhole itself we need a telescope the size of the Earth. Nine radio telescopes could form an array around the globe using Very Long Baseline Interferometers at 1.3 millimeters wavelength. These telescopes could achieve angular resolution of a few millionths of an arc second. With this telescope we could get images of a Blackhole and the active region surrounding it. Data collected could test the extreme predictions made in the Theory of Relativity.
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- Relativity predicts that the Universe began as a “ Singularity”, where all the contents of the Universe concentrated into a single point of infinite density. Essentially the Universe started as a massive Blackhole.
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- Today’s theories claim that every Blackhole can be completely described with just 3 properties, mass, spin and electric charge. Whirling electric charge at the Horizon creates massive magnetic fields. The poles of the spin allow powerful jets of charged particles to shoot away at nearly the speed of light. These are the Quasars.
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- This crushing gravity compresses inflowing material to ever smaller volumes. The friction of this orbiting material creates temperatures that reach billions of degrees. Ironically, the Blackhole the we can not see is surrounded by a ring that is the brightest spot in the Cosmos.
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- Super massive Blackholes at the center of most galaxies can weigh billions of Solar Mass. Yet, their size can be smaller than our Solar System. A 4 million Solar Mass at the center of our Milky Way subtends an angle that is only 50 microarcseconds. This would be the size of a DVD seen on the Moon. To actually see this a telescope would need 2,000 greater resolution than today’s Hubble Space Telescope.
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- There are only a few wavelengths of light that can escape a Blackhole’s Horizon and be seen from Earth. Gas and dust and the opaque material above the swirling Event Horizon block most of the light.
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- By observing other stars orbiting the Blackhole astronomers can determine the drag of space-time around the Blackhole. By measuring the rates of orbital precession for different orbit’s a complete 3-dimensional restructure of space-time can be mapped. The math involved is expected to match the math in the Theory of Relativity.
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- Relativity is math that relates space and time, matter and energy. Mass warps the fabric of space-time, Gravity moves mass along these curves thinking the path is a straight line, the shortest path, the least time path. Like you walking from the north pole to the equator in a latitude’s straight line on a curved Earth surface.
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- Relativity math also explains Blackholes and expanding space.
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- Relativity and gravity are essentially synonymous. Gravity deflects light beams just as Relativity does. This is how the immense gravity of galaxy clusters can magnify distant galaxies unseen behind the foreground galaxy cluster.
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- How can you explain the laws of gravity to be the same for all observers no matter how they are moving?
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- Gravitational Waves are also a theory coming out of Relativity that have yet to be discovered, but, these waves are under intense investigation.
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- Gravity, Relativity and Acceleration are essentially synonymous. A person falling freely feels no force because gravity and acceleration are the same thing. Inertial resistance and gravitational mass are equivalent.
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- Any event’s location could be specified by a set of space and time coordinates ( 4-dimensions). To put math in curved space-time non Euclidean geometry had to be used. Tensor math had to be used. Tensors are like vectors ( speed and direction) except tensors can explain more that 2 components at the same time.
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- If acceleration is equivalent to a gravitational field then every kind of acceleration should be the same as equations for gravity.
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------------------------- G * u * v = 8 * pi * G * u * v / c^4
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- Left side of the equation describes the geometry of space-time
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- Right side of the equation describes matter and energy density which is the source of the gravitational field.
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------------------ Structure of space - time = mass - energy density
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- The equation without some Constant of proportionality is unstable. It is balanced on the point of a pencil and will fall in one direction or the other with the slightest perturbation. The Universe has to be expanding or contracting with this equation it can not be static. The Cosmological Constant was added to the right side of the equation to set the Universe into constant expansion.
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- The Cosmological Constant is the value of the energy density in the vacuum of space. It is a repulsive force to gravity, an anti-gravity. If the energy density is a positive number then negative pressure will drive and accelerate expansion of empty space-time.
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- The Critical Density changes with time as the Universe expands and becomes more rarefied. The Cosmological Constant for the vacuum of space-time remains unchanged.
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- The big challenge of our time is to mathematically merge Quantum Mechanics and Relativity. We have been trying for 100 years. Here are some common principles between the two theories , but, the math has yet to link them.
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- The rules of Quantum Mechanics are mysterious because they are not derived from intuitive principles. The micro-world is weird.
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- Classic mechanics gives us understandable and intuitive concepts. Quantum Mechanics comes from weird experimental observation without understanding how they arrive. Somehow math works to describe the principles but we are missing the big picture.
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- Particles display both wave-like and particle-like behavior. Describing Quantum behavior with wave equations works perfectly
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- “Causality” is something that happens before and never after to affect the outcome of the experiment.
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- “Entanglement” involves 2 particles such that measurements made on one particle immediately affect the other particle regardless of distance of separation. Called the “pure state”.
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- Superposition allows a particle to exist in two states and in two places at the same time.
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- Every system in a “ mixed state” is part of a larger system in a “ pure state” of entanglement.
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- Classic physics observes an arrow of time. Quantum physics equations are all reversible . They work equally well backwards and forwards in time The Schrodinger Wave Equation describes the reversibility dynamics in the quantum world.
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- So, how is the direction of time imposed? I am getting older. Something is making this happen. Blame it on Thermodynamics.
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- Thermodynamics has the principle of “Entropy” whereby the state of disorder always increases. The Big Bang was perfect order and there has been growing disorder ever since.
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- An object with maximum Entropy is microscopically “random”. The Entropy is the logarithm of the number of ways an object can be configured microscopically. The log of the number of states of a Blackhole is proportional to the area of the Event Horizon and not the volume of the sphere of space-time inside
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- Entropy is information measured in bits. Bits are degrees of freedom for matter-energy Therefore information is the degree of freedom your energy is needed to gain more information. Learning is a continuous improvement process. I hope wading through this review did not add to your Entropy and mental disorder.
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- I have many other reviews on Relativity available upon request:
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-#1663 - Suppose it is impossible to measure absolute motion. If a one foot ruler shot past us at 163,000 meters per second we would see a 6 inch ruler go by that would be twice as heavy.
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- #1582 - Deriving Relativity using the Pythagorean Theorem
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- #874 - E = mc^2
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- #768 - #766 - #648 - #550 back to December , 2005.
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Sunday, January 3, 2016 -----
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Saturday, January 2, 2016

The Natural Constants, what would life be without them?

- 1802 - The Natural Constants. How our physical world depends on constants in nature that are unchangeable throughout the Universe. How can we measure or derive these constants mathematically?
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---------------------- 1802 - The Natural Constants
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- Run the clock backwards. Past when you were born, past with the Earth was born, past galaxies, back to when the Universe was interconnected at a single point. Reverse time and space again and that was the beginning of our Expanding Universe.
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- For the first 360,000 years the expansion of space and time only contained radiation and charged particles. When the expansion cooled to 3,000 Kelvin protons and electrons formed neutral atoms. Cold, dark matter began to form. The matter had mass that bent and curved the fabric of expanding space-time. Light (radiation) followed a straight line at a constant speed but through curved space-time which is the same as gravity.
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- Gravity caused space and time to vary depending on its position in this expanding fabric. Gravity slows down time and shrinks space. Gravity was dominate for the next 7 billion years.
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- Then the repulsion force causing the vacuum of space-time to expand took over as mass became diluted in its expansion. For the next 7 billion years the universe’s expansion began to accelerate. Today it is still accelerating and at an ever increasing rate.
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- Today the Universe is 93 billion lightyears across. The galaxies at the edge are disappearing because there is so much expanding space-time between us the galaxies are receding so fast the light radiation will never reach us. Radiation can only travel at a constant speed of 300,000 kilometers per second and no faster.
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--------------------------- c = 3*10^6 km/sec
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- This is one of the Natural Constants in the Universe. We believe that it is constant every where regardless of position or motion throughout the entire Universe.
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- The strength of gravity is another constant believed to be the same everywhere in the Universe.
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----------------------- G = 6.67259 * 10^-11 meters^3 / (kg * sec^2 )
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- That is a very small number. Gravity is by far the weakest force among the 4 forces, nuclear and electromagnetic.
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- Another Constant is Planck’s Constant of Action ( “h” ) representing the smallest energy change that can be observed, a quantum of energy. It is the amount of energy a single photon of electromagnetic radiation carries.
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- Electromagnetic radiation energy varies in direct proportion to frequency.
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------------------------- E = h * f
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- The higher the frequency the greater the energy from radio waves to Gamma Rays. “h” is the constant of proportionality to fit the units of measurement being used.
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------------------------ h = 6.625 * 10^-34 kilograms * meter^2 / seconds
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- We believe these constants of Nature are the same everywhere in the Universe. They are what they are. We have no fundamental laws or equations to derive them. We can only measure them. But, these constants show up in the equations we use to mathematically describe our physical world.
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- In order to measure these constants we need constant units of measurement. To measure the speed of light in meters per second we need a standard length of a meter and a standard duration of time for a second.
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- In 1905 science tried to define the meter as one millionth of a quarter of the Earth’s meridian. We defined the mass of a gram to be one cubic centimeter of pure water at zero degrees Centigrade. These are arbitrary standards and not very accurate depending on the measurement.
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-------------------------- Light speed = 299,792,458 meters per second
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-------------------------- Light speed = 670,633,500 miles per hour
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------------------------- Light speed = 186,282 miles per second
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- And , those speeds are always the same for every observer regardless of his relative motion.
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- Time is in the best shape for having a standard of measurement. The kilogram standard became a platinum bar in a vacuum vault in Paris , France. There was also a platinum rod that was exactly one meter long. Thousands of transfer standards were spread around the world so we could communicate with common weights and measures. The time standard used a cadmium light . A green light exactly 6438.4696 Angstroms in wavelength. (643.8 nanometers ). It was used to define 10^-10 meters, 10 nanometers, as one Angstrom.
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- Science has made enormous progress measuring time with accuracy. Using light pulses lasting just 250 attoseconds ( 10^-18 seconds ) from high speed lasers. Time measurements with Cesium beam clocks. They sell for abut $50,000 today and are accurate to a microsecond a month, 5 parts in 10^13.
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- National Institute of Standards and Technology , NIST, has clocks accurate to 5 parts in 10^16. Clocks using lasers on aluminum ions are accurate to 10^18 range. 10^18 precision is less than ½ second over the 14 billion year age of the Universe, which contains 4*10^17 seconds
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- But, there is a limiting factor to time accuracy. Time is distorted by gravity and motion. Gravity is the curvature of space-time. Moving this accuracy from place to place becomes a dilemma . Time slows as gravity gets stronger. Time slows as speed increases.
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- Is there a better way to deriving true standards for time, mass, length and even temperature? Can it be done using these Natural Constants? Max Planck came up with an interesting way using ratios. Planck mass :
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---------------------- (mass)^2 = h * c / G
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----------------------- h = 6.6*10^-34 kg *m^2 / sec
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----------------------- G = 6.7*10^-11 m^3 / (sec^2 * kg)
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----------------------- c = 3*10^8 m / sec
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---------------------- m^2 = (6.6 * 3 ) / (6.7) (10^-34) * (10^8) / (10^11) (kg * m^2 /sec) * (m/sec) * ((sec^2 * kg) / (m^3))
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--------------------- m^2 = 29.6*10^-16
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-------------------- m = 5.4 * 10^-8 kilograms
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- The Planck Mass is 0.000,000,054 kilograms, 10^-8 kg is small but a proton is 10^-27 kilograms, an electron 10^-31 kilograms.
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- We can use the same technique to derive Planck Length ( “r” ):
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--------------------------- r^2 = G * h / c^3
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---------------------------- r^2 = (6.7 *6.6 / 27) (10^-11)* (10^-34 / 10^24) (( m^3 /(sec^2*kg)) * ((kg*m^2)/sec) * (sec^3 / m^3)
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--------------------------- r^2 = 16.4*10^-70 m^2
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-------------------------- r = 4 * 10^-35 meters
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- 10^-35 meters is the shortest distance that can exist. A very small quantum brick. If you counted off one Planck Length per second it would take 1,000 times the age of the Universe to measure the diameter of an atom . ( See footnote 1)
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- Planck Time ( “t” ) :
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--------------------- t^2 = G * h / c^5
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--------------------- t^2 = (6.7 *6.6) / (243) ( 10^-11)* (10^-34) / (10^40) (( m^3 /sec^2 * kg) * (kg * m^2) / (sec) * (sec^5 / m^5)
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----------------------t^2 = 1.82*10^86 sec^2
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---------------------- t = 1.35*10^-43 seconds.
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- That is the smallest amount of time, a Planck Second. It is quantum time.
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- There is also a Planck Temperature that is really hot:
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---------------------- T^2 = h*c^5 /( G * K)
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---------------------- T = 3.5 *10^32 Kelvin
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- “K” is Boltzmann’s Constant which is a conversion from units of energy to units of temperature. This must have been how hot it was at the start of the Big Bang.
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- There is the Fine Structure Constant that links the speed of light to Planck’s Constant for electric charge governing the strength of electromagnetism.
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-------------------- Alpha = (137.035989561)^-1
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------------------- Alpha = 2 * pi * h / e^2
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------------------- “e” is the constant for electric charge
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------------------- e = 1.602*10^-19 ampere - seconds.
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---------------------ampere = 1.46*10^19 electrons per second.
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- The Cosmological Constant is the ratio of Dark Matter to Dark Energy. It is the energy density in the vacuum of space. It is the repulsive force opposing gravity.
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- There are more constants in Nature. Most are so delicate that if the changed ever so slightly like, even the Universe would not exist as we know it. Life to a computer scientist is the ability to process and store information. To a biologist it is the faculty to evolve by natural selection. To a chemist it is non-equilibrium energy flows. To a priest is a mystery we turn over to God.
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- (Footnote 1) Diameter of an atom 10^-15 meters
------------------ 3.16 *10^7 seconds / year * 14 * 10^9 years = 44 * 10^16 seconds
----------------- One Planck length per second = 10^-35 * 4.4*10^17 = 10^-18 meters
----------------- 10^-18 to 10^-15 needs another 1,000 times , 10^3.
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- Other Reviews available upon request:
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- #1772 - Fine Structure Constant. A new standard for mass could be energy from atomic Cesium, E = h*f / c^2. Mass of an electron is 9.10938188*10^-31 kilograms. How accurate is the kilogram?
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- # 1336 - Mystery of the Fine Structure Constant.
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- # 938 - Gravity has by far the weakest coupling constant which is its strength of interaction.
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- #1108 - Forces of Nature: Strong = 1, , Electromagnetic = 1/137 = Alpha? = 0.007 . Weak = 10^-6 , Gravity = 10^-39.
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- #406 - Absolute zero temperature. T^2 = G * h / 2*pi*c^5
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- #368 - Time comes to us in particles 10^-43 seconds each.
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- #6 - Big Bang’s first creations.
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email comments, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Saturday, January 2, 2016 -----
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Friday, January 1, 2016

Entanglement - Space-Time - Wormholes.

- 1801 - Entanglement - Space-Time - Wormholes. Tries to explain how quantum actions can occur faster than the speed of light, spooky action at a distance.
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---------------------- 1801 - Entanglement - Space-Time - Wormholes
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- Is the Universe a quantum computer that safely encodes space-time in an elaborate web of entanglement?
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- General Relativity equations describe how space-time works. Quantum Mechanics uses different equations to explain how atoms work. Maybe Entanglement can equate the two theories? The combined theory would be called “ Quantum Gravity”.
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- Research is using the “ Holographic Principle”., the idea that a boundary enclosing a volume of space can contain all the information that is inside the space. Boundary walls have 2-dimensions, space has 3- immersion. Space-time has 4-dimensions. Holographically space-time may fold back on itself and have a 3-dimensional boundary.
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- The hologram would be like the label on a can of soup. The label would observe the rules of Quantum Mechanics with no gravity. Gravity would be described in the space-time inside the cylinder.
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- Quantum Entanglement links entities that share not obvious relationship
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- “Superposition” allows an electron to be spinning up ( clockwise ) and down ( counter-clockwise) at the same time. Only when it is measured or observed does it choose a single state. If two electrons are entangled ( like they are in the lowest energy shell of every atom) then when one reverses up to down the other reverses down to up instantaneously, faster than the speed of light. The Pauli Exclusion Principle forbids them in sharing the same state in the atom. Otherwise atoms would not work to form all the elements in the Periodic Table.
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- This superposition state can exist between the two electrons regardless of their distance of separation, even if lightyears apart. Entanglement appears to be equivalent to chunks of space-time physically lying together.
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- Quantum Mechanics states that empty space is not truly empty. It is full of “ virtual Particles” that blink in and out of existence. These fleeting particles are all entangled. It is suggested that the origin of having space at all requires having this entanglement.
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- The Stephen Hawking Principle for Blackholes suggests that 2 entangled particles can get split up at the Event Horizon of the Blackhole. One flies off into space , the other descends to the center of the Blackhole. In this fashion a Blackhole can “ evaporate”. It eventually all disappears into space.
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- The theory is that the Event Horizon becomes a holographic boundary containing all the information that fell into space-time inside the Blackhole. One suggestion is that a “wormhoole” connects between the particles so that they remain entangled even after the Hawking Radiation. Particles are directly connected via a shortcut through space-time.
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- Is this the connection between wormholes and entanglement?
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- The idea of Quantum Computing hopes to use this entanglement principle whereby a single state could be a one or a zero at the same time. Instead of relying on one particle to store a quantum bit the data is spread among multiple entangle particles. Quantum Computing could also use entangle photons instead of entangled electrons.
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- The space-time fabric of the Cosmos has been expanding since the Big Bang for 14 billion years. How can there ever be and edge or a holographic boundary?
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- Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity still remain disconnected in math but not in Reality. We just don’t understand it all yet!
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- The beginning of the Universe must have started as a massive Blackhole. Gravity emerges as mass warps the fabric of space-time. One suggestion is that entanglement is the needle that stitches together the Cosmic space-time tapestry. Are entangled particles simply all connected by tiny wormholes? Stay tuned , an announcement will be made shortly.
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- Other Reviews available upon request:
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- #1231 - How entanglement crosses the Universe. Calculations are made for the size of the Universe.
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- #1229 - Is the universe entangles in property pair the defy reason?
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- #1039 - Entanglement in Quantum Mechanics. People in relative motion disagree about time and place.
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- #964 Thermodynamics and the fate of the Universe. The Big Bang was at minimum Entropy when it all started.
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----------------- RSVP, Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----------------
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email comments, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Friday, January 1, 2016 -----
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