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---------------------- 1805 - 2015 new discoveries in Astronomy and Physics
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- The Higgs Boson was a high-energy particle discovered to create “ mass” in other particles. Bosons are force carrier particles. This particle creates mass. Mass is inertia momentum whereby it takes a force to overcome inertia and to accelerated the mass. Mass at a constant velocity requires no force. To accelerate it does:
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------------------------ Force = mass * acceleration
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------------------------ F = m*a
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- Higgs Bosons are like waves of molasses that interact with matter to give it mass. The stronger the interaction the heavier the mass and the more force that is needed to accelerate it.
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- The Higgs Boson - was discovered at the CERN particle accelerator. In addition 2 more still heavier new particles may have been discovered. It is too soon to tell. These particles are 800 times the mass of a proton. In particle physics when they say “ heavier” they mean “higher energy”, E = mc^2. Mass and energy are two forms of the same thing.
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- We need more data. Now the signal has a 25% chance of being random , a false positive happening only by chance. But, particle physics require “ 5-sigma” probabilities, which is 1 in 3,500,000 that the signal is random. So, we need more data. ( See Review #1748 - The science of empty space.)
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- Gravitational Waves - are ripples , or waves, that emerge from the warping of space-time. Theory of Relativity math would predict their existence resulting from massive collisions, like merging Neutron Stars, giant supernovae, or the Big Bang itself. LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory , has been using sensitive detectors to detect these waves. It would be a new kind of telescope on the Universe if successful. (See Review #1776)
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- Dark Matter - Is thought to represent 80% of all the matter in the Universe. Dark Matter interacts with gravity, but, not with electromagnetic radiation. We can not see it, but, gravity tells us it is there. Theory is that this is another new particle like the Higgs yet to be discovered. Called WIMPS, Weakly Interactive Massive Particles. ( See Review #1636).
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- Dark Energy - Astronomers know the Universe is “ inflating”. The expansion outward is accelerating. They believe it to be cause by a mysterious force that counteracts gravity. However, it could be that our observations are incorrect due to the breakdown of General Relativity math at Cosmological scales (See Review #1800)
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- Other reviews on these subjects available upon request:
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- #1748 - Super symmetry requires heavier particles, higher energy, to pair up with the 12 fundamental particles that make up all ordinary matter. This would double the number of particles in the Standard Model.
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- #1577 - Quantum Mechanics does not stop with light, all things are quantized at the tiniest levels : mass, time, distance.
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- #1498 - The Higgs Field creates the property of inertia which is the defining quality of mass.
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- #1636 - What does Dark Matter look like? Math determining the mass of a galaxy cluster.
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- #1777 - 90% of the total mass of a typical galaxy in in the form of Dark Matter.
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- #1800 - Space divided by time is velocity. Velocity is limited to be less that the speed of light, never greater. Therefore in order for this to happen as velocity approaches the speed of light space shrinks and time slows so the ratio never exceeds 186,000 miles per second.
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