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---------------------- 1803 - Blackholes test Relativity
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- In the General Theory of Relativity Einstein’s math describes what happens when a mass is present in the fabric of space-time. Mass is simply a concentration of energy according to :
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----------------------------------- E = m * c^2
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----------------------------------- E = m * 90,000,000,000,000,000
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- “c^2” is simply a Constant of Proportionality for the units used, ( speed of light squared, kilograms, meters / seconds). Energy is much, much greater because mass is very concentrated energy.
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- The General Theory of Relativity also replaces gravity as a force with gravity being the result of mass bending space-time. If enough mass is concentrated in a small enough space it creates a Blackhole.
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- Without mass space-time would essentially be a grid that defines the shortest path of travel. When any mass is present this grid gets warped. Space-time bends around the mass so that an object traveling nearby follows a rounded trajectory that takes it close to the mass. This is what feels like the pull of gravity.
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- It becomes impossible move in a straight line through curved space-time. This effect produces gravity that we experience as a force of attraction between 2 masses.
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-------------------------------- F = G * m1* m2 / r^2
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- Taking the math to an extreme the greatest mass folds space-time back onto itself. The gravity is so strong even light photons curve back on themselves and effectively nothing can escape from the Blackhole Horizon. Nothing can have an Escape Velocity greater than the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second.
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- A Blackhole’s intensive gravity can actually bend the gravitational field surrounding it to create a gravitational lens that magnifies the image located in the background. Still to “ see” the Blackhole itself we need a telescope the size of the Earth. Nine radio telescopes could form an array around the globe using Very Long Baseline Interferometers at 1.3 millimeters wavelength. These telescopes could achieve angular resolution of a few millionths of an arc second. With this telescope we could get images of a Blackhole and the active region surrounding it. Data collected could test the extreme predictions made in the Theory of Relativity.
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- Relativity predicts that the Universe began as a “ Singularity”, where all the contents of the Universe concentrated into a single point of infinite density. Essentially the Universe started as a massive Blackhole.
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- Today’s theories claim that every Blackhole can be completely described with just 3 properties, mass, spin and electric charge. Whirling electric charge at the Horizon creates massive magnetic fields. The poles of the spin allow powerful jets of charged particles to shoot away at nearly the speed of light. These are the Quasars.
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- This crushing gravity compresses inflowing material to ever smaller volumes. The friction of this orbiting material creates temperatures that reach billions of degrees. Ironically, the Blackhole the we can not see is surrounded by a ring that is the brightest spot in the Cosmos.
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- Super massive Blackholes at the center of most galaxies can weigh billions of Solar Mass. Yet, their size can be smaller than our Solar System. A 4 million Solar Mass at the center of our Milky Way subtends an angle that is only 50 microarcseconds. This would be the size of a DVD seen on the Moon. To actually see this a telescope would need 2,000 greater resolution than today’s Hubble Space Telescope.
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- There are only a few wavelengths of light that can escape a Blackhole’s Horizon and be seen from Earth. Gas and dust and the opaque material above the swirling Event Horizon block most of the light.
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- By observing other stars orbiting the Blackhole astronomers can determine the drag of space-time around the Blackhole. By measuring the rates of orbital precession for different orbit’s a complete 3-dimensional restructure of space-time can be mapped. The math involved is expected to match the math in the Theory of Relativity.
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- Relativity is math that relates space and time, matter and energy. Mass warps the fabric of space-time, Gravity moves mass along these curves thinking the path is a straight line, the shortest path, the least time path. Like you walking from the north pole to the equator in a latitude’s straight line on a curved Earth surface.
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- Relativity math also explains Blackholes and expanding space.
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- Relativity and gravity are essentially synonymous. Gravity deflects light beams just as Relativity does. This is how the immense gravity of galaxy clusters can magnify distant galaxies unseen behind the foreground galaxy cluster.
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- How can you explain the laws of gravity to be the same for all observers no matter how they are moving?
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- Gravitational Waves are also a theory coming out of Relativity that have yet to be discovered, but, these waves are under intense investigation.
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- Gravity, Relativity and Acceleration are essentially synonymous. A person falling freely feels no force because gravity and acceleration are the same thing. Inertial resistance and gravitational mass are equivalent.
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- Any event’s location could be specified by a set of space and time coordinates ( 4-dimensions). To put math in curved space-time non Euclidean geometry had to be used. Tensor math had to be used. Tensors are like vectors ( speed and direction) except tensors can explain more that 2 components at the same time.
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- If acceleration is equivalent to a gravitational field then every kind of acceleration should be the same as equations for gravity.
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------------------------- G * u * v = 8 * pi * G * u * v / c^4
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- Left side of the equation describes the geometry of space-time
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- Right side of the equation describes matter and energy density which is the source of the gravitational field.
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------------------ Structure of space - time = mass - energy density
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- The equation without some Constant of proportionality is unstable. It is balanced on the point of a pencil and will fall in one direction or the other with the slightest perturbation. The Universe has to be expanding or contracting with this equation it can not be static. The Cosmological Constant was added to the right side of the equation to set the Universe into constant expansion.
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- The Cosmological Constant is the value of the energy density in the vacuum of space. It is a repulsive force to gravity, an anti-gravity. If the energy density is a positive number then negative pressure will drive and accelerate expansion of empty space-time.
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- The Critical Density changes with time as the Universe expands and becomes more rarefied. The Cosmological Constant for the vacuum of space-time remains unchanged.
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- The big challenge of our time is to mathematically merge Quantum Mechanics and Relativity. We have been trying for 100 years. Here are some common principles between the two theories , but, the math has yet to link them.
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- The rules of Quantum Mechanics are mysterious because they are not derived from intuitive principles. The micro-world is weird.
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- Classic mechanics gives us understandable and intuitive concepts. Quantum Mechanics comes from weird experimental observation without understanding how they arrive. Somehow math works to describe the principles but we are missing the big picture.
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- Particles display both wave-like and particle-like behavior. Describing Quantum behavior with wave equations works perfectly
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- “Causality” is something that happens before and never after to affect the outcome of the experiment.
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- “Entanglement” involves 2 particles such that measurements made on one particle immediately affect the other particle regardless of distance of separation. Called the “pure state”.
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- Superposition allows a particle to exist in two states and in two places at the same time.
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- Every system in a “ mixed state” is part of a larger system in a “ pure state” of entanglement.
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- Classic physics observes an arrow of time. Quantum physics equations are all reversible . They work equally well backwards and forwards in time The Schrodinger Wave Equation describes the reversibility dynamics in the quantum world.
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- So, how is the direction of time imposed? I am getting older. Something is making this happen. Blame it on Thermodynamics.
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- Thermodynamics has the principle of “Entropy” whereby the state of disorder always increases. The Big Bang was perfect order and there has been growing disorder ever since.
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- An object with maximum Entropy is microscopically “random”. The Entropy is the logarithm of the number of ways an object can be configured microscopically. The log of the number of states of a Blackhole is proportional to the area of the Event Horizon and not the volume of the sphere of space-time inside
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- Entropy is information measured in bits. Bits are degrees of freedom for matter-energy Therefore information is the degree of freedom your energy is needed to gain more information. Learning is a continuous improvement process. I hope wading through this review did not add to your Entropy and mental disorder.
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- I have many other reviews on Relativity available upon request:
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-#1663 - Suppose it is impossible to measure absolute motion. If a one foot ruler shot past us at 163,000 meters per second we would see a 6 inch ruler go by that would be twice as heavy.
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- #1582 - Deriving Relativity using the Pythagorean Theorem
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- #874 - E = mc^2
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- #768 - #766 - #648 - #550 back to December , 2005.
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