Innovations in 2017.

-  1948  -  Here are a few of the new innovations coming in 2017.  New batteries, antibiotics, cryptography, robot surgery, satellite detection of poverty, cool clothes. Check out  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----   for this review.
-
-

-
---------------------------  -  1948  -  Innovations in 2017.
-
-  What new things are coming in 2017?  These inventions will change the world.  Just the way transistors, world-wide web, and cell phones have changed the world.  Here are six of these innovations.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------  (1)  batteries
---------------------------  (2)  antibiotics
---------------------------  (3)  cryptography  ( See review #1949 )
---------------------------  (4)  robot surgery
---------------------------  (5)  satellites that detect and map poverty.
---------------------------  (6)  cool clothes
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
----------------------------  (1)  Batteries
-
-  Carbon breathing batteries.  Electro-chemical batteries could suck carbon out of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and produce electricity.  Carbon-sequestering technology used to generate electricity.  The battery anode is metallic aluminum.  The cathode is porous carbon.  Gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide (air) are injected into the battery cell.  The reaction produces electricity and aluminum oxalate.
-
-  The battery cell takes 1 kilogram of carbon dioxide and produces form 1  kilogram of aluminum electricity and the byproduct aluminum oxalate which is used in cleaning and bleaching solutions.  3.52 kilograms of CO2 are captured for every kilogram of aluminum used removing this greenhouse gas.  These new batteries could operate in automobile tail pipes.
-
---------------------------  (2)  Antibiotics
-
-  Over use of drugs are making them ineffective.  23,000 Americans die every year from infections that anti-biotics no longer cure.  On a world-wide basis that is 10,000,000 deaths a year.
-
-  Macrolides are the common drug used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia, strep throat, ear infections , skin infections, and herpes.
-
-  Chemists have found a way to break down macrolides into 8 building blocks.  They can then reconstruct them into different forms that bacteria are not immune from.  They have synthesized more than 300 new compounds.  They have been tested in treating 14 different pathogenic bacteria infections.
-
-  These discoveries have created a  new company, “ Macrolide Pharmaceutical” with 500 new compounds.  Of these a handful will become practical bacteria fighters.
-
---------------------------  (3)  Cryptography  ( See review #1949 )
-
---------------------------  (4)  Robot surgery
-
-  Remote controlled origami robots that are ingestible could perform surgeries from the “inside”.  Today operations are laparoscopically done through incisions mere centimeters in size.  Now, the next step will use remotely controlled robots to perform the surgeries without any incisions or external tethers. You just swallow the surgeon.
-
-  The robot is encased in a lozenge of ice.  The ice melts, the robot (origami) unfolds.  Using heat ( infrared) and magnetic fields the robot can be controlled like joints and  muscles.  The robot’s body is partially fabricated out of pig intestines ( sausage-casings).  It can be directed onto the wound and could patch it.  It can even pick up and remove foreign objects.  When your 2 year old swallows a safety pin.  This is also how kidney stones can be removed.
-
---------------------------  (5)  Satellites that detect and map poverty.
-
-  How to conduct an economic survey in poor and conflict prone countries?  One indicator is the dark areas in satellite images at night.  Areas lit up are usually better off.  The trick is to use “ machine learning” on the multitude of images, both daytime and night time.  The software can spot improvised areas simply by looking at the daytime images.
-
---------------------------  (6)  Cool clothes
-
-  Nanoporous fabric could cool people so they no longer need as much air conditioning.  Air conditioners cooling air generate greenhouse gas emissions contributing more than 100,000,000 metric tons of CO2 in the atmosphere in the US every year.
-
-  Clothing made of nanoporous poly-ethylene lets heat radiation escape, no sweat is required.  The fabric’s pores are 500 to 1,000 nanometers diameter.  This size, like a door on a microwave oven, lets infrared radiation escape while scattering visible light.  Except, this is an opaque fabric.  The fabric looks more like a sheet of plastic.  This plastic like fabric can be sandwiched between cotton mesh.  Micro holes in the fabric can simulate the human skin.
-
-  As long as the external temperature is lower than your body temperature it will cool you down.  These could be ideal uniforms and scrubs for workers in factories and hospitals.
------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  Note (1):  See Review #1949 to learn about innovations in cryptography.
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, March 12, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Puzzles that astronomers find challenging

--1947 -    Puzzles that astronomers find challenging.  There are some really, really big problems for astronomers.  The Universe is so mysterious.  2 learn: http://jdetrick.blogspot.com  # 1947 , or request an e-mail copy.
-
---------  #1947  -  Puzzles in Astronomy
-
-

-
-  Astronomers have a challenging job.  So many problems to solve.  And, these are BIG problems.  We know the Universe is BIG.  It has been expanding for 13.7 billion years.  That is how old the Universe is.  But, the visible Universe that we can see is constrained by the speed of light.  During the 13.7 billion years from the beginning the light we see has traveled nearly that many light years.  What we can see is in the past and over that time it takes the light to get to us the Universe has expanded even further.  Calculating the rate of expansion which is accelerating the visible Universe has moved beyond to a radius of 42 billion lightyears radius.
-
-  I know, it is hard to wrap your mind around this.
-
-  It is likely that there is an even greater Universe beyond this “ visible Universe”.  The “invisible” Universe is not visible yet because all the light has not had enough time to reach us yet.  This part of the Universe is 84 billion lightyears in diameter.  To explain the homogeneity and the geometric flatness of the Universe astronomers believe that soon after the Big Bang the Universe experienced Cosmic Inflation that expanded the Universe faster than the speed of light.  It was space expanding rather than the matter in the  Universe moving.  The light in this part of the Universe will never reach us.  It is too far away and accelerating too fast.  But, that still means there is much more of the Universe out there.
-
-  Now, to make the Universe even more challenging,  within the Universe that we can see there exists 95% of matter and energy that we can’t see.  It is called Dark Matter and Dark Energy.  This mass-energy effects gravity but it does not interact with electromagnetic energy.  It can not be detected with light or any other electromagnetic radiation.  We know it is there because of the gravity effects on matter that we “can” see.
-
-  Spinning galaxies could not remain intact if there were not unseen matter providing 10 times more gravity needed to hold things together.  10 times more mass than we can see and detect with any other means.
-
-  Light passing past a large Dark Matter mass is bent with gravitational lensing.  We can see these effects on images that are in the background of the Dark Matter mass.  Again calculations tell us that there is 10 times more matter causing this than we can detect, other than by gravity.
-
-  The Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.  There must be some form of Dark Energy in the vacuum of space that opposes gravity and causes the expansion to accelerate.  Astronomers can use E = mc^2 to calculate the amount of mass and energy in the Universe.  Their calculations are that 72.1% is Dark Energy and 23.3% is Dark Matter.  The remainder 4.6% is “everything” we can see and detect.  95% is “ Dark” and called dark because it is a puzzle that has yet to be solved.
-
-  Another puzzle is the Big Bang itself.  Supposedly, it really came out of “ nothing”.  If it was truly created out of nothing than there must have been equal amounts of matter and anti-matter that put back together would equal nothing.  There must have been equal amounts of positive and negative charges, protons and electrons.   There must have been an equal number of north and south magnetic poles to cancel out all magnetic energy.  It all must add up to “nothing“.  Was there nothing there before the Big Bang exploded with space and time expanding from the beginning?  Are there other Universes out there experiencing the same thing?
-
-  Somehow the Universe we know exists with matter outnumbering anti-matter.  For every billion anti-matter particles there would have to have been 1 billion plus one matter particle.  That is the only way we can explain how we got here.
-
-  We also must assume that all the laws of nature are the same everywhere in the Universe.  Not only the same but without the slightest change from what we experience or life could not exist, as we know it..  Not only must the laws of nature be friendly to life these laws must exist for billions of years, the time it takes for life to evolve.
-
-  We have evidence that the first galaxies formed less than 500 million years after the Big Bang.  Galaxies formed from small density fluctuations in the hot primordial  gas that formed out of the plasma as it expanded and cooled.  Slightly higher densities provided the gravity needed to make denser regions that eventually coalesced into stars and galaxies.  Dark Matter had to be present as part of the calculations that predict the Universe we see today.
-
-  After the puzzle as to how it all began there is the puzzle as to how it will all end.  The Universe is expanding at an ever faster rate.  The distances between galaxies is becoming greater and greater.  Eventually the distances will be so great their light will never have time to reach us.  We will only see the stars that are gravitationally connected to us.  And, those stars will be running out of fuel and will extinguish.  The rarefied vacuum of space will contain only Blackholes and dead stars.
-
-  Blackholes have an Event Horizon that separates the hole from the surrounding Universe.  Anything inside the Event Horizon disappears from the Universe for good.  Blackholes themselves are a dark universe.  In the end they will exist in a totally dark Universe expanding into infinity.
-
-  Enjoy life while you have it.  The far distant future does not look so bright.
-
-  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, March 12, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How do you measure the Moon in arc-seconds?

-  1946   -  Full Moon Daylight Savings.   How do you measure the Moon in arc-seconds?  How much do telescopes help to measure the diameter of stars?  The diameter of planets?  Get out your protractor and let’s find out, Sunday, March 12, 2017.
-
-

-
---------------------------  -  -  1946   -  Full Moon Daylight Savings
-
-  How big is the Moon?  Well, it is about as wide as your thumb held at arm’s length.  It is about ½ degree. A circle is 360 degrees of arc.  There are 60 arc-minutes in a degree, and , 60 arc-seconds in an arc-minute. Horizon to horizon is 180 degrees.  So you could set 360 Moons touching edge to edge in a giant arc across the night sky.
-
-  At 20 feet the little letters on an eye chart would appear 1/6th the width of the Moon.  Assuming you had 20/20 eyesight.  Those little letters displace an angle of 5 arc-seconds.  To read the letters you need an arc-minute of 60 arc-seconds of seeing resolution.  So, 20/20 vision is defined as having one arc-minute of seeing resolution.
-
-  A single arc-minute is 1/30th the width of the Moon.  The Moon is 2,160 miles across.  Your eye can resolve 72 miles at that distance.  You could not see a lunar city on the Moon’s surface if there was one.
-
-  Of course the 20/20 vision test is done in bright light.  You can resolve one arc-minute.  But, in the night sky, observing the Moon and the stars you can likely only resolve 3.5 arc- minutes.
-
-  An arc- second is 1-60th of an arc-minute.  It is the size of a dime seen 2.5 miles away.  Now, this is where a telescope comes in.  If its magnification is 60X, then an arc-second becomes an arc-minute.
-
--  For example:  Saturn’s rings are 0.5 arc-seconds across.  120X telescope power would make it one arc-minute across.  Venus is one arc-minute across, that is 60 arc-seconds.  Jupiter is 50 arc-seconds wide.  Mars is 24 arc-seconds in the year 2018.
-
-  Uranus is 4, Neptune is 2, and Pluto is 1 arc- second.  To see Pluto you need a 600 power telescope.  But, air turbulence at that magnification makes it impossible to see Pluto.
-
-  Betelgeuse star is 1/20th of an arc-second.  This happens to be the current limit of the Hubble Space Telescope.  Sirius and Alpha Centaurus are closer stars and 1/200th of an arc-second.  No telescope can resolve their diameter.  What we see is their star-light that shines brightly in the night sky.  Count all the stars one night.  If you get to 3,000 you have reached all that you can see at one time in the night sky with you naked eyes.
-
-  But, each night new stars and planets come into view as the night goes on , and the month’s transpire.  We see a new picture as the Earth circles around the Sun.  I know this is a lot of arcs, but, I just thought you should know this. It only takes about 3 minutes to read., unless you are working in arc-minutes then it takes about 60 scans and you have to turn the page.
-
------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  Note (1):  Request any of the Review Index to see what other topics you may be interested in.  Available upon request.
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Saturday, March 11, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Encryption is for everyone.

-  1945  - Encryption is for everyone.  Encryption is essential in this day and age.  A lot goes on over the internet that you are unaware of.  Credit-cards and bank accounts are protected.  But, they can be “ hacked”.  Government is very concerned because they too are vulnerable.  Their ox has been gored.
-
-

-
---------------------------  -  1945  - Encryption is for everyone.
-
-  With all this “hacking” going on there is bound to be some new interest in ‘encryption”.  I used to have a top-secret crypto clearance.  Codes I carried around in my head, because you could not write them down.  The danger was getting caught and tortured.  Today, a high school kid can steal information from his basement.  Time to buy stock in encryption products.
-
-  The democrats are spying on Trump.  The FBI, CIA, NSA, and the Russians are spying on Hillary.  Your TV, cell phone, and dishwasher are spying on you.  Don’t leave your bedroom undressed.
-
-  Encryption.  It covers many different things.  By imbedding photons in dollar bills can encrypt them from being counterfeited.  Each bill could have its own photon serial number.
-
-  The technique with photon encryption is called “Quantum-key distribution”.  It encodes data using very sensitive light photons.  This technique relies on physics.  Most of today’s encryption relies on mathematics.
-
-  How do you keep information safe that is going over the internet, or over cell phones?  Today almost any encrypted code can be cracked using a super computer.  Renewed interest in better encryption came about when Edward Snowden stole NSA files.  Then Wikileaks has numerous releases of stolen secret files in today’s news
-
-  Much research money is now directed into Quantum Encryption, using the properties of light photons.  Today internet encryption uses a secret key to encrypt the message and a different key to decipher it.  Both parties have to share keys.  Everyone shopping on the internet would like their credit-card numbers encrypted.  Right?
-
-  These  encryption “ keys” are derived from factors of very large numbers, prime numbers, integers divisible only by 1 and themselves.  Finding prime numbers in reverse is nearly impossible without a computer.
-
-  Today asymmetric keys are typically 1,024 bits long.  NSA has upgraded to 2,028 bit keys.
-
-  What’s next?  A “ quantum computer”.  Not just a 1 or zero  machine.  But, using “ qubits” where a single electron can be held in 2 spin states simultaneously.  Spin up or spin down.  With 1,000 qubits there are 2^1,000 possible quantum states.  That total number exceeds the number of particles in the Universe.
-
-  Quantum computers do not perform operations one step at a time like normal computers.  They perform all operations simultaneously.
-
-  Photon keys transmitted over glass fiber cables are nearly tamper proof.  Any disturbance scrambles the photons.  Keys at either end will reside in a device the size of a memory stick that plugs into the computer port.
-
-  The state of the economy is in the “ urgent” mode.  A hacker could feed bad data into a network and completely shut down a network or a power grid.  Today NSA is saving encrypted data that they can not read.  When they get a quantum computer in the future they can go back and read all these transmissions.  Those transmissions the spies thought were secure.
-
-  The game is a  never ending cat and mouse .  Today it is news headlines as break-ins are occurring in politics.  They have already been occurring for years in businesses.  But, that is their problem. No one else cares.  But, now Hillary and Trump are the victims.  Now hacking becomes dangerous, we need new encryption now.  Quantum computers now.  It is amazing what it takes to get a politicians’ attention that is not money.
-
------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  Note (1):  How does photo encryption work?  The sender sends a photon through a polarization filter ( one of four angles of light polarization).  Each angle is assigned a 1 or a zero.  The receiver can only resolve the bit value of each photon if it is passed through the same keyed filter.  The string of bit values becomes the quantum key for deciphering the message.
-
-  (2)  When you buy and sell over the internet today the buyer and seller exchange a secret code.  Both use the same code ( symmetric encryption)  The plain text is passed through the code at each end Intercepted communications can not be read if they don’t have the same key code.
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Friday, March 10, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Discover of the Higgs Boson

-1423   Discover of the Higgs Boson as the Field that creates mass in particles.  2 learn: http://jdetrick.blogspot.com 4 # 1423

---------  #1423  Discovery of the Higgs Boson?

-  Attachments :

-  The Higgs Field is special mathematics in the Standard Model of Particle Physics that gives the W and Z Bosons mass.  In fact, it is credited with giving everything mass, however, the math does not go that far.  The Higgs Particle, called the Higgs Boson, is the force carrier for this Higgs Field.  It is the last unproven piece of the Standard Model Theory.

-  This Standard Model uses Gauge Bosons which are the force carrier particles in Quantum Field Theory.

-  The photon is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.  The math for this comes from Quantum Electrodynamics, QED.

-  The Gluon is the force carrier for the Strong Nuclear Force.  The math for this comes from Quantum Chromo dynamics, QCD.

-  The W and Z Bosons are the force carriers for the Electroweak Nuclear Force.  The photon and Gluon are massless but the W and Z Bosons are very massive.  It is the Higgs Field that gives them mass as force carriers.

-  The Standard Model does not include the force of gravity.  It would like to.  And, science has tried very hard to find a force carrier for gravity.  They have named it the Graviton, but , it is yet to be discovered.  One problem in this theory is that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity states that gravity is not a force at all, but, a warping of space-time.  Mass bends space-time that distorts the space we live in causing us to fall to the center of a large mass.

-  QED for the Electromagnetic Force can be derived by requiring the equations describing the  motion of electric and magnetic charged particles  to remain unchanged in the course of local Symmetry operations.  If the phase of a Wave Function by which a charged particle is described is altered independently at every point in space, QED requires that the electromagnetic interactions and its mediating massless photon exist as force carriers in order to maintain the Symmetry.  Symmetry is a mathematicians way of deriving the Laws of Conservation of Energy, and Conservation of Momentum, and other conservation laws.

-  QCD for the Strong Nuclear Force is based on the exchange of massless Gluons between Quarks and anti-Quarks.  The Quantum number in QCD is known as “ color” which is analogous to electric and magnetic charges.  Each flavor of Quark , each type of Quark, comes in 3 colors, red, blue and green.  Color is simply a convenient way to label the properties and has nothing to do with the color of light.

-  Photons in  QED are electrically neutral.  However, Gluons in QCD carry color charges and can therefore interact with each other.  These particles that carry color are not allowed to exist as free particles.  Instead Quarks and Gluons are permanently confined in what is called Hadrons.  Hadrons are strongly interacting particles such as the proton  and the neutron.  The particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland, is called the Large Hadron Collider because it collides protons and anti-protons.

-  The interaction strength of Gluons decreases as the momentum transfer in an interaction increases.  This is what causes the Strong Nuclear Force to have such a limited range, about the diameter of an atom.

-  In high energy particle accelerators in which the Quark or Gluon collide and become a collimated jet of Pions aligned with the original Quark or Gluon direction.  It is these jets of particles that are observed experimentally since Quarks can not exist freely.  The jets are the direct evidence of their existence.

-  Higgs wrote 2 papers in 1964 each 2 pages long proposing the existence of the Higgs Field to cause particles to have mass.  Higgs suggested that excitation of the Field , like a wave in the ocean, would yield a new particle, the Higgs Boson.  Elementary particles gain mass by interaction  with the invisible, omnipresent , Higgs field.

-  The more a particle interacts the more mass it will have.  Science has been published that the Higgs Field gives mass to every thing in the Universe,  However, strictly speaking, it only gives mass to elementary particle such as electrons and Quarks.

-  The Large Hadron Collider is desperately trying to discover the Higgs Particle.  It is beautiful mathematical framework but until it is discovered it is only theory.  In fact one mathematical theory called Supersymmetry predicts at least 5 Higgs particles exist.

-  Experiments are looking for the Higgs Particle to have a mass between 115 and 130 billion electron-volts /c^2.  This is about the mass of the iodine atom.  The ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC in CERN have reported hints of the Higgs Boson existing at 125 billion electron volts/c^2.  The two teams have seen shower of particles that match the debris expected when the Higgs particle breaks down.  125 eV is 125 times the mass of a proton.

-  In this past year the LHC has collided 400 trillion pairs of protons and anti-protons, groups of electrons, muons, and neutrinos.  If the right combination of these particles are detected in the debris physics will conclude that the Higgs Boson was created.  That will complete the Standard Model and be a major discovery.  An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
  ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review:   #1- learned something new.    #2 - Didn’t read it.  #3-  very interesting.  #4-  Send another review #___ from the index.  #5-   Keep em coming.    #6-  I forwarded copies to some friends.    #7-  Don‘t send me these anymore!  #8-  I am forwarding you some questions?   Index is available with email and with requested reviews at       http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/           Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to:         jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
 or, use:   “Jim Detrick”       www.facebook.com,    or ,      www.twitter.com.
         707-536-3272,                                   Tuesday, March 7, 2017

Computers will save the US Economy.

--1943  Computers will save the US Economy.    Supercomputers in the hands of students and engineers will bring America a new industrial revolution. 2 learn: http://jdetrick.blogspot.com 4 # 1943.  President Trump has the right idea.

---------  #1943  -  Supercomputers in the hands of engineers?

-  Attachments :

-  The next Industrial Revolution in the United States will be when we put “super computers ‘ in the hands of college students and engineers.  New manufacturing will emerge with 3D printing, automation, and computer simulations designing the entire process and product line all the way to the consumer.

-  The U.S. National Debt is a squandering of opportunities.  The U.S. consumers doted on themselves rather that saving for the future.  Politicians were the worst offenders and manufacturers went along.

-  The idea that services and finance economies could support and sustain our great nation is a myth.  America has to produce value to be strong.  We have been outsourcing our strengths because we were happy with the easy life and forgot the sacrifice and investment we needed to get us there.  We need it again if we are going to have a future.  America has lost its “ values”.

-  Americas next revolution to restore our economy lies in using super computers to produce valuable products and processes, then,  have the production reside in America.  High technology employment will result making high paying jobs available for the knowledge worker.  Educated workers will be more important than ever.  Knowledge workers need to be designed into the system.  Workers continuously maintain and improve the process, not robots.

-  We are already using super computers to design airplanes ( Boeing ) , to model the dynamics of a Blackhole ( astronomy ), to forecast the weather, to simulate cancer radiation therapy ( See Review # 1416 that describes this software available free on the internet).

-  Simulation of designs on super computers save time and money shortening the “ time-to-market” for new products and innovations.  The entire manufacturing , logistics, and point of sale feed back can be designed in to the manufacturing simulation.  Knowledge workers will use statistics and quality control techniques to continuously improve the overall process.

-  Once the process is set the economies of scale will compete favorably with low cost labor around the world.  Productivity and  continuous process improvement is the goal.  Investing and getting a return of more and better output for less costly input.  The process improvements demand a steady stream of innovation from the knowledge workers.

-  Super computers in the hands of students and engineers will create manufacturing start-ups.  In the hands of small business men and small manufacturers supercomputers will make them competitive with the big guys.  A new economy will be born.

-  Government has a role to play in supporting research and development but it needs to stop there and let the free market run with the manufacturing and business enterprise.  Government role should continue in communication of best practices, education, and facilitation to help the free market thrive.  But, stay out of trying to manipulate the market and social engineering to control business operations.  World class manufacturing and a booming economy should be the goal using America’s land of opportunity spirit and energy.

-  Government as well as business should work with Universities to fund the best research and to train the best students for employment.  For government to facilitate the growth of business it needs to remove burdensome regulations, mandates that attempt to manipulate the outcomes, time delays, and administrative burdens that inhibit fast moving enterprise.

-  Universities especially have the challenge to graduate an educated work force that is ready for the new industrial revolution of super computers.

-  Leadership must exist in both universities, businesses, and government to communicate and educate the vision, define the strategies and build the enthusiasm for success.  Super computers are the tools.  Leadership is the direction.  The ship cannot sail into new territories until it leaves the sight of land.  Captains must steer the ship.
-
-(1)  Originally #1420.
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Monday, March 6, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What is the earliest life on Earth?

-  1942  -  What is the earliest life on Earth?  When did it first arrive?  What was the environment that allowed life to evolve?  Could the same environment allow life to evolve on other planets and moons?  Enceladus and Europa for example?
-
-

-
---------------------------  -  1942  -  What is the earliest life on Earth
-
-  Discovered in northern Quebec was evidence of the earliest life forms that inhabited the newborn planet 4.28 billion years ago.  These tiny hematite tubes are a fraction of the size of an eyelash.  Hematite is a very common mineral, iron oxide, Fe2O.
-
-  These tubes are similar to life forms found around undersea , hydrothermal vents.  Microbial mats found in Greenland were the previous earliest traces of life dated at 3.7 billion years ago.
-
-  Warm, waters, mineral-rich environments have been found on the seafloors of icy moons around other planets in our Solar System.  The powering of hydrothermal vents can be caused by “ serpentinization”.  Where water circulates through porous , silicate-rich rock generating megavolts of power.  Besides heat these reactions produce hydrogen and methane gas,.  Other organic compounds produced as well could sustain the life of microbes.  The is the same process that could have been the birthplace of living organisms on Earth.
-
-  Heat from radioisotopes, serpentinization, and tidal forces on Enceladus and Europa could just create this same environment.  Subsurface oceans could exist on Jupiter’s moons, Ganymede and Callisto, or, Saturn’s moons Titan and Mimas.   Even Pluto could create an environment for primitive life.
-
-  Pluto has a flat basin that is 560 by 800 miles area.  It is filled with nitrogen ice that is 1.8 to 6 miles thick.  Beneath that ice could reside a liquid ocean.  Ammonia compounds in the water could act as antifreeze, maintaining the liquid will below water’s freezing point.  Could this cold, salty , viscous ocean even produce life?
-
-  The Earth is 4.5 billion years old.  So at 5% of this age the Earth geology began to cool enough for biology to establish itself.  In 2008 rocks collected along the eastern shore of Hudson Bay were created from ancient vents that once spilled lava onto the seafloor.  These tiny fossils were tucked among the crystals imbedded in these rocks.
-
-   Were the structures the result of a metabolism process or the imprint of a biological process.  These structures are similar to micro fossils 480 million years old present in ancient vents in present-day Norway.  And, in 186 million year old vents in the mid-west, USA.
-
-  There is still much uncertainty about he age of these fossils and if they are truly biological. Much study remains.  But, if they prove positive for life’s early evolution these would make the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn among the best places to search for life beyond Earth.  Europa and Enceladus have direct evidence  containing these same hydrothermal vents.
-
-  The Universe may have many different trees of life.
-
-  The Cassini spacecraft visit to Saturn’s moon Enceladus has shown there exists the same environment for life.  Enceladus appears to have a sub-surface ocean beneath its frigid crust.  The ocean may be over 6 miles deep.  The ice layer is 21 miles thick.
-
-  Enceladus is the 6th largest moon of Saturn.
-
-  It is 311 miles in diameter, the Moon is 2,159 miles in diameter.
-
-  Enceladus has an icy, reflective surface. In 2005 Cassini discovered frozen water vapor erupting as plumes into the atmosphere, called cyrovolcanoes.
-
-  These plumes were discovered to contain simple organic compounds.  These are the elements necessary for life.  The moon has internal heating created by either tidal friction or by radioactivity.  Enceladus can not rely on solar energy but by creating its own heat through tidal or radioactivity could create a habitat for life.
-
-  Jupiter’s moon Europa is another great candidate to cradle life.  Europa icy surface with red-staining indicates briny waters below.  Salt water mixed with sulfur.  Tidal forces or gravitational flexing create the chaotic landscape on the surface.  Europe orbits Jupiter every 85 hours.
-
-  This underground ocean would have twice a much water as Earth’s oceans.  The water ocean is just 1 to 15 miles below the icy shell.  The tidal friction is real on the Earth as well.  The oceans will slow down Earth’s rotation making the day 2 milliseconds longer in the next 100 years.  This loss in lunar tidal energy will push the moon’s orbit out by 4 meters.  The same thing is happening to Enceladus  and Europa oceans.
-
-  Even Saturn’s moon Dione is 634 miles diameter, twice as large as Enceladus , has a crust 62 miles thick and a  global ocean 20 to 60 miles deep.  These is much more to learn about the oceans composition and life hosting qualities .  What has God wrought?
------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  Note :  Request any of the Reviews by number to learn more.
-
-  (1)  Enceladus reviews #1786  ,  #957,  #1362,  #1166 .
-
-  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-  to:   -------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 -----   707-536-3272    ----------------   Sunday, March 5, 2017  -----
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------