--------- #1423 Discovery of the Higgs Boson?
- Attachments :
- The Higgs Field is special mathematics in the Standard Model of Particle Physics that gives the W and Z Bosons mass. In fact, it is credited with giving everything mass, however, the math does not go that far. The Higgs Particle, called the Higgs Boson, is the force carrier for this Higgs Field. It is the last unproven piece of the Standard Model Theory.
- This Standard Model uses Gauge Bosons which are the force carrier particles in Quantum Field Theory.
- The photon is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. The math for this comes from Quantum Electrodynamics, QED.
- The Gluon is the force carrier for the Strong Nuclear Force. The math for this comes from Quantum Chromo dynamics, QCD.
- The W and Z Bosons are the force carriers for the Electroweak Nuclear Force. The photon and Gluon are massless but the W and Z Bosons are very massive. It is the Higgs Field that gives them mass as force carriers.
- The Standard Model does not include the force of gravity. It would like to. And, science has tried very hard to find a force carrier for gravity. They have named it the Graviton, but , it is yet to be discovered. One problem in this theory is that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity states that gravity is not a force at all, but, a warping of space-time. Mass bends space-time that distorts the space we live in causing us to fall to the center of a large mass.
- QED for the Electromagnetic Force can be derived by requiring the equations describing the motion of electric and magnetic charged particles to remain unchanged in the course of local Symmetry operations. If the phase of a Wave Function by which a charged particle is described is altered independently at every point in space, QED requires that the electromagnetic interactions and its mediating massless photon exist as force carriers in order to maintain the Symmetry. Symmetry is a mathematicians way of deriving the Laws of Conservation of Energy, and Conservation of Momentum, and other conservation laws.
- QCD for the Strong Nuclear Force is based on the exchange of massless Gluons between Quarks and anti-Quarks. The Quantum number in QCD is known as “ color” which is analogous to electric and magnetic charges. Each flavor of Quark , each type of Quark, comes in 3 colors, red, blue and green. Color is simply a convenient way to label the properties and has nothing to do with the color of light.
- Photons in QED are electrically neutral. However, Gluons in QCD carry color charges and can therefore interact with each other. These particles that carry color are not allowed to exist as free particles. Instead Quarks and Gluons are permanently confined in what is called Hadrons. Hadrons are strongly interacting particles such as the proton and the neutron. The particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland, is called the Large Hadron Collider because it collides protons and anti-protons.
- The interaction strength of Gluons decreases as the momentum transfer in an interaction increases. This is what causes the Strong Nuclear Force to have such a limited range, about the diameter of an atom.
- In high energy particle accelerators in which the Quark or Gluon collide and become a collimated jet of Pions aligned with the original Quark or Gluon direction. It is these jets of particles that are observed experimentally since Quarks can not exist freely. The jets are the direct evidence of their existence.
- Higgs wrote 2 papers in 1964 each 2 pages long proposing the existence of the Higgs Field to cause particles to have mass. Higgs suggested that excitation of the Field , like a wave in the ocean, would yield a new particle, the Higgs Boson. Elementary particles gain mass by interaction with the invisible, omnipresent , Higgs field.
- The more a particle interacts the more mass it will have. Science has been published that the Higgs Field gives mass to every thing in the Universe, However, strictly speaking, it only gives mass to elementary particle such as electrons and Quarks.
- The Large Hadron Collider is desperately trying to discover the Higgs Particle. It is beautiful mathematical framework but until it is discovered it is only theory. In fact one mathematical theory called Supersymmetry predicts at least 5 Higgs particles exist.
- Experiments are looking for the Higgs Particle to have a mass between 115 and 130 billion electron-volts /c^2. This is about the mass of the iodine atom. The ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC in CERN have reported hints of the Higgs Boson existing at 125 billion electron volts/c^2. The two teams have seen shower of particles that match the debris expected when the Higgs particle breaks down. 125 eV is 125 times the mass of a proton.
- In this past year the LHC has collided 400 trillion pairs of protons and anti-protons, groups of electrons, muons, and neutrinos. If the right combination of these particles are detected in the debris physics will conclude that the Higgs Boson was created. That will complete the Standard Model and be a major discovery. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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