- Since the Big Bang the Universe has gone from 10^-35 meters radius to 10^26 meters radius in 13.7 billion years. That is the scale of the “ visible Universe”.
-
------------------ 1.37*10^10 * 9.46 *10^15 = 1.3 * 10^26 meters = 80.75*10^21 miles
-
-------------------- 80,750,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles is the visible Universe looking in one direction. It is the same distance looking in the opposite direction. And, both directions are the same so the Universe must have had an era of expansion faster than the speed of light. Cosmic Inflation.
-
------------------ It took 1.37*10^10 years to get to the edge of the Observable Universe , = 12*10^13 hours
-
------------------ Speed is this ratio = 670,000,000 miles per hour , which just happens to be the speed of light.
-
- Actually the visible Universe is accelerating. Meaning the expansion of space is faster than the speed of light, so less of it is visible as time goes on. In the far distant future all the galaxies except those held by gravity in our Local Group will have expanded outside our visible Universe and we will be alone.
-
--------------- 10^26 meters is the visible Universe
--------------- 10^21 meters is the scale of galaxies
--------------- 10^7 meters is the scale of Earth
--------------- 10^0 meters is the scale of us enfant humans
--------------- 10^-10 meters is the scale of atoms
--------------- 10^-15 meters is the scale of the nucleus of atoms
-------------- 10^-19meters is the scale of quarks inside the nucleus
-------------- 10^-19 meters is the smallest distances that science can reach using the CERN particle accelerator with trillions of electron volts.
-------------- 10^-35 meters is the smallest length that theoretically exists. It is the Planck Length. It is the distance light can travel in 10^-43 seconds the smallest increment of time, the Planck Second.
-
- This scale encompasses the entire scale of the Universe from the biggest to the smallest and we are right in the middle at a couple of meters
-
- 10^-19 is the scale of the smallest particles, the quarks, in the nucleus of atoms. But what is in between the atomic particles? Well, it is the same thing as in between the galaxies. It is space, nothing, a vacuum, empty spacetime.
-
- In 1666 Newton said space was emptiness in which gravity flowed. Time was an arrow run by a Universal clock, unchanging and constant.
-
- In 1905 a 26 year old Einstein presented his theory of Special Relativity. He said that space and time had no distinction between them. And they were changing in order to keep the speed of light constant. We live in a 4-dimensional Universe of spacetime. That is curved by gravity where distances shrink and time slows down.
-
- To keep light speed constant space must shrink and time must slow down. Speed is distance / time and it must remain constant, never to exceed 670,633,500 miles per hour.
-
- This also meant that two observers would see simultaneous events differently.
-
- In 1915 when he was 36 years old Einstein proposed the General Theory of Gravity that meant spacetime curved in the presence of mass-energy. And mass-energy were the same thing separated by the speed of light squared.
-
------------------ E = m*c^2
-
----------------- Energy = mass * 90,000,000,000,000,000
-
- His theory replaced Newton’s theory of gravity forces with a curved structure of spacetime as the cause of gravity. Gravity is universal and spacetime is part of the physical structure of the Universe.
-
- How can astronomers prove that spacetime is curved? It is simple geometry:
-
- If a space is flat, it is 2-dimensional, an equilateral triangle will have 3 angles of 60 degrees that add up to 180 degrees, exactly, always.
-
- If the space is a sphere, a 3-dimensional space, a triangle on its surface will have angles that add up to more than 180 degrees. Space is therefore curved.
-
- For a 4-dimensional curved spacetime light rays in a triangle will add up to having angles greater than 180 degrees. A gravitational lens, a large mass between observation and the light source, will create images of different light rays coming from different directions arriving at different times. Astronomers have observed these images of a Quasar 8 billion lightyears away passing a galaxy cluster of immense mass creating multiple images , which is direct evidence of curved spacetime.
-
- The General Theory of Relativity and spacetime theories work perfectly well in the Universe scaled from 10^0 to 10^26 meters, maybe even as small as 10^-2 meters, a few centimeters. But, at the smallest scales these equations no longer work, gravity is no longer relevant.
-
- At the atomic scales of 10^10 meters gravity is irrelevant and overwhelmed by the electromagnetic and nuclear forces. The math moves from Relativity to Quantum Mechanics. Electrons in orbit about the nucleus no longer behave according to classical mathematics used in the macro scale. Electron’s place and velocity become a “cloud” of probabilities. Neither location nor velocity can be known with certainty. The more accurately one is determined the less accurately the other can be known. This is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
-
- Science has done 50 years of hand waving trying to explain why gravity is so much weaker than the other forces and why quantum math does not work for gravity. Why the curvature of spacetime is not the same being subjected to quantum fluctuations. The same spacetime must exist between particles as between galaxies.
-
- When you can not demonstrate something with experiment any theory will work: spacetime can be ripped, wormholes can exist, time can flow backwards, spacetime can be in the form of bubbles or foam, there could be atoms of spacetime. Maybe at the smallest dimensions cause does not precede effect? A time after and a time before may not exist? Time could travel backwards?
-
- All of these theories have difficulty with the math. Small distances and high energies produce infinities in the equations that make them useless. Quantum Gravity is a theory trying to get around this. So is String Theory. Whatever theory they come up with for the microscopic scale, the Planck Scale, it must be modeled, or translated to the macro scale in order to be demonstrated to be true.
-
- Causal Dynamic Triangulation at the Planck Scale is one of these theories being run as a computer simulation. 2-dimensional triangles are glued together with the math of curved spacetime and allowed to interact over time with quantum fluctuations. Collectively the triangles evolve into a universe that is analogous to the one we have.
-
-The initial conditions of the simulations does not allow wormholes to exist. The 4-dimensionas model evolves from the smallest 2-dimensional fractals. Fractals can exist with fractional dimensions. Light and particles become fractals of spacetime. This is “Quantum Gravity” existing in a computer simulation. Does it represent reality? An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
- Lecture by Renate Loll, professor theoretical physics, Netherlands. PhD in 1989 at the age of 27. Lecture given at Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Friday, January 11, 2013
No comments:
Post a Comment