-
-
----- 1930 ----- In 1930 Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto hailed as the 9th planet in the solar system. It was 1992 before the other Kuiper belt objects joined Pluto and demoted this planet to a dwarf planet. Our Solar System was back to 8 planets.
-
- Clyde Tombaugh was an American astronomer who lived from 1906 to 1997. He built his own 9 inch telescope using it on his father's farm. In 1929 he got a job as an assistant at Lowell Observatory. He set about to discover the planet “X”, later to become the planet Neptune. He compared photographic plates of stars to find anyone that moved. In 1930 he discovered the planet Pluto. After this discovery he won a scholarship to the University of Kansas and got his first degree in 1936, later his Masters degree in 1939.
-
----- 1931 ----- In 1931 Carl Jansky launched the field of radio astronomy detecting emissions from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
-
- Carl Jansky lived from 1905 to 1950. He was born in Norman, Oklahoma. He went to University of Wisconsin in 1928 and worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories tackling the problem of atmospheric “static”. He detected the source of a weak signal coming from the center of our galaxy in the Constellation of Sagittarius. He assured in the era of radio astronomy.
-
------ 1933 ----- In 1933 Fritz Zwicky discovered that galaxies contain only 10% of the amount of visible mass needed to hold them together. Later conclusions show that 27% of the mass-energy content in the Universe is Dark Matter.
-
- Fritz Zwicky lived from 1898 to 1974. He was born in Varna, Bulgaria. He was educated in Switzerland in 1922 and he came to California Institute of Technology in 1925. Fritz worked at Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories studying supernovae. He concluded that the rotation of our stars in distant galaxies was too fast for the visible mass to hold the galaxies together. Much later this became recognized as Dark Matter mass representing five times visible mass in galaxies.
-
------ 1938 ----- In 1938 Hans Bethe did the math that proved the stars, and our Sun, convert hydrogen into helium in a fusion process that produces their light. Before then it was a mystery how stars could shine for billions of years.
-
- Hans Bethe was a German physicist who lived from 1906 two 2005. He was the son of a university professor. He got his PhD in Munich and worked for the Ernest Rutherford. He taught in England until 1935 then came to Cornell University in the United States. He helped in the development of the atomic bomb. In 1938 he devised the physics that powers the sun and the stars. When hydrogen fused into helium 1% of the mass is converted directly into energy. The Sun loses 4,200,000 tons of mass every second. In 1967 he received the Nobel Prize in physics.
-
------ 1957 ----- In 1957 astronomers were able to show how the elements evolved from nucleosynthesis during the Big Bang and later during the explosion of supernovae
-
------ 1967 ----- In 1967 pulsars were discovered and deduced to be rapidly rotating neutron stars, the remnants of massive stars that exploded as supernova.
-
------ 1960 ----- In 1960 calculations showed that stars not only fuse hydrogen and helium larger stars fuse helium into carbon, oxygen, and the heavier elements.
-
------ 1963 ----- In 1963 Martin Schmidt discovered quasars causing stellar radio sources identified in the spectrum of elements but shifted due to the cosmic expansion. Quasars are now recognized as super massive black holes at the center of distant galaxies.
-
- Martine Schmidt was born 1929 in the Netherlands. He attended the University of Leiden in 1956. He came to California Institute of Technology and worked at Mount Wilson and Mount Palomar Observatories. The used radio astronomy to discover quasars, quasi-– stellar objects, that were very distant and very luminous. These were later to be determined to be massive black holes at the center of distant galaxies.
-
------ 1965 ----- In 1965 the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation was discovered. It was radiation at 2.725 Kelvin emanating from the entire sky, the fading echo of the Big Bang.
-
------ 1970 ----- In 1970 the first Blackhole is discovered in Cygnus X1. It had 10 solar mass and emitted no light. X-ray binaries were discovered in which a visible star was orbiting and is invisible star a Blackhole.
-
------ 1970 ----- In 1970 Rover spacecraft studied rocks on Mars and concluded that water once existed on Mars
-
------ 1981 ----- in 1981 Alan Guth proposed the Cosmic Inflation, exponential growth shortly after the Big Bang, to explain the uniformity of universe in its nearly flat geometry.
-
------ 1980 ----- In 1980 astronomers define the structured universe composed of clusters of galaxies strung together along filaments separated by huge voids.
-
------ 1991 ----- In 1991 the first planets were discovered outside our solar system. The three planets were orbiting a pulsar.
-
------ 1995 ----- In 1995 the first planet was discovered around another sun like star, 51 Pegasi. Today astronomers have discovered over 3000 exoplanet candidates.
-
------ 1997 ----- In 1997 astronomers measured Gamma Ray Burst that radiate more energy in a few seconds then our Sun will radiate over a 10 billion years.
-
------ 1998 ----- In 1998 Dark Energy was discovered as repulsive force accelerating the expansion of the universe. Dark Energy represents 60% of the total mass energy in the universe.
-
- See Review #1614 about key problems to be solved in astronomy. Mysteries remain an announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, with comments, suggestions and corrections. An index of all reviews is available. Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com
,or: email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net
or: ---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ ,or, “Jim Detrick” ------- www.facebook.com,
------ www.twitter.com or cell: 707-536-3272 ------ Sunday, December 8, 2013
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No comments:
Post a Comment