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- I dedicate this review to my relatives in Chicago and Indiana who are experiencing the coldest winter since global warming was first announced. They are experiencing hyphens in front their temperatures. Below 0 Centigrade. But that is still +273 Kelvin. It cannot get any colder than -273C. Why? Because that is so cold it is Absolute Zero.
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-. What is “cold“?
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-. When water freezes its weight does not change although it gets bigger. Water expands when it freezes. A condition that causes it to float. The conclusion is that there are the same number of particles in the water, but, they must be spreading apart.
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-. When science started measuring cold they needed the thermometer. When science invented temperature they invented “degrees“. Boiling water became 100 degrees. Freezing water became zero degrees. Dividing this scale into 100 increments defined degrees Centigrade.
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-. When cooling and heating gases science learned that pressure increased with temperature. Vice versa, pressure decreased as gases cooled. This pressure – temperature relationship was graphed as a straight line, a linear relationship. At that time the idea evolved, what happened if he extended the straight line to zero pressure and zero temperature? This intersection occurred at approximately -273 degrees centigrade on the graph.
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- In the 18th century ice was a primary source of producing cold. When I was young boy in Indiana ,1940s ,I would go with my dad to the icehouse to get a block of ice to set in the back of our kitchen refrigerator.
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-. Refrigeration started in 1824 when the idea of “energy” first surfaced. That heat could be transformed into mechanical energy, that is steam engines. That evaporating gas like ammonia could be recycled with pressure in a compressor returning it back to the liquid to become the refrigeration cycle. Energy could be used to create “cold“.
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-. Soon the goal became how cold could we get. Science new that “heat” was particles (atoms) in motion. The lower the heat the slower the atom’s motion. Could we make cold low enough to stop the atoms altogether? Could atoms be frozen?
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-. At very low temperatures particles become waves. Colder waves are longer wavelengths, radio waves. At the hottest temperatures the waves are gamma rays, the shortest wavelengths.
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-. At Absolute Zero all the waves overlap and become a single wave. This is called Boise-Einstein Condensation.
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-. The coldest laboratory temperature is 0.45 *10^-9 Kelvin. That close to Absolute Zero Kelvin. Lasers are tuned to the wavelengths of the cold particles to continuously cool the atoms to continuously slow them down. In June, 1995, the Boise-Einstein Condensation was first created in the lab.
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- Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of the motion of vibrating particles. Heat, or thermal energy, also depends on the density of the particles. Hot water burns more than hot-air at the same temperatures because more particles with the same kinetic energy are hitting your skin. The temperature in Earth orbit could be 2,000 degrees hot, but, astronauts will get cold because of the extremely low density of space.
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--------------------------------- Absolute Zero can not be reached ------- 0 Kelvin ---
--------------------------------- The lowest temperature reached ------- 0.45*10^-9 --
--------------------------------- Cosmic Background Radiation -------- 2.725 ---------
--------------------------------- Liquid Hydrogen ------------------------ 21 -----------
--------------------------------- Liquid Helium --------------------------- 4.2 ----------
--------------------------------- Water freezes -------------------------- 273.15 --------
--------------------------------- Body temperature -------------------- 310 -----------
--------------------------------- Boiling water ------------------------- 373 -----------
--------------------------------- Surface of the Sun ------------------ 6,000 -----------
--------------------------------- Interior of the Sun --------- 10,000,000 -----------
--------------------------------- Hydrogen fusion ------------- 10,000,000 -----------
--------------------------------- Helium fusion --------------- 100,000,000 -----------
--------------------------------- 3 minutes After Big Bang -- 500,000,000 ----------
--------------------------------- 10^-12 seconds ABB ---- 10,000,000,000,000,000 ---
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-. Thermodynamics is a study of systems of which temperatures are a necessary coordinate. The 3rd law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to bring a system down to Absolute Zero temperature.
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-. The 2nd law of thermodynamics is that entropy never decreases. Entropy always increases towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is maximum randomness, maximum disorder.
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-. The 1st law of thermodynamics is basically the law of the Conservation of Energy. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed from one form to another form.
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-. We can not achieve Absolute Zero because economic energy of the ground state of atoms cannot be totally removed.
-------------------- - 273.15 C
-------------------- -459.67 F
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. - The rapid expansion of gases leaving the Boomerang Nebulae causes of lowest observable temperature outside of the laboratory. ( See the Review on the Boomerang Nebulae). This gas has been releasing at 300,000 miles per hour for the last 1,500 years. It has cooled to 1 Kelvin.
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- Absolute Zero is the lowest temperature possible. Entropy is at a maximium. Temperature is a measure of how fast atoms are moving, or vibrating, or oscillating. Entropy is a measure of disorder or the randomness of their motion. Minimum entropy must be maximum order. Maximum entropy is the thermodynamic equilibrium, there is no net flow of energy, it experiences no change. This is called Absolute Zero and it's a state of minimum possible energy. Nature won’t let you get there.
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Other Reviews #1345, 727, 1254, 1355, 406
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Wednesday, January 29, 2014 ---
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