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--------------------- - 1630 - Is there water on Mars?
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- August 6, 2012, Curiosity Land Rover landed on Mars after a 352,0000,000 mile journey. The Land Rover has an expected roving capacity of 12 miles over its lifetime. During Curiosity’s first year it took 36,700 full images and shot laser targets to detect elements 75,000 times.
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- Using spectrometers and x-ray diffractors measurements uncovered sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and carbon suggesting that a water wet, life friendly environment did exist there at one time. The rocks were made from sediments similar to those on Earth’s surface. The rocks contain clay and sulfate minerals.
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- Clay minerals occur when standing water reacts with igneous rocks such as olivine.
- Sulfates are sulfur plus oxygen.
- Sulfides are sulfur minus 2 electrons.
- Phosphates are phosphorus plus oxygen.
- Carbohydrates are carbon plus hydrogen plus oxygen.
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- Bacteria on Earth live on each of these elements. DNA is made of these elements. The elements are there but they need a solvent. They need water.
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- All evidence leads to the conclusion that water has existed on Mars in the past. But, as Mars heated up it was unable to hold on to water in its liquid state.
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- Water has been detected through the presence of hydrogen. The water is bound up in minerals referred to as "hydrated". The surface is about 3% water in this form at a depth of 10 centimeters.
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- Sand was heated and analyzed finding oxygen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine.
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- Mar’s atmosphere is 95.95% carbon dioxide only 0.146% oxygen. Mar’s atmosphere is too thin and depleted to keep the planet warm. The solar wind likely stripped Mars of its atmosphere over time. the Earth is protected from solar wind by its magnetic field. Mars does not have a magnetic field to deflect these high-energy particles streaming away form the Sun. On Earth they give us the Northern Lights.
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- Mar’s low gravity with no significant magnetic field cannot hold onto the lighter isotopes. Isotopes are the same elements with extra neutrons. There is a disproportionate excess of heavy isotopes on Mars indicating that the surface has lost most of the lighter isotopes. The mass of Mars is known from the orbital periods of its two moons, It mass is 10% that of Earth. ( See footnotes 2 - 4 for these calculations ).
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- Evidence in the walls of the of the craters contain sediment layers that are like pages of history. This evidence indicates that wind and water have played a major role in a dynamic Mars history. In fact, Mars would likely have looked a lot like Earth did several billion years ago.
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- Temperatures vary from 32 degrees Fahrenheit high to a -94 degrees Fahrenheit low. An average of -31 degrees Fahrenheit. That is as bad as Chicago is today.
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- The highest atmosphere pressure is only 0.0095 atmospheres. Earth has one atmosphere or 15 pounds per square inch.
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- Radiation is about as high as having a CT scan every 5 days.
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- The large impact of craters that were formed 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago show evidence of water sediments and deposits. Mars has a surface has not changed for 3 billion years. Everything you see takes you backwards in time. Mars becomes a giant laboratory for inquisitive scientists. Astronomers conclude that Mars was at least at one time habitable.
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(- 1) MAVEN is a space mission designed to measure the rate of atmosphere loss. “ Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution”.
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- (2) The Martian moon Phobos has an orbital radius of 9,380 kilometers and a period of 0.32 days. Kepler’s 3rd law states the square of the period is equat to the cube of the radius of orbit.
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-------------------- p^2 = 4*pi^2 a^3 / G * M
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------------------- M = 4*pi^2 * a^3 / G * p^2
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------------------- G = Newton’s Constant of Gravity = 6.67*10^-11 m^3 / ( kg*sec^2)
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--------------------- a = radius = 9.38*10^6 meters
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-------------------- p = period = 0.32 days * 24 hours / day * 3600 seconds / hour
-------------------- p = 27,648 seconds.
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------------- M = 4*( 9.87) * 9.38*10^6)^3 / 6.67*10^-11 * (2.7648*10^4)^2
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------------------- Mass = 6.39*10^23 kilograms
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- (3) The Martian moon Diemos has an orbit of 1.26 days with a radius of 23,400 kilometers.
-------------------- M = 4*pi^2 * a^3 / G * p^2
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------------- M = 4*( 9.87) * (2.34*10^7)^3 / 6.67*10^-11 * (10.8864*10^4)^2
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-------------------- Mass = 6.39*10^23 kilograms
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- (4) March 10 2006 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter orbited with a 3,700 kilometer radius and a period of 114 minutes.
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-------------------- M = 4*pi^2 * a^3 / G * p^2
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------------- M = 4*( 9.87) * (3.7 *10^6)^3 / 6.67*10^-11 * (6.848*10^3)^2
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--------------------- Mass = 6.39*10^23 kilograms
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- (5) The mass of the Earth is 59.7 * 10^23 kilograms. Mars is 10.6% that of the Earth’s.
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RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
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