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- How big is the universe? What if we could measure it? Where formation has got to within one percent accuracy?
- Well it can be done with the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopy Survey, which is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The survey recorded light spectra for over 1 million galaxies within the redshifts of 0.20 to 0.70, looking back in time over 6,000,000,000 years. The 20 percent to 70 percent redshift refers to what happens when light increases in wavelength due to the objects moving away from each other. The redshift is how much the wavelength got stretched. Longer wavelength is equivalent to lower frequency and lower energy longer wavelength
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------------------ redshift = z = (wo - ws) / ws
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------------------ 1 + z = wo / ws
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----------------- “wo” is the wavelength observed. “ws” is the wavelength from the source.
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- Part of the goal in measuring the evolution of the universe is to learn how Dark Energy is today accelerating the expansion of the universe.
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- Conclusions are that the Dark Energy is a constant force that does not vary over space or time. What causes this force is still a mystery.
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- Another conclusion is that the geometry of space is flat. The 3-D geometry is not spherical , it is not saddle-shaped, it is flat.
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- Straight lines can remain parallel. And , triangles have three angles totaling exactly 180 degrees. Being flat means that the Cosmic Inflation lasted longer and made the Universe larger, making it flatter.. It's like the geometry of the earth. It's so big the ocean's look flat until you get far enough away.
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- 1,277,503 galaxies, over 8,509 square arc degrees of survey including hundred and 60,000 quasars.
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- Baryons are, in short, all “visible” manner. Dark Matter is part of this mix but it is not visible.
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- 380,000 years after the Big Bang the expanding mix cooled enough that photons could escape the charged plasma. Today it has continued to expand and cool for 13,400,000,000 years. There are minute variations in temperature that record the density waves, sound waves, that were oscillating throughout the expansion.
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- This data is transformed into a 3-D map of the evolution of the expansion. Complex computer algorithms were used to remove data distortions and reconcile measurement uncertainties. When the math of the model matched the refined data of observation the conclusion is the model is within 1% accuracy.
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- Result: Astronomy is confident that it has a very good story of how the universe behaved the first 6,000,000,000 years. More analysis will yield a better understanding of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. This mystery comprises 95% of the total mass-energy in the universe.
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------------------- E = mc^2
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-------------------Energy and mass are the same thing . To get the energy you multiply the mass by 449,750,000,000,000,000 miles^2 per hour^2. The constant of proportionality is10^17. You can get a lot of energy out of a little bit of mass.
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- An announcement will be made shortly stay tuned.
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(1) Berkeley’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ( NERSC)
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