----------------
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-. In 1893 science learned that all matter contracts in the direction of motion and the amount of contraction increased with the rate of motion.
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-. Nature conspires to keep us from measuring absolute motion. All motion is measured only in relative terms.
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-. How much contraction can we experience?
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-------------------------- VELOCITY ----------------------- LENGTH SHRINKS ------
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------------------------ 7 meters per second ----------------- 2 parts in a billion --------
- (25,200 miles per hour, this is the velocity of a rocket ship escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth. 2 parts in 1,000,000,000 is not something astronauts are going to notice.)
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------------------------ 93,000 mps ---------------------- 15% , 15 parts per 100 --------
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------------------------ 163,000 mps ------------ 50% , 1 foot ruler shrinks to 6 inches -
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------------------------ 186,282 mps ----------------------------- 0 length -------------------
- ( Motion can not go any faster because lengths can not be less than zero.)
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- The same percentage changes work for mass increasing and time slowing down.
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-. 186, 282 meters per second is the constant speed of light in a vacuum. But, light does slow down in other medium like water. The index of refraction in water is 1.3, 130 %. Therefore the speed of light in water is 143, 000 meters per second
--------------------------- Water 186,282 / 130 % = 143,000
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--------------------------- Glass is 150 %
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------------------------- Diamond is 240 % The speed of light in a sparkling diamond is 78,000 meters per second.
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-. Cerenkov radiation occurs when a particle exceeds the medium’s light barrier. Similar to a sound barrier, only in this case the shockwave is a wake of bluish light. For example: When cosmic rays (particles) pass through water exceeding 143,000 meters per second the blue light of Cerenkov radiation becomes visible.
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-. In 1879 science determined the total radiation emitted by a material depended only on its temperature, not in the material itself.
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-. Radiation energy equals temperature to the fourth power, E = T^4
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-. Colors of the material change from red- hot to yellow- hot to white-hot.
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-. Explaining this radiation phenomena created the Quantum Theory that radiation actually occurred in whole numbers.
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----------------------. Energy = (whole number) * frequency (color)
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-. The higher the frequency (shorter the wavelength) the greater the radiation energy.
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-. The “whole number” is Planck's constant and is equal to 4.136 * 10^-15 electron volts * seconds / cycle.
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-. The number is extremely small, 0.000,000,000,000,004,136
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-. Light looks continuous to us but violet light contains twice as many energy quanta as red light.
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-. In 1905 science discovered that light striking certain material caused an electric current to flow, the photoelectric effect. What confused science was that adding more light intensity did not create more electricity. But, changing the color of light did change the electric flow. Blue light caused more electricity to flow than yellow light.
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- Einstein was a first scientist to explain this photoelectric effect. To absorb enough energy to release an electron in the photoelectric metals atoms must be hit with a quantum of energy of a certain size. Different atoms (materials) held electrons with different strengths and different light energy (quanta) was required to match it before and electron could jump from its orbit.
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-. From this Einstein also proposed that light travels through space in this quantum form, called “photons“. Somehow light contained two properties at once , both particle and wave properties.
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-. Einstein further proposed that the speed of light in a vacuum never varied, regardless of the motion of the light source.
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-. In order to make this statement true his equations had to require that mass increase with velocity. The length or space had to shorten with velocity. And it required time to slow down. Velocity is equal space divided by time. In order for the ratio to remain constant shortened length per slower time. Space-time became relative.
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-. In our frame of reference if one foot ruler shot past us at 163, 000 meters per second we would see a 6 inch has ruler go by, but, it would be twice as heavy.
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-. The theory of relativity happens in extreme worlds. Newton's theories of motion, time and space, work fine in our everyday world. Our faster rockets go 7 meters per second. We have a long way to go to reach 163,000 meters per second with rockets.
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-. But, no problem in sending electrons and protons around in a particle accelerator at these relativistic speeds. The mass of these fast-moving particles can be measured as increasing. See how the math recovers E = mc^2 from this occurrence, Review #1663.
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- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, with comments, suggestions, corrections. Index of reviews available ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
---- email request for copies to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ---------
---- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ , “Jim Detrick” ----- www.facebook.com ---
---- www.twitter.com , --- 707-536-3272 ---- Tuesday, March 18, 2014 ---
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