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-------------------------- - 1875 - Mass, light, and gravity.
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- You would think that we would know everything there is to know about mass, light, and gravity. Physics has been exploring these fundamentals for over 400 years. Recent studies surprise us, there is still more to learn.
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- College physicists have demonstrated a new form of light with a total angular momentum that has a 1/2 integer spin. Angular momentum is the rotation of the light beam around its axis. The momentum is the inertia and velocity as the light moves forward at 670,633,500 miles per hour. The beam is twisting as it moves forward.
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- The angular momentum of a light beam has always been seen to be a multiple of Planck’s Constant.
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----------------- Planck’s Constant = “h” = 6.625 *10^-34 Joule * seconds.
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------------------------- h = Energy / frequency.
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- Planck’s Constant is a uniform ratio of the energy in one quantum of light ( a photon ) of electromagnetic radiation to the frequency of that radiation ( cycles per second ). The ratio was “ always” a whole number, and integer number of Planck Constant.
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- This new discovery is that there is a form of light where the photons angular momentum is just ½ Planck Constant. First observed this year, yes, but mathematically predicted in 1980.
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- Experiments put light beams through a crystal that transforms the beam into a hollow cylinder. The beam is first passed through a polarizer ( an optical filter passing only horizontal or vertical polarized light). Then, the beam is split inside an interferometer. An interferometer measures the interference pattern bringing the split beams back together. Precise measurements can be made of any displacement between the two beams. ( See LIGO used to discover gravity waves,, Review # 1155 ).
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- The split beam had a ½ rotation in one arm. When recombined scientists expected to still see multiple rotations of Planck’s Constant. However, the output had photons with ½ that angular momentum.
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- This is an exciting new discovered property of light. It could be used in Quantum Computing. It could increase the bandwidth of fiber-optic communications. Who knows how this new property will show up in innovations.
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- Mass is another fundamental property receiving new discoveries as to where mass comes from. Mass is just concentrated energy, E = mc^2. Mass is a form of energy storage. With the Big Bang everything was energy, massless, and traveling at the speed of light. As the Universe expanded and cooled the Higgs Field turned on creating particles with mass.
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- The Field somehow slowed down some elementary particles allowing them to condense with mass, concentrated energy. Electrons and Quarks were formed which are a tiny proportion of the total mass in the Universe. The Strong Nuclear Force created protons and neutrons which comprises the most mass. The three Quarks are bound together in the Proton by Gluons Gluons are the particles that carry the Strong Force. All this bound together creates enormous energy density. “ Mass is concentrated energy”.
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- Neutrons are slightly more massive than Protons. Neutrons decay in to protons with the Weak Nuclear Force. Neutrons have 2 Down Quarks and 1 Up Quark. Down Quarks interact more strongly with the Higgs Field giving the Neutron a bit more mass.
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- Neutrinos are fundamental particles with extremely tiny masses, a million times smaller that an electron’s mass. Neutrinos are electrically neutral and rarely interact with matter.
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- Could neutrino mass be created differently? Could it be from a brand new source, not the Higgs Field. Could this new source be related to Dark Matter that represents 23% of all the Universes’ mass-energy? Maybe a younger person reading this will find the answers to these questions?
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- From the least massive particles to the most massive Blackholes: OJ287 is a super- massive Blackhole , 18,000 Million Solar Mass. It is a binary system with a 150 Million Solar Mass Blackhole orbiting it. The smaller Blackhole punches through the disk of the superheated matter orbiting the larger Blackhole. This happens every 12 years.
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- By measuring the variation of light radiation that happens when this occurs astronomers have calculated that the rotation rate is 31% the maximum allowed by General Relativity Math.
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- The second observation is that the orbital period of the smaller Blackhole is getting shorter with time. The system is losing energy ass it radiates gravitational waves, ripples in space-time. The result is the orbits are contracting and the two Blackholes are merging into one.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more about gravity:
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- #1037 - The details of the two Pioneer spacecraft gravity anomalies.
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- #974 - Gravity can not be distinguished from acceleration.
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- #816 - Why is the strength of gravity so small?
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- #1536 - Gravity Probe B. Gravity feels strongest where space-time is most curved.
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- #917 - Gravity Waves, a geometric effect that travels at the speed of light.
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- #1728 - Measuring the Universe with gravity waves as the measuring stick.
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- #1155 - Gravity waves come from the Theory of Relativity.
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-- Request these Reviews to learn more about mass:
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- #631 - Mass, momentum and inertia. There is no way to measure mass that is in constant, uniform motion.
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--- Request these Reviews to learn more about light:
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- #1845 - Why is the sky blue?
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- #1795 - Just seeing light uses half your brain. Lists 10 more reviews about “ light”
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- #1386 - I had no idea light traveled that fast.
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- #934 - Light’s mysteries. The math describing wave motion.
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- #1335 - The light spectrum.
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- #768 - The wave - particle duality of light.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Sunday, May 22, 2016 -----
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